BEP3031 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT LABORATORY

GROUP LAB REPORT

TITLE: EXPERIMENT 6: CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

(OPEN ENDED)

NAME: HANSEN (1002057577)

ANTHEA CHIN XIU CHING (1002059380)
BASEL QADAH (1001955520)
LIN HTET AUNG (1001955278)

GROUP: 2

DUE DATE: 12th JUNE 2023

LECTURER: MS. RAFIZAH ZAITON

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
JAN - APR 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 2
2. OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................... 13
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ......................................................................................................... 13
4. HYPOTHESIS............................................................................................................................. 13
5. PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................................. 14
6. CALCULATION ......................................................................................................................... 14
7. DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 25
8. PRECAUTION AND LIMITATION......................................................................................... 30
9. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 31
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 32
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................... 34

1
 THE STUDY OF FLOW ARRANGEMENT EFFECT TO THE TEMPERATURE IN
CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

1. INTRODUCTION

A heat exchanger is an essential element component in any process plant that permits the
operation of heat transfer between two fluids which have different temperatures (Balaji,
Srinivasan, & Gedupudi, 2021). In renewable resource context, heat exchangers are used to
transport heat from the Earth's interior or from solar irradiation to the fluids of electricity
generating units. Heat exchangers are utilised in various renewable systems to provide the
necessary heat energy for distillation, cooling, and heating, in addition to power generation.
Increasing the effectiveness of heat exchangers leads to improved energy system efficiency.
Many ways for improving heat exchanger performance are presented, including the use of fins,
geometry adjustment, and the use of working fluids with enhanced thermophysical
characteristics (Assad & Nazzari, 2021). Heat exchangers are utilised in a variety of technical
applications, including refrigerant, air conditioning and heating facilities, power stations,
chemical manufacturing devices, food manufacturing systems, vehicle engines, and heat
recovery from waste units. Heat exchangers include air factory and machinery, cooling towers
in power plants, cooling equipment, condensers, evaporator coils, and superheaters (Moran,
2017).

Type of heat exchanger

Cooling tower is one of the good examples of direct contact type of exchanger while shell and
tube heat exchanger is the good example of indirect contact of heat exchanger which there is
no contact between the fluid. According to flow arrangement categorization, parallel flow
occurs when the direction of flow of both fluids is the same. Whereas counter flow is a state in
which both fluids run in the opposite direction. Nevertheless, cross flow occurs when the fluids'
flow directions are perpendicular to each other (Mridha & Hasanuzzaman, 2022).

2
Cooling tower

Figure 1.1 example of direct contact of heat exchanger (cooling tower)

Most process companies supply cooling towers made of common flammable stuff like wood
and fibreglass. Usually cooling towers are often shut down during maintenance, causing the
entire unit to dry up. Electrical faults in wiring, lights, motors, and switches are the most
frequent cause of cooling tower fires. These flaws, in turn, burn the dry combustible structure's
exposed surfaces. Combustible fumes are occasionally discharged from the treated wastewater
and ignited. Water used to cool flammable vapours or extremely flammable liquids may
provide a unique risk. Once the pressure of cooling water is lower than that of the substance
being cooled, a hazard occurs. The gas or liquid can combine with the cooling water and be
delivered through the cooling water backflow preventer to the tower distribution system, where
it can be ignited. Since cooling towers are built to pump enormous amounts of air for
conditioning, they enhance the chances of an electricity hotspot ignition on a flammable
cooling tower surface. Due to the interior climate of a cooling tower, which is specifically
tailored for corrosion development on exposed metal surfaces, high corrosion resistant
procedures must be addressed where a sprinkler system is supplied for a cooling tower. Due to
the high fire danger features and upkeep expenses involved with flammable materials and
sprinkler system inspection and maintenance, there is a rising industry trend to employ non-
combustible building materials for cooling towers (Nolan, 2019).

3
Pipe-in-pipe heat exchangers

Figure 1.2 Heat exchanger (pipe-in-pipe)

A double-pipe heat exchanger is made up of two metal pipes that are nested inside each other.
One fluid runs through the inner tube, while the other flows between the pipe walls in the
annular region. As soon as one of the fluids is warmer compared to the other, the heat travels
from it through the inner tube's wall into the other. As a result, the heated fluid cools and the
cold fluid heats up. Double-pipe heat exchangers could function with either a counter current
or a co-current fluid flow. The two fluids enter the device at different ends and flow in different
directions through the pipes; the flow is counter current. Cold fluid enters the apparatus and
meets hot fluid as it exits, thus cold fluid at its coldest temperature comes into thermal
interaction with hot fluid now at lowest temperature. The temperature variations among the
two fluids because they run counter-currently through into the pipes. Counter current or parallel
flow is an alternative to counter current flow. Two fluids approach their corresponding tubes at
the identical end of a exchanger and travel in the same way to the other end throughout this
mode of operation (Doran, 2013). Pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger commonly utilised in the food
and beverage factory. The key advantages of this device's design are High coolant flow rate
obtained by carefully selecting pipelines of the right diameter, allowing the fluid to keep
flowing inside the pipes. The ease of upkeep allows for frequent cleaning of equipment, which
allows for an improvement in the length of its operation. Because of its adaptability, a coolant
may be used in both the liquid and vapour phases. In contrast, due to the device's great size,
challenges emerge while transportation and use. This mostly relates to solitary use, as space is
at a premium. Lastly is the consideration of costly external pipes price (Edreis & Petrov, 2020).
4
Plate Heat Exchanger

Figure 1.3 Heat exchanger (plate heat)

Plate heat exchangers are composed of an enormous amount of corrugated stainless-steel

plates. These are separated by seals that are put together without the aid of adhesive mixes but
nevertheless allow for a tight fit. Gaskets offer perfect tightness and prevent media mixing. The
flow direction is counter current. The number of plates fitted within the heat exchanger
determines its power. Disassembling the item allows for service, cleaning, and repair. Housing
and utility services, shipyards, mining, oil and gas, pharmaceuticals sectors, and so on are
examples of applications. The composition of the heat exchanger must have been chosen based
on the technical process, the kind of coolants in the system, the temperature load, and the
pressure. The most versatile in terms of application: Stainless steel plate heat exchangers with
copper pipes. The effectiveness of the heat exchange surface approaches 95%, which is
significantly better than that of tubular devices. The gadget is chosen based on the needed heat
consumption. When there are fewer plates, the disparities are less; when there are more plates,
the discrepancies are greater. Plate heat exchangers are widely used and have a wide variety of
capacities. The device's price is based on the number of plates fitted in it. There is the option
of picking the appropriate quantity of plates. Repair costs are incurred by changing a
damaged plate rather than the complete system. Plate heat exchangers become blocked easily.
Without cleaning, the optimum life span is three years (Edreis & Petrov, 2020).

5
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger

Figure 1.x example of indirect contact of heat exchanger (shell and tube)

The most prevalent form of heat exchanger is the shell-and-tube. They feature higher surface
area-to-volume heat transfer ratios than most other forms of heat exchangers, and they're able
to be easily made in a wide range of sizes and flow combinations. They can withstand high
pressures and are easily disassembled for routine maintenance and cleaning. A bundle of tubes
contained within a cylindrical shell constitutes a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. One fluid goes
through the tubes, while another flows in between tubes and the shell. The main components
of heat exchangers with a shell and a tube are tubes that provide the surface for heat transfer
between one fluid running within the tube and another fluid flowing over the exterior of the
tubes. Tubes can be seamless or welded and are often composed of copper as well as steel
alloys. Additional nickel, titanium, or aluminium alloys may be required for certain purposes.
The tubes are secured in place by inserting them into apertures in the tubing and then expanding
them into channels formed through into holes or welding them to the pipework in which the
tube extends from the surface. The tubing sheet is often a one round plate of metal which has
been perforated and grooved to accept the tubes (inside the required pattern), gaskets, spacers
rods, and the nut ring where it is attached to the shell. Nevertheless, mixing of the two fluids
must be prevented (in the case of leakage where the tube is sealed into to the tube sheet) (Prasad
& Anand, 2020).

The shell is basically a container holding the fluid on the shell's side, as well as the nozzles are
also the entrance and exit ports. The shell has a circular cross - sections and is typically

6
manufactured by wrapping the metal plate of a proper size into a cylindrical and welding the
longitudinal seam together. Up to approximately 24 inches of diameter can be created by
cutting pipe of the appropriate diameter to the required length pipe shells. The roundness of a
shell is critical in determining the greatest diameter of a baffles that may be inserted and, as a
result, the influence of shell-to-baffle leakage. Unless special care is used in rolling, pipe shells
are much more nearly round than rolled shells. To minimise out-of-roundness, tiny shells are
occasionally extended more than a mandrel; in extreme circumstances, the shell is set and then
drilled through a boring mill. Baffles perform two functions: first, they encourage the tubes in
the appropriate location during assembly and operation, preventing tube vibration caused by
flow-induced eddies, as well as second, they navigate the shell-side flow back across the tube
field, increasing velocity and heat transfer coefficient. The channels cover are circular panels
that mount to the stream flanges and may be withdrawn for tube checking without affecting the
pipework on the other side of the tube. Bonnets with hinged nozzles or threaded attachments
for the tube-side pipework are frequently used instead of passageways and channel coverings
in smaller heat exchangers (Prasad & Anand, 2020).

One fluid passes through the pipes while the other liquid passes through the shell with in shell
and tube heat exchanger operation. The shell inlet is for shell fluid to flow is at the top of the
schematic of such a linear tube shell and heat exchanger with tubes, with the tube inlet at the
bottom right. A shell and tube heat exchanger is divided into two portions or compartments:
the shell part and the tube end. While dealing with such a shell and tube heat exchanger, it is
critical to determine which side the hot fluid will enter, and which side the cool fluid will enter;
this is known as fluid allocation. Because the tubes are intended to bear high pressure, when
there is a pressure differential between the fluids, the pressure drop fluid enters via the shell
inlet. While calculating current velocity for the shell side, keep in mind that the shell is much
more costly to produce than the tubes and is more challenging to clean. Baffles on the shell
side regulate the flow of fluid through the tube bundles. High viscosity liquids and streams
with a rapid flow are routed through the shell side, which has more turbulence and a higher
transfer coefficient, resulting in better heat transfer. Normally, large changes in temperature are
accomplished upon that shell side. On the tube side, turbulent flow is required, which is
accomplished by placing turbulators within the tubes it through perforations inside the tube
sheet. Turbulence in the tubes, like turbulence inside the shell, enhances heat transmission
capacity. The turbulators' secondary duty is to maintain their inner tubes fresh and devoid of

7
debris. Tubes have less turbulence and pressure drop, resulting in a more streamlined flow.
Shell and tube heat exchangers could have single, two, four, six, or eight passes, denoted by
the letters 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, etc. The first number represents the total number of shells. The second
figure indicates the total amount of passes.

A shell and tube heat exchanger's high pressure necessitates the use of thick materials, which
makes the exchanger exceedingly heavy or prohibitively costly if nickel alloys are utilised.
Excessive pressure causes serious issues and results in a loss of output. It is evaluated and
constructed to resist pressure variations and comply to ASME and PED codes. The low cost of
this heat exchangers is a significant advantage. These are significantly less costly than plate
coolers. Heat exchangers must be able to withstand a broad variety of temperatures, which vary
depending on the application. Their capacity to withstand severe temperatures aids in
manufacturing and operations. This heat exchangers get a high temperature operating
capability and may be tailored to any environment. Pressure loss is an energy loss that generates
downstream pressure loss, which reduces flow velocity. Pressure loss in the heat exchangers is
meant to be kept to a low within the design parameters. Pressure loss has an impact on various
factors, one of which being clogging of the shell and tubes. This difficulty is solved by the
limited pressure loss permitted by that. It may be customised to fit any manufacturing process.
Pipe diameter, quantity of pipes, lengths of pipelines, pipe pitch, and pipe configuration may
all be changed to meet the demands of a given application. Thermal expansion in between tubes
and shell is possible due to the multi-tube construction of shell and tube heat exchangers. This
arrangement allows the heat exchanger to work with flammable and poisonous fluids. Shell-
and-tube heat exchangers are much more resistant to scale formation because to their internal
dependability, which means they need be cleaned less frequently than other heat exchangers.
Additionally, power regulation allows you to raise or reduce the power, as well as modify the
number of sections, length, and size of the tubes. Finally, shell-and-tube heat exchangers get a
long lifespan. A heat exchanger weighting 120-150 kg and measuring 4 metres in length, on
the other hand, is frequently unable to be fitting and installed at the site. The exterior half of
the casing is vulnerable. Tube heat exchangers typically constructed from electric welded pipe.
Over a short length of time, the external coating starts to split along the seam, resulting in leaks
and the release of oxygen whenever the water is boiled. This adds to metal corrosion growth.
Efficiency. Because the coefficient is just 70%, energy losses increase (Edreis & Petrov, 2020).

8
The fluid-to-pipe resistance, also known as pipe resistance, is the total amount of the pipe wall's
conductivity heat transfer resistance and the fluid moving inside the pipe's convective heat
transfer resistance. The Nusselt number is the convection heat transfer coefficient, which is
commonly calculated using a convection correlation. The Nusselt number may be calculated
using a variety of correlations based on the flow regimes, aspect ratio, and heat flux conditions.
Asymptotic Nusselt numbers for fully developed laminar flow may be calculated analytically
for boundary conditions (Javed & Spitler, 2016).

Prandtl number

A dimensionless number called the Prandtl number connects a fluid's viscosity to its thermal
conductivity. As a result, it evaluates the relationship between momentum transmission and a
fluid's capability for heat transport. Small Prandtl values are a suitable choice for heat
transmitting liquids since they are open liquids with strong thermal conductivity. Metals in
liquid form are excellent heat transfer fluids. It's interesting to note that while normal solvents
are not good heat transfer fluids, air is. The momentum movement takes precedence over
through the heat transport as viscosity increases, making these liquids unsuitable for heat
conduction (Rapp, 2017). The notion of boundary layers is used to explain how heat moves
through fluids. In the convection that takes place between a wall and a moving fluid, heat is
transferred from the fluid's bulk through a thermal border layer that is made up of a stagnant
film and a transition layer, where heat is transferred by fluid conduction. The relative
significance of the kinetic flow separation to the thermal border layer in the transport of heat
is determined by a fluid's Prandtl number. The dimensionless group is created by divided the
kinematic viscosity by a thermal diffusivity to get the Pr number, which is simply based on the
parameters of a fluid. The pace at which momentum moves through a fluid as a result of
molecular motion is determined by a parameter called kinematic viscosity, or v. The rate at
which heat is transferred through a fluid as a result of molecular motion is determined by a
characteristic known as thermal diffusivity, or. A high Pr value (> 5) indicates that fluid
momentum is a more likely candidate for heat transfer than thermal diffusion. In other words,
a high Pr number indicates that fluid momentum, as opposed to fluid conduction, is more likely
to be the mode of heat transmission (Smith, Inomata, & Peters, 2013).

9
Prandtl number, Pr, is expressed in the equation as below.

𝛍 𝐂𝐩
𝐏𝐫 =
𝒌

Table 1.1 Prandtl number according to fluid type in certain temperature condition

Thermal Fluid capacity

Viscosity
conductivity of heat
Fluid type (𝛍) Pr
(k) (𝐂𝐩)
mPa s
W m-1 K-1 J kg-1 K-1
Na (100oC) 60 0.542 1.226 0.01
Hg (25oC) 8.250 1.526 0.14 0.03
C6H5CH3 (25oC) 0.131 0.560 1.7 7.26
C2H6O (25oC) 0.169 1.074 2.840 18.05
H2O (25oC) 0.607 1.002 4.182 6.90
Air (30oC) 0.026 0.019 1.010 0.72
CH3Cl (25oC) 0.117 0.537 0.960 4.41

Reynold number

Reynold’s number can be expressed as,

𝐃𝐯𝛒
𝐑𝐞 =
𝛍

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number, a nondimensional quantity, is frequently used to

characterise the proportion of viscous forces to inertial forces (Whittlesey, 2017). Reynolds
Count a valuable tool for predicting how a metre would respond to a change in fluid
composition from gas to liquid is the Reynolds number. It is desirable to understand the link
between fluid components since testing every metre on each and every fluid we want to
measure would take an impossibly large amount of study. The flow profile (which influences
all velocity-sensitive metres and certain linear metres) has a number of significant values as a
result of Reynolds' study. The data flows is bullet-shaped for levels of 2,000 and lower

10
(parabolic). The changeover region for the flow is between 2,000 and 4,000. The movement is
in the turbulence region at 4,000 feet and higher, and the curves are rather flat (LaNasa & Upp,
2014).

Nusselt number

An important factor that can improve the temperature exchange is the Nusselt number. In
essence, it depends on the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Unless the Nusselt number between
1 and 10, it indicates laminar or slug flow. If it is around 1, it indicates that solely conduction
is used for heat transmission. If the range is greater, there is active convection and turbulence
between 100 and 1000. On the other hand, similar non-dimensional coefficient of heat transfer
is the Nusselt number. It is applied to distinguish between convection and conduction as the
mode of heat transmission (Roy & Roy, 2020).

Nusselt number, Nu, is expressed in the equation as below.

𝐍𝐮 = 𝒇(𝒙 ∗, 𝑹𝒆𝑳, 𝑷𝒓)

Under turbulent flow related to Prandtl number (0.6< NPr <100),

𝐍𝐮 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝑵𝟎.𝟖 𝒏
𝑹𝒆 𝑵𝑷𝒓

The n number for heating is 0.4 while cooling is 0.3.

Under turbulent flow related to Prandtl number (0.7< NPr <16000, NRe < 6000; L/D > 60),

𝛍𝐛 𝟎.𝟏𝟒
𝐍𝐮 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝑵𝑹𝒆𝟎.𝟖 𝑵𝑷𝒓𝟏/𝟑 ( )
𝛍𝐰

When (10 < L/D < 400) the flow in inlet region is not fully developed,

𝟏/𝟑 𝑫 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟓
𝐍𝐮 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔𝑵𝟎.𝟖
𝑹𝒆 𝑵𝑷𝒓 ( )
𝑳

11
Design calculation of shell-and-tube heat exchanger

In energy balance equation, the heat (Q),

𝑸 = ṁ𝒉 𝒙 𝑪𝒑, 𝒉 𝒙 (𝑻𝒉, 𝒊 − 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐)

𝑸 = ṁ𝒄 𝒙 𝑪𝒑, 𝒄 𝒙 (𝑻𝒄, 𝒐 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊)

Heat transfer rate (Q),

𝑸 = 𝑼𝒐 𝒙 𝑨 𝒙 ∆𝑻𝒎

Overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo),

𝟏
𝑼𝒐 =
𝑶𝑫
𝟏 𝑹𝒇, 𝒊 𝐥 𝐧 ( 𝑰𝑫 ) 𝑹𝒇, 𝒐 𝟏
( + 𝑨𝒊 + + 𝑨𝒐 + )𝑨𝒐
𝒉𝒊𝑨𝒊 𝟐𝝅𝐤𝐋 𝒉𝒐𝑨𝒐

Log mean temperature difference (∆𝑻𝒎),

(∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)
∆𝑻𝒎 =
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)

12
2. OBJECTIVE

1. To study the effect of counterflow to the yield of temperature transmitter at fixed

temperature in concentric heat exchanger.
2. To study the effect of parallel flow to the yield of temperature transmitter at fixed
temperature in concentric heat exchanger.
3. To study the effect of different flow arrangements to the efficiency of the concentric
heat exchanger.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Differences in the flow arrangement of heat exchangers, especially concentric heat

exchangers, may affect the outlet temperature reading. So that the study of counterflow and
parallel arrangement effects on concentric heat exchangers is proven through this
experiment which was carried out at fixed temperature and flow rate. Due to differences in
the results of temperature, heat transfer, energy, and work done in heat exchangers are also
different due to changes in the value of the log mean temperature difference. In the end, the
efficiency of the two scopes is calculated to consider the maximum results in choosing the
existing flow arrangement.

4. HYPOTHESIS

At a fixed temperature in a concentric heat exchanger, the efficiency of a counter-current

flow is higher than that of a co-current flow. Due to a more uniform temperature difference
between the fluids along the whole length of the fluid route, counter flow heat exchangers
are naturally more efficient than parallel flow heat exchangers.

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 5. PROCEDURE

1. Valve was first opened to let the water flow.

2. Power button of the heat exchanger was turned on.
3. Pump button of the heat exchanger was turned on.
4. Water flow rate for both inlet and outlet was set to 3 litre/minute.
5. Water was heated up to 50oC and the time was recorded.
6. The temperature transmitter reading was recorded once the fixed temperature was
reached at 50oC.
7. 3 trials were repeated with the gap time of 5 minutes.
8. Water was cooled until 45oC.
9. At the same water flowrate, the temperature transmitter readings were recorded once
the fixed temperature was reached at 45oC.
10. 3 trials were repeated with the gap time of 5 minutes.
11. The pump was turned off.
12. Valves was closed after the heat exchanger was shut down.

6. CALCULATION

Parallel flow
@50C
Sample No TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Q1 Q2
1 54.5 49.8 47.1 31.8 37.4 37.4 3 3
2 54.7 50.5 48.2 31.8 37.9 38.1 3 3
3 54.8 50.5 48.2 31.8 37.9 38 3 3

Counterflow
@50C
Sample No TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Q1 Q2
1 55 51.1 48.1 37.9 37.3 32.2 3 3
2 55.3 51.3 48.3 38 37.3 32.1 3 3

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 3 55 51.1 48.2 38 37.4 32.3 3 3

Parallel flow
@45C
Sample No TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Q1 Q2
1 50.1 46.9 45.1 32 37.3 37.1 3 3
2 50.1 46.9 45.1 32 37.3 37.1 3 3
3 50.4 47 45.1 32.1 37.2 36.9 3 3

Counterflow
@45C
Sample No TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 Q1 Q2
1 50 47 44.7 36.6 36.8 32.4 3 3
2 50.5 47.3 45 36.7 36.8 32.4 3 3
3 50.5 47.4 45.1 36.8 36.9 32.6 3 3

Parallel flow transmitter details

TT1 = Hot temperature inlet TT4 = Cold temperature inlet
TT3 = Hot temperature outlet TT6 = Cold temperature outlet

Counter flow transmitter details

TT1 = Hot temperature inlet TT4 = Cold temperature outlet
TT3 = Hot temperature outlet TT6 = Cold temperature inlet

Parallel flow @50oC

Sample 1

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 54.5oC-31.8oC
= 22.7oC

15
 ∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕
= 47.1oC-37.4oC
= 9.7oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟐𝟐. 𝟕 − 𝟗. 𝟕)
=
𝟐𝟐. 𝟕
𝒍𝒏( 𝟗. 𝟕 )

= 15oC

Sample 2

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 54.7oC-31.8oC
= 22.9oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 48.2oC-38.1oC
= 10.1oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟐𝟐. 𝟗 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏)
=
𝟐𝟐. 𝟗
𝒍𝒏(𝟏𝟎. 𝟏)

= 15.6oC

Sample 3

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 54.8oC-31.8oC

16
 = 23oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 48.2oC-38oC
= 10.2oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟐𝟑 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐)
=
𝟐𝟑
𝒍𝒏(𝟏𝟎. 𝟐)

= 15.7oC

Average of Log Mean Temperature 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕

=
Difference 𝟑
= 15.4oC

Counter flow @50oC

Sample 1

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 55 oC – 37.9 oC
= 17.1 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 48.1 oC – 32.2
= 15.9 oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)

17
 (𝟏𝟕. 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗)
=
𝟏𝟕. 𝟏
𝒍𝒏( )
𝟏𝟓. 𝟗
= 16.5 oC

Sample 2

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 55.3 oC - 38 oC
= 17.3 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 48.3 oC – 32.1 oC
= 16.2 oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟕. 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔. 𝟐)
=
𝟏𝟕. 𝟑
𝒍𝒏(𝟏𝟔. 𝟐)

= 16.7 oC

Sample 3

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 55 oC - 38 oC
= 17 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 48.2 oC – 32.3 oC
= 15.9 oC

18
 ∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)
=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟕 − 𝟏𝟓. 𝟗)
=
𝟏𝟕
𝒍𝒏( )
𝟏𝟓. 𝟗
= 16.4 oC

Average of Log Mean Temperature 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒

=
Difference 𝟑
= 16.5 oC

Parallel flow @45oC

Sample 1

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 50.1 oC - 32oC
= 18.1 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 45.1 oC - 37.1 oC
= 8 oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟖. 𝟏 − 𝟖)
=
𝟏𝟖. 𝟏
𝒍𝒏( 𝟖 )

= 12.4 oC

Sample 2

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 50.1 oC – 32 oC

19
 = 18.1 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 45.1 oC - 37.1 oC
= 8 oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟖. 𝟏 − 𝟖)
=
𝟏𝟖. 𝟏
𝒍𝒏( 𝟖 )

= 12.4 oC

Sample 3

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 50.4 oC – 32.1 oC
= 18.3 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 45.1 oC – 36.9 oC
= 8.2oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟖. 𝟑 − 𝟖. 𝟐)
=
𝟏𝟖. 𝟑
𝒍𝒏( 𝟖. 𝟐 )

= 12.6 oC

𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔

=
𝟑

20
Average of Log Mean Temperature = 12.5 oC
Difference

Counter flow @45oC

Sample 1

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 50 oC – 36.6 oC
= 13.4 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 44.7 oC – 32.4
= 12.3 oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟑. 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑)
=
𝟏𝟑. 𝟒
𝒍𝒏(𝟏𝟐. 𝟑)

= 12.8 oC

Sample 2

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 50.5 oC – 36.7 oC
= 13.8 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 45 oC – 32.4 oC
= 12.6 oC

21
 ∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)
=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟑. 𝟖 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔)
=
𝟏𝟑. 𝟖
𝒍𝒏(𝟏𝟐. 𝟔)

= 13.2 oC

Sample 3

∆𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒊𝒏 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒐𝒖𝒕

= 50.5 oC – 36.8 oC
= 13.7 oC

∆𝑻𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉, 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑻𝒄, 𝒊𝒏

= 45.1 oC – 32.6 oC
= 12.5 oC

∆𝑻𝒎 (∆𝑻𝟏 − ∆𝑻𝟐)

=
∆𝑻𝟏
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟐)
(𝟏𝟑. 𝟕 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓)
=
𝟏𝟑. 𝟕
𝒍𝒏( )
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
= 13 oC

Average of Log Mean Temperature 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 + 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑

=
Difference 𝟑
= 13 oC

Qh = (3L/min)(0.001m3/1L)(1min/60s) = 0.00005 m3/s

Qc = (3L/min)(0.001m3/1L)(1min/60s) = 0.00005 m3/s

22
Sample calculation

Parallel at 45°C

Thin= 50.2°C

(985.2 − 988.1) (55 − 50)

=
(985.2 − 𝜌ℎ ) (55 − 50.2)

𝜌ℎ = 987.984kg/m3

(4183 − 4181) (55 − 50)

=
(4181 − 𝑐𝜌ℎ ) (55 − 50.2)

𝑐𝜌ℎ = 4181.08J/kg. K

TCin= 32.0°C

(994 − 996) (35 − 30)

=
(994 − 𝜌𝑐 ) (35 − 32)

𝜌𝑐 = 995.2kg/m3

(4178 − 4178) (35 − 30)

=
(4178 − 𝑐𝜌𝑐 ) (35 − 32)

𝑐𝜌𝑐 = 4178J/kg. K

Power emitted: Q = Vh ρh Cph (Thin – Thout)

Q = Vh ρh Cph (Thin – Thout)

Q = (0.00005)(987.984)(4181.08)(50.2 − 44.9)

Q = 1094.67W

Power Absorbed: Qmax = Vc ρc Cpc (Tcout – Tcin)

Qmax = (0.00005)(995.2)(4178)(37 − 32.0)

Qmax =831.59W

23
 Power Lost = power emitted – power absorbed

Power Lost = 1094.67-831.59

= 263.08W
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
Efficiency = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑥100%

831.59 𝑊
1094.67𝑊
𝑥100%

75.97%

Power emitted Power

Power lost(W) Efficiency (%)
(W) absorbed(W)
Parallel
1094.67 831.59 263.08 75.97
flow@45°C
Counter flow 1114.704 872.9931 241.7108 78.31614
@45°C
Parallel 1421.351 1247.509 173.8423 87.76922
flow@50°C
Counter flow 1421.777 1351.197 70.58007 95.03578
@50°C

24
 7. DISCUSSION

The experiment was carried out in concentric heat exchanger unit using different flow
configurations – counter current and parallel flow. Different flow configurations affect the
efficiency and effectiveness of a heat exchanger. In order to start the experiment, hot water
steam was supplied through the pipe tubes by manually adjusting the valve. The manual ball
valves are utilized to perform this operation. The flow rate of both hot and cold stream was set
to be fixed at 3LPM, which was adjusted using rotameter and readable through flow indicator
displayed in the control panel.

Four studies were conducted throughout the experiment using various conditions, from which
each study consists of three trails. This helps to provide the observer with much more accurate
and precise reading. Six temperature readings were taken in all these different trails and
recorded using six temperature indicators. The temperature measurement was conducted using
temperature transmitter namely TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5 and TT6 installed at different
positions.

Once the valve has been adjusted from the supply system to allow the water flow-in, the heater
is switched on to heat up the water from the tank flowing through the tube with the help of a
pump. The water storage tank has been designed in a way to recirculate the water source in the
equipment system. In the first operation for parallel configuration, the hot water sample was
heated up to 50℃, after which the controller was adjusted to remain at constant temperature.
The average time taken for the hot water source to reach the required temperature of 50℃ was
also recorded. This was later repeated for all four operations and different trails within each
operation.

In the parallel configuration, TT1 and TT3 refer to the hot temperature inlet and hot temperature
outlet respectively whereas TT4 and TT6 refer to the cold temperature inlet and cold
temperature outlet respectively. The counter current flow on the other hand uses a different
flow arrangement therefore the transmitter position for cold and hot streams inlets and outlets
may vary from that of parallel flow. TT1 and TT6 refer to the hot temperature inlet and hot

25
temperature outlet respectively whereas TT3 and TT4 refers to the hot temperature outlet and
cold temperature outlet respectively. Two extra transmitters, namely TT2 and TT5 are installed
in the concentric pipes remain the same for both flow configurations. It is important to keep in
mind that the valve position affects the flow configuration of the hot water source and therefore
not following the proper procedure may lead to incorrect results. The other variables that affect
the result include change in temperature, flow rate and diameter of the pipe tube.

To start with, the water supply from the valve opening flows through the pipe tube via
connecting pipes. The valve connecting to TT1 was opened. This allows the water to flow
through.

In the first operation which was investigated for parallel flow at fixed temperature of 50℃, it
can be said that the value obtained is within the experimental proportionality and precision.
During the first trail, the hot temperature outlet (TT3) was found out to be 47.1℃ whereas cold
temperature outlet (TT6) was found out to be 37.4℃ when the temperature display from the
indicator showed 54.5℃ for hot temperature inlet (TT1) and 31.8℃ for cold temperature inlet
(TT4). The temperature reading for TT2 and TT5 was shown to be 49.8℃ and 37.4℃
respectively. The drop in temperature in hot stream from inlet (TT1) 54.5℃ to outlet (TT3)
47.1℃ indeed indicates that the hot stream is indeed used as a utility stream to heat the cold
stream inlet (TT4) from 31.8℃ to 37.4℃ (TT6) cold stream outlet. The trial was repeated for
the second time in order to get more accurate results. In the second trail, the values for TT1,
TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5 and TT6 were found out to be as followed: 54.7℃, 50.5℃, 48.2°𝐶,
31.8℃, 37.9℃ & 38.1℃ . This shows that the temperature indicated for second trail were also
found to be close in values to the temperature indicated for first trail. Nevertheless, the
experiment was repeated for the third time for all different temperature transmitters. After that,
the average temperature reading for each of TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5 and TT6 were recorded
by dividing the summed-up values for each of the trial {Example: TT1 in 1st trial + TT1 in 2nd
trial + TT1 in 3rd trial / 3} by the number of trails conducted.

The second operation uses the same fixed temperature of 50℃ but in a counter current flow
arrangement. The first trail values for hot temperature outlet (TT3) and cold temperature outlet

26
(TT4) were recorded to be 48.1 °𝐶 and 37.9°𝐶 respectively whereas the hot temperature inlet
(TT1) indicates 55°𝐶 and cold temperature inlet (TT6) indicates 32.2°𝐶. Additionally, the
temperature measured by the other two transmitters (TT2) and (TT5) in the concentric pipes
generates the value of 51.1°𝐶 and 37.3°𝐶 respectively. During the second trail, the values
displayed by the indicator were as follows: 55.3°𝐶 for TT1, 51.3°𝐶 for TT2, 48.3°𝐶 for TT3,
38°𝐶 for TT4, 37.3°𝐶 for TT5 and 32.1°𝐶 for TT6. The trail was repeated once more for the
third time in order to obtain more reliable readings. After that, the average temperature reading
for each of TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5 and TT6 were recorded by dividing the summed-up
values for each of the trial {Example: TT1 in 1st trial + TT1 in 2nd trial + TT1 in 3rd trial / 3}
by the number of trails conducted. Based on the comparison of data between parallel and
counter current arrangement using the fixed temperature, the counter current flow allow much
greater temperature difference to take place between cold and hot fluid as compared to in
parallel flow configuration, giving a high heat transfer rate in the process. This larger
temperature gradient which can be calculated using LMTD method results in larger heat
transfer area while also reducing thermal gradient which helps improve the efficiency of the
heat exchanging equipment.

In the third round, the experiment was switched back to parallel configurations with lowered
temperature of 45℃ while using the constant flowrate of 3LPM for both cold and hot fluids.
This is to study the effect of temperature on efficiency of the equipment. In the first trial, the
indicator displays these numerical digits: 50.1℃ for hot fluid inlet (TT1), 46.9℃ for TT2,
45.1℃ for hot fluid outlet (TT3), 32℃ for cold fluid inlet (TT4), 37.3℃ for TT5 and 37.1℃ for
cold fluid outlet (TT6). The sample was repeated two more times in order to get more accurate
readings. The values obtained in the last trial were as follows: 50.4℃ (TT1), 47℃ (TT2), 45.1℃
(TT3), 32.1℃ (TT4), 37.2℃ (TT5) and 36.9℃ (TT6). After that, the average temperature
reading for each of TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5 and TT6 were recorded by dividing the summed-
up values for each of the trial {Example: TT1 in 1st trial + TT1 in 2nd trial + TT1 in 3rd trial /
3} by the number of trails conducted.

The experiment was conducted for the final round using counter current flow arrangement with
a lowered temperature of 45℃ in order to study the effect of temperature on any experimental
variables. The flowrate also remained to be constant at 3LPM for both cold and hot fluids. In

27
the first sample, the output from the indicator displayed 50°𝐶 (TT1) for hot fluid inlet and
32.4°𝐶 (TT6) for cold fluid inlet. In order to be able to make a comparison to calculate LMTD
and power efficiency, the values for hot fluid outlet (TT3) and cold fluid outlet (TT4) values
were also taken into consideration just like in the first two operations. The values displayed
from these two transmitters were recorded to be 44.7°𝐶 and 36.6°𝐶. Additionally, the
temperature measured by the other two transmitters (TT2) and (TT5) in the concentric pipes
generates the value of 47°𝐶 and 36.8°𝐶 respectively. During the second trail, the values
displayed by the indicator were as follows: 50.5°𝐶 for TT1, 47.3°𝐶 for TT2, 45°𝐶 for TT3,
36.7°𝐶 for TT4, 36.8°𝐶 for TT5 and 32.4°𝐶 for TT6. The trail was repeated once more for the
third time in order to obtain more reliable readings. After that, the average temperature reading
for each of TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5 and TT6 were recorded by dividing the summed-up
values for each of the trial {Example: TT1 in 1st trial + TT1 in 2nd trial + TT1 in 3rd trial / 3}
by the number of trails conducted.

The double-pipe heat exchanger is the most basic type of heat exchanger and is made up of two
concentric pipes with different diameters. In a heat exchanger with two pipes, one fluid travels
through the smaller pipe while the other travels through the annular space in between the two
pipes. In a double-pipe heat exchanger, there are two different flow arrangements that are
feasible. Both the hot and the cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in
the same direction when they are flowing in parallel. Contrarily, in a counterflow heat
exchanger, the hot and cold fluids enter at opposing ends and flow in the opposite directions.

Power emitted and power absorbed must be computed to ascertain the amount of power lost
before determining the overall heat transfer coefficient U using the formula:

Power emitted:

Power Absorbed:

Power Lost = power emitted – power absorbed

Based on the calculations, the power absorbed is lower than the power admitted which indicates
that the experiment carried out was a success. If the heat exchanger's insulation is ideal, the

28
heat power released by the hot fluid and the heat power absorbed by the cool fluid will be equal.
However, power lost is evaluated since complete insulation cannot be accomplished.
According to the calculation, the power lost at 45 ̊C for both co-current and counter-current
flow is 263.08 W and 241.71 W respectively. As for temperature at 50 ̊C, the power lost is much
lower for both co-current and counter-current flow as it records 173.84 W and 70.58 W
respectively.

Additionally, efficiency's value can be determined by using the formula:

Efficiency =

Compared to co-current flow, counter-current flow exhibits higher efficiency. At a temperature

of 45 C
̊ , the efficiency for co-current and counter-current flow is calculated to be 75.97% and
78.32% respectively. While at temperature of 50 ̊C, the efficiency records 87.77% for co-
current flow and 95.04% for counter-current flow. In reality, these vary because of heat gains
or losses to or from the environment. Heat will be lost to the surroundings if the average cold
fluid temperature is higher than the surrounding air temperature, leading to efficiency to be less
than 100%. If the efficiency is more than 100%, heat is gained and the average cold fluid
temperature is lower than the ambient temperature.

At a minimal temperature loss, a counter-flow heat exchanger is often more effective in

transferring heat energy from one medium to another. To attain the same heat transfer rate as a
co-current flow with all else being constant, a smaller heat transfer surface area is required.
Due to the bigger average temperature differential along each unit length, it may transfer the
most heat from the heat transfer medium. The fluid flow through a co-current flow heat
exchanger acts as perpendicular to one another. Since the water supplies may contain
contaminants like sand, dust, microorganisms, and other things that could affect the results and
the heat exchanger's ability to function efficiently, the water in this experiment may have an
impact on the heat exchanger's efficiency.

29
The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD), a technique used in the analysis of
the heat exchanger, is defined as the temperature difference that, if constant, would result in
the same rate of heat transfer that actually occurs under varying conditions of temperature
difference. The following presumptions were made in order to get the equation for LMTD,
where there is no heat loss to the environment, neither fluid undergoes a phase change during
the heat transfer, the change in potential and kinetic energies is negligible, and the amount of
axial conduction along the heat exchanger's tubes is negligible. The overall heat transfer
coefficient, U, is constant.

8. PRECAUTION AND LIMITATION

In order to maintain the safety of students during practicum, a lab coat is a safety standard that
must be worn to prevent direct exposure of the body area to residuals in the laboratory. The use
of footwear that completely covers the feet such as shoes is highly emphasized, and the use of
sandals in the laboratory area is strictly prohibited. Besides that, make sure the operation of
each equipment is carried out carefully and with full vigilance, especially the electrical
components so that they are not exposed to water. In the concentric heat exchanger trial, water
must be circulated first before the pump on the heat exchanger is activated to prevent damage
to the pump. During the heating process, do not open the lid of the water bath, which is located
behind the heat exchanger, especially during heating operations at high temperatures to ensure
the safety of students and time efficiency for the heating process so that it is not disturbed.
Make sure there are no broken or malfunctioning valves on the heat exchanger, pipe leaks, or
leaks in the water tank.

Opening the water tap is quite a bit and not fully open which can cause flooding due to overload
in the water tank. Do not turn the valve too hard when adjusting parallel or counterflow flow
arrangements to avoid damage to the valve. Since the faucet for adjusting the flow rate is very
loose and easy to adjust, accuracy is needed to continuously monitor the movement of the
rotameter which is very susceptible to change. The initial setting of the flow rate is greatly
influenced by the eye level to see the unit liter per minute line on the rotameter which makes
data errors very likely to occur. During the process of heating water to a fixed temperature, it

30
takes a long time to reach 50oC. In addition, the temperature read by the transmitter is very
difficult to stabilize, which can exceed or even be less than the set temperature so that more
trials are carried out. In each trial, there should be a 5-minute gap. However, the temperature
on the transmitter keeps changing so students wait for the temperature to stabilize again for a
longer duration than it should. The numbers displayed on the temperature transmitter 1 to 6
sometimes experience glitches and become erroneous in readings.

9. CONCLUSION

To sum up, the experiment was conducted to study the effect of heat exchanger efficiency in
two different flow configurations – counter current and parallel flow. The variables that were
kept constant throughout the experiment were the flow rate of both hot and cold stream and the
temperature of hot and cold stream. The volumetric flowrate measured using rotameter was
later converted to mass flow rate, whereas the density of water was taken as a reference for
both hot and cold sample. This was later used to find the power lost and power emitted by the
specific heat capacity formula. The efficiency of the heat exchanging equipment was later
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
calculated by dividing × 100%. Among all the four samples, sample 4 was
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑

found to have the highest efficiency, which was followed by sample 3, sample 2 and sample 1.
Factors such as temperature and flow arrangement affect the efficiency of the heat exchanging
equipment. Hence, sample 4 has the highest efficiency. Counter current flow arrangement at
temperature of 50℃ allows a greater temperature gradient which helps increase the heat
transfer rate, improving the efficiency of the heat exchanger. Even though sample 2 (counter
current configuration at 45℃), sample 3 (parallel configuration at 50℃) has a higher efficiency
than sample 2. This is because in the higher temperature, the molecules increase kinetic energy
leading to more rapid motion which results in much more transfer of heat by having direct
contact with the solid layers, resulting in increased of both heat transfer area and heat transfer
rate, increasing the power and efficiency of the sample.

31
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APPENDIX

Figure 1 Concentric heat exchanger

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Figure 2 Temperature transmitter data recorded at 50oC.

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Figure 3 Temperature transmitter data recorded at 45oC.

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Figure 4 Properties table of saturated water

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