Advanced Database Management Systems

(DBMS)
Chapter 2
Creating Database Tables ‫إﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
Objectives
q Use structured query language (SQL) commands to create, modify, and drop database
tables
q Explain Oracle 10g user schemas
q Define Oracle 10g database tables
q Create database tables using SQL*Plus
q View information about your database tables using Oracle 10g data dictionary views

Introduction to SQL
q Structured query language (SQL)
– Standard query language for relational databases
– Consists of about 30 commands
– Enables users to create database objects and manipulate and view data
– SQL-99, SQL-2003, and SQL-2008
• Most recent versions
• Most vendors do not fully comply with SQL-2008 (but comply with
SQL-92, SQL-99)
– Basic categories for SQL commands
• Data definition language (DDL)
• Data manipulation language (DML)
Personal DBMS
q With personal DBMS …
– You are usually the only user
– You start the database application
– You create a new database
– The DBMS saves the database file in your workstation’s file system
– You create database objects (tables, etc.)
q Examples:
– MS Access
– Oracle Personal edition. But this DBMS derives most of its features from the
Oracle C/S version

Oracle 10g Enterprise edition

q A Client/server DBMS
q User account
– Created for each user
– Identified using unique username and password
q User schema
– Area of database belonging to user
q Database objects
– Example: tables, forms, reports, …
– Also called schema objects
– Objects created by user reside in their user schema
Defining Oracle Database Tables
q Tables
– Primary data objects in relational database
– When you create a new table, you must specify…
• Table name ● Each field (i.e. column) name
• Each field data type/size ● You may specify constraints
q Constraints
– Restrictions on data values that column can store
q Oracle naming standard
– Rules established by Oracle corp. for naming objects
– One to 30 characters long
– Contain letters, numbers, and special symbols $, _, and #
– Begin with character
– Example: S_ID, f_id, PRICE, PRICE$, Not #ITEM.

q CREATE TABLE SQL syntax

CREATE TABLE tablename (
columnname1 data_type,
columnname2 data_type, …
);
q Example:
CREATE TABLE student (
s_id INT(5),
s_first VARCHAR2(20)
);

Please create the following table :‫ﯾﺮﺟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

Table Name: People

Fields: Person_ID(14), First_Name(10), Last_Name(10) , Address (30), City(10), Mobile(10)

Solution:

CREATE TABLE PEOPLE (

PERSON_ID INT(14),
FIRST_NAME VARCHAR2(10),
LAST_NAME VARCHAR2(10),
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(30),
CITY VARCHAR2(10),
MOBILE NUMBER(10));

‫ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬

PERSON_ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME ADDRESS CITY MOBILE
 q Basic data types
SQL ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
• Character ● Number ● Date/time ● Large object

Character Data Types

q VARCHAR2
‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻧﺼﯿﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء( ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﺤﺠﺰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
– Variable-length character data (up to 4000 characters)
– Syntax: columnname VARCHAR2(maximum_size)
– If user enters data value less than maximum_size, DBMS only stores actual
character values
q CHAR
– Fixed-length character data (default = 2000)
– Syntax: columnname CHAR(maximum_size)
– If user enters data value less than maximum_size, DBMS adds trailing blank
spaces to the end of entry
q Oracle stores CHAR and VARCHAR2 data using the ASCII coding
Q: s_last CHAR(20) was used to define the data type for s_last in the student table. How many characters will Oracle save to the disk if the
user enters illia as the student’s last name?
q Unicode coding
– Standardized technique that provides way to encode data in diverse languages
q NVARCHAR2
– Counterpart of VARCHAR2
– Uses Unicode coding
q NCHAR
– Counterpart of CHAR
– Uses Unicode encoding
Number Data Types
q NUMBER
– Used for all numeric data
– Syntax
• columnname NUMBER [([precision,] [scale])]
.‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد أرﻗﺎم ﻣﻊ ﻛﺴﻮر )ﺧﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﺸﺮﯾﺔ( ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬
precision: # of digits both to left and right of decimal point
scale: # of digits on the right side of decimal point

q Example:
– s_balance NUMBER (5,2) e.g. 100.10
– s_gpa NUMBER (3,2) e.g. 1.10

Number Data subtypes

q Integer number syntax
– columnname NUMBER(precision)
q Integer syntax
– columnname INT (precision)
‫ﯾﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﻷﻧﮫ رﻗﻢ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬
q Fixed-point number
– Contains specific number of decimal places
– Column declaration specifies both precision and scale
– Example: price NUMBER(5,2)
q Floating-point number
 – Contains variable number of decimal places
– Decimal point may appear anywhere (.005, 2.34, etc.)
– Syntax: columnname NUMBER
– Example: s_gpa NUMBER

Date And Time Data Types

q Datetime data subtypes
– Store actual date and time values
– DATE
– TIMESTAMP
q Interval data subtypes
– Store elapsed time interval between two datetime values
– INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
– INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND
q DATE
– Stores dates from Dec 31, 4712 BC to Dec 31, AD 4712
– Default date format: DD-MON-YY
– Default time format: HH:MI:SS AM
– Syntax: columnname DATE
q TIMESTAMP
– Stores date values similar to DATE data type
– Also stores fractional seconds
– Syntax: columnname TIMESTAMP
(fractional_seconds_precision)
– Example: shipment_date TIMESTAMP(2)
q INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
– Stores time interval expressed in years and months using the following syntax:
+|– elapsed_years-elapsed_months
– Example: +02-11 specifies 2 years and 11 months
– Example:
time_enrolled INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH
q INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND
– Stores time interval expressed in days, hours, minutes, and seconds using the
following syntax:
Columnname INTERVAL DAY [(leading_precision)] TO SECOND
[(fractional_seconds_precision)]
Max allowed number of digits used
Max allowed number of digits used to express the elapsed days
to express the elapsed seconds

Large Object (LOB) Data Types

q Store binary data such as:
– Digitized sounds or images
– References to binary files from word processor or spreadsheet
q General syntax
– columnname Lob_data_type
 Constraints
q Table constraint
– Restricts data value with respect to all other values in table like primary key
must be unique, not NULL.
q Column constraint
– Limits value that can be placed in specific column
– Irrespective of values that exist in other table rows
q Types of constraints:
– Integrity constraints
– Value constraints
q Constraint naming convention
– tablename_columnname_constraintid
q Constraint definitions should be placed either:
– At end of CREATE TABLE command after table columns declared
– Within each column definition CREATE TABLE location
q Example: (loc_id NUMBER(6)
CREATE TABLE location CONSTRAINT location_loc_id_pk PRIMARY KEY),
(loc_id NUMBER(6), Room VARCHAR2(6);
Room VARCHAR2(6),
CONSTRAINT location_loc_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (loc_id);

CREATE TABLE location(

loc_id NUMBER(6)
CONSTRAINT location_loc_id_pk PRIMARY KEY),
Integrity Constraints Room VARCHAR2(6)
q Primary key );
– Syntax (within table definition)
• CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY
– Syntax (at end of table definition)
• CONSTRAINT constraint_name PRIMARY KEY (columnname)
CREATE TABLE location(
loc_id NUMBER(6),
Room VARCHAR2(6),
CONSTRAINT location_loc_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (loc_id));
 Example:
Please create the following table :‫ﯾﺮﺟﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

Table Name: Orders

Fields: Order ID (ORD_ID PK), Order Description (ORD_DES 15)

Solution:
‫ھﺬا اﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻮد ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ آﺧﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺠﺪول‬
CREATE TABLE ORDERS(
ORD_ID INT,
ORD_DES VARCHAR2(15),
CONSTRAINT ORDERS_ORD_ID_PK PRIMARY KEY (ORD_ID));

‫ھﺬا اﻟﺤﻞ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻜﻮد ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻞ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬

CREATE TABLE ORDERS(
ORD_ID INT
CONSTRAINT ORDERS_ORD_ID_PK PRIMARY KEY,
ORD_DES VARCHAR2(15));

q Foreign key ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ‬

– Column constraint
– Specifies that value user inserts in column must exist as primary key in referenced table
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد )اﻟﺤﻘﻞ( ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول آﺧﺮ‬
Syntax (placed at end of table definition) Syntax (placed within table definition)
CONSTRAINT constraint_name CONSTRAINT constraint_name
FOREIGN KEY (columnname) REFERENCES primary_key_tablename
REFERENCES primary_key_tablename (primary_key_columnname)
(primary_key_columnname)

Example of foreign key defined in the Example:

Faculty table: loc_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT
CONSTRAINT faculty_loc_id_fk faculty_loc_id_fk
FOREIGN KEY (loc_id) REFERENCES location (loc_id)
REFERENCES location (loc_id)

You have the following table (HRZUJ)

‫ﻟﺪﯾﻚ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول واﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
CREATE TABLE HRZUJ(
EMPID INT CONSTRAINT HRZUJ_PK PRIMARY KEY, ç
EMPNAME VARCHAR2(20),
EMPMOB NUMBER (10)
);
Employee ID Employee Name Employee Mobile
(EMPID) (EMPNAME) (EMPMOB)
PK 20 digits 10 digits
100 MOHAMMED 0791000100

And you have to create another table and link the (EMPID) with it.
‫وﯾﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪول آﺧﺮ ﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ رﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ‬
:‫أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﮭﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ أدﻧﺎه‬
 Professor ID Professor Name Employee ID
(PROFID) (PROFNAME) (EMPID)
PK 20 digits FK
500 MOHAMMED 100

The solution will be as follow: ‫اﻟﺤﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

CREATE TABLE PROFS(

PROFID INT
CONSTRAINT PROFS_PK PRIMARY KEY,
PROFNAME VARCHAR2(20),
EMPID INT CONSTRAINT PROFS_EMPID_FK ç
REFERENCES HRZUJ (EMPID));

q Composite key
– Syntax
CONSTRAINT constraint_name
PRIMARY KEY (columnname1, columnname2 …)

– Example:
CREATE TABLE enrollment
(s_id NUMBER(5) CONSTRAINT enrollment_s_id_fk REFERENCES student(s_id),
c_sec_id NUMBER(8) CONSTRAINT enrollment_c_sec_id_fk REFERENCES course_section(c_sec_id),
CONSTRAINT enrollment_s_id_c_sec_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (s_id, c_sec_id));

Example:
Please create the following table
Table Name: CAR_NUM
Fields:
Car’s plate number COMPOSIT KEY (‫( أرﻗﺎم اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات )ﻧﻤﺮة اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬22-40040)
Car plate number contains main number of 2 digits (‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﻤﺮة اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ رﻗﻢ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ )اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ‬
And a secondary number of 5 digits ‫وﻋﻠﻰ رﻗﻢ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻜﺮر اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ ﻣﻊ رﻗﻢ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ آﺧﺮ أو أن ﯾﺘﻜﺮر اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﺰ آﺧﺮ‬
‫إﻧﻤﺎ ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻜﺮر اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﻷي ﺳﯿﺎرة أﺧﺮى‬
:‫( واﻟﺤﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬Composite Key) ‫وﻟﻌﻤﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول ﯾﺠﺐ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬

CREATE TABLE CAR_NUM(

P_ID INT, (‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ )اﻟﺘﺮﻣﯿﺰ‬
S_ID INT, ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
CAR_T VARCHAR2(20), ‫ﺣﻘﻞ آﺧﺮ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬
CONSTRAINT CAR_NUM_PK PRIMARY KEY (P_ID,S_ID));

Primary number Secondry number Car Type

(P_ID) (S_ID) (CAR_T)
22 40040 HONDA
 Value Constraints ‫ﻣﺤﺪدات ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬
q Value constraints
– Column-level constraints
– Restrict data values that users can enter
– Commonly used value constraints ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدات ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

• NOT NULL constraint (‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب )أي ﻋﺪم ﺗﺮك اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ‬
Syntax:
Student_Name varchar2(20) NOT NULL, ç

‫ھﻨﺎ ﯾﺠﺐ ادﺧﺎل اﻻﺳﻢ وﺑﺪون ادﺧﺎل اﻻﺳﻢ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ ادﺧﺎل ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

• UNIQUE constraint (‫ﻣﺤﺪد ﻹدﺧﺎل ﻗﯿﻢ ﻓﺮﯾﺪة ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻷﺧﺮى )ﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻟﯿﺲ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح رﺋﯿﺴﻲ‬
Syntax:
Student_ID varchar2(20) NOT NULL UNIQUE, ç
‫ھﻨﺎ ﯾﺠﺐ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ رﻗﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﺮﯾﺪة أي ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻜﺮرة‬
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(20) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(20),
Age int,
CONSTRAINT Person_UC UNIQUE (ID,LastName)); ç
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد ھﻨﺎ أن ﻻ ﯾﺘﻜﺮر رﻗﻢ واﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻌﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮة وأﯾﻀﺎ أن ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن أي ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫ ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ‬

• CHECK conditions ‫ﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(20) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(20),
Age int CHECK (Age>=18) ç
);

• DEFAULT constraint (‫ﻹدﺧﺎل ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﺤﺪدة أو ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ )اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﺔ‬

Syntax:
Country varchar2(10) DEFAULT 'Jordan'
‫أو ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ إدﺧﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺜﻼ‬
CREATE TABLE Orders (
ID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
OrderDate date DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ç ‫ھذا اﻟﻛود ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺈدﺧﺎل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﯾوم‬
);