A

Major Project Report On

“POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HYBRID POWER
SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of

The requirements for the award of the degree in

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By

KONKATI SANJAY 20C85A0215

Under the esteemed guidance of

CH.JHANSI LAKSHMI M.Tech

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

SREEKAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad),
KAREPALLI-507 122, KHAMMAM (Dist), T.S.
2022-2023

i
 SREEKAVITHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad),
KAREPALLI-507122, KHAMMAM (Dist), T.S.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project report is the bonafide work of

KONKATI SANJAY (20C85A0215) of the student who carried out the
project report entitled “POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HYBRID
POWER SYSTEM USING D-STATCOM ” under the supervision by
CH.JHANSI LAKSHMI M.Tech.

SUPERVISOR, Head of the Department

CH.JHANSI LAKSHMI M.Tech L.KISHORE M.Tech , Ph.D
Assistant Professor Associate professor

Submitted for viva voice Examination held on

External Examiner:

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Satisfaction that accomplishes the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without the mention of the people who make it possible and
whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.

It is my privilege and pleasure to express my profound sense of respect, gratitude

and indebtedness to my guide Mrs. CH.JHANSI LAKSHMI M.Tech Assistant
professor, Department of EEE, SreeKavitha Engineering College, Karepalli, for her
constant guidance, inspiration, and constant encouragement throughout this
project work.

It is my privilege and pleasure to express my profound sense of respect, gratitude

and indebtedness to Dr. L.KISHORE M.Tech , Ph.D, Head of Department of EEE,

SKEC, Karepalli,

I express our sincere gratitude to Dr.L.KISHORE M.Tech, Ph.D, Principal of

SreeKavitha Engineering College, Karepalli for providing excellent academic

environment in the college.

I render my thanks to Mr.P.USHAKIRAN KUMAR M.Tech chairman, Sreekavitha

engineering college, for his encouragement.

We offer our sincere thanks to our faculty members and lab in-charges that
have helped me lot.

We extend our thanks to all the people, who have helped me a lot
directly or indirectly in the completion of this project.

KONKATI SANJAY
20C85A0215

iii
 DECLARATION

I KONKATI SANJAY (20C85A0215), here by submit that the Project Report

entitled “POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN HYBRID POWER SYSTEM USING
D-STATCOM” under the valuable guidance of Mrs. CH.JHANSI LAKSHMI M.Tech

Assistant professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and this is a

record of bonafide work carried out by me and the results embodied in this Technical
seminar Report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the
award of any other degree or diploma.

Date: KONKATI SANJAY

20C85A0215
Place:

iv
 ABSTRACT
The use of distributed energy sources in power grids has created new demands on payloads,
as associated power quality, voltage regulation and economical use of energy. The wind and star
squares are the most encouraging sources of renewable energy. However, stand-alone operation of
photovoltaic or wind energy systems does not provide a particularly reliable supply of power
generation, mainly because the supply of wind and solar radiation is unpredictable. The selection
of relevant wind and alternative power generation structures therefore offers a great wealth of
possibilities and a reliable power supply. As part of this work, a hybrid model of wind and solar
power systems was presented. This type of system is terrible extreme incredible useful in remote
or island areas where grid integration is not very economical.

However, connecting power electronic devices to a system of metric weight units presents
serious power quality issues: B. Harmonic generation and reactive power compensation that
disturbs the facility's electrical distribution system. During this work, a simulation model of a
hybrid wind-solar power system with an output of 750 kW was awarded. We analyze the
performance of this method in grid join mode. The turbine quality of a wind SPV hybrid system
was evaluated using total harmonic distortion (THD) at completely different wind speeds. The
power quality of this hybrid system was improved by manipulating the D-STATCOM.
 CONTENTS

CHAPTERS TITLES PAGE NO

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Facts 1

CHAPTER-2 HYBRID PHOTO VOLTAIC SYSTEM 2

2.1 SPV System Modeling 2-3

2.2 Modeling Of WECS 3

CHAPTER-3 DSTATCOM MODELING 4

3.1 Theory Of Operation 5-6

3.2 STATCOM Schematic 6-8

3.3 STATCOM Benefits 9

CHAPTER-4 PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL 10

4.1 Renewable Energy Supply 11

4.1.1 Introduction 11-12

4.1.2 Choices Of Mitigation Technologies 12

4.1.3 Primarily Daylight Based Energy 12-14

4.1.4 Radiation 14-16

4.1.5 Solar Powers Drawbacks 16-17

4.2 Wind Power 17-22

4.3 Greatest Power Tracking Technology 22-24

4.3.1 MPPT Strategy 24-26

 4.4 Integrated Full Bridge Electrical Converter 27

4.4.1 One Piece Full Bride Inverter 27-29

CHAPTER-5 MATLAB SIMULATION 30

5.1 Simulink 30-34

CHAPTER-6 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 35-38

CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

2.1 Approximate Equivalent Circuit Of A Solar Photo Voltaic Cell 2

2.2 Simulink Model Of SPV Cell 3

3.1 STATCOM Conceptual Diagram 6

3.2 Model D-STATCOM 8

4.1 Schematic Diagram Of Proposed Hydride System With STATCOM 10

4.2 Shows The Maximum Power Point Curve 23

4.3 Curve 24

4.4 P&O Methodology 25

4.5 One-Piece Full-Bridge Inverter Schematic 27

4.6 Integral Full-Bridge Inverter Working Principle 28

5.1 Simulink Toolbar 30

5.2 Working with Blocks 31

5.3 Review of Libraries 31

5.4 Square Settings 32

5.5 Sources Library 32

5.6 Math Operations Library 33

6.1 P-V-wind without D-STATCOM 35

6.2 P-V-wind with D-STATCOM 35

6.3 THD of the current supplied by the PV system without and with 36
D-STATCOM

6.4 Output Current With D-STATCOM 37

6.5 Load Voltage With D-STATCOM 37

 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
With the recent intensification of environmental problems caused by shadow fuels,
using your own energy sources to generate electricity is only a potential alternative to fossil
fuels. Renewables such as solar and air currents Energy sources are expensive to obtain.
These two are considered the most important sources of renewable energy. Conversely, the
main obstacle for each light and airflow is the inability to individually provide constant
radiation or constant velocity airflow. Therefore, it cannot be used as a stand-alone that
requires continuous power supply. The integration of different energy sources with energy
storage systems is an entirely new trend in renewable energy technology.

Among the various hybrid combinations, independent wind and electric star
phenomena are the most effective hybrid combinations. Wind SPV hybrid power
generation systems (WSPVHG) combined with grid integration are considered power
generation options as they exploit the strengths of each star and wind energy system.
Hybrid systems can provide reasonable power quality and reduce electricity bills at the
same time. Apart from all the advantages, hybrid systems have their own challenges and
issues such as protection, synchronization and power quality, but we tend to discuss only
power quality here. Performance criteria are measured by voltage drop, harmonics and
power issues. This work tends to calculate harmonics to check the quality of plants with
hybrid wind power systems.

1.1 FACTS
A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system of fixed equipment
used to transmit electrical energy using alternating current (AC). Its goal is to increase
network control and power transfer capability. It is, in general, a power electronics-based
system.

FACTS is defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as "a
power electronic-based system and related static equipment that controls one or more AC
transmission system parameters to improve controllability and boost power transfer.

1
 CHAPTER-2

HYBRID WIND-PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

Get an overview of hybrid renewable energy systems. This is because two or more
generating sources must be installed to generate the electrical load in the system. Hybrid
power generation systems that combine wind power and grid integration may be an
alternative to power generation as they leverage the strengths of each star and each wind
turbine. To meet increasing load demands, this combination can provide the simplest
resolution in standalone or grid-connected mode. Grid-connected mode not only reduces
value, but also improves system reliability and performance. The grid draws its own energy
from the hybrid wind power system during sunny and cloudy days to supply the connected
loads. Reduced peak load, reduced line loss, remote deployment and most importantly
reliable installation are the major subsequent benefits of HRES.

2.1 SPV System Modeling

The photovoltaic (SPV) cell is the basic part of the PV system. SPV cells are not
connected in parallel to create an SPV module, so the combined SPV modules form an
SPV array Figure 1 shows an approximate circuit of an SPV cell.

Generally, the formula to model a complete SPV cell is given by:

Fig2.1 Approximate equivalent circuit of a Solar Photo Voltaic cell

2
where V is the stellar radiation current, Io is the diode leakage current, the letter is the
negatron charge, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the junction temperature (oK), and Vdis
is the voltage across the diode. If connected to some extent, the problem is the quality of
the diode. Figure 2 shows a Simulink model of a PV cell created by the given equations.

Fig 2.2 Simulink Model of SPV Cell

2.2 Modeling of WECS

The quantity of turbine power produced by wind turbine generator (3)

Where Pi is the power generated by the WTG, As is the area swept by the wind in
square meters, V is the wind speed in meters per second, and Cp is the performance
constant. The performance constant is determined by the quantitative relationship of tip
speed to wind speed, also known as the tip speed quantitative relationship.

Figure 3 depicts the Simulink model of a static magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-
based WECS.

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 CHAPTER-3

D- STATCOM MODELLING
Since wattage systems are primarily concerned with AC magnitude and most
masses used require reactive power, reactive power compensation can be a governmental
quality issue. Reactive power flow must be controlled to generate the required voltage
support for WECS voltage fluctuations. During voltage dips, the STATCOM has a greater
advantage for generating additional electrical phenomenon reactive power.

A natural philosophy operating device capable of receiving or absorbing reactive

power at its output terminals. When connected to a battery storage device, it can handle an
additional $64,000 of energy. Unlike SVCs, no costly inductive and electro physical
components are required to add reactive power support to transmission lines. The main
advantage of the STATCOM area unit is the less installation space required due to its
compact size and increased reactive power efficiency at low voltages. STATCOMs also
impart greater damping properties for dynamic read stability.

The synchronous static compensator (STATCOM), also known as a synchronous

static capacitor (STATCON), is sometimes a control device used in transmission networks.
It is supported by a natural voltage source converter and can act as a source or sink of AC
reactive power in the associated power grid. When connected to a power source, it can also
supply active AC power. It is a member of the FACTS family of devices. This is standard
in nature and optional.

The STATCOM can be a Voltage Supply Converter (VSC) based device with
power behind the inductor. A STATCOM has very little available power capability because
power is supplied by a DC electrical device. However, its active performance increases if
an acceptable energy storage device is connected across his DC electrical device. The
reactive power at the terminals of the STATCOM depends on the amplitude of the power
supply. For example, if the terminal voltage of VSC is higher than the AC voltage for
membership purposes, the STATCOM will generate a reactive current. Conversely, it
absorbs reactive power as soon as the amplitude of the source becomes less than the AC
voltage. The STATCOM's response time is faster than that of the static voltage-current

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compensator (SVC), mainly due to the fastswitching time provided by the power converter
IGBT. Because the reactive power from the STATCOM decreases linearly with AC
voltage, the STATCOM simultaneously provides higher reactive power support at low AC
voltages than the Associate in Nursing SVC (currently held at nominal value down to low
AC voltages because there are many things).

This document used D-STATCOM to enhance asset quality in hybrid micro grids.
A D-STATCOM connected for common coupling (PCC) is often used to mitigate both
voltage and related power quality issues. To generate a balanced and pure curve of supply
current, the D-STATCOM injects harmonic and reactive parts of the load current when
operating in current management mode. To protect the vital mass from large voltage
disturbances, the PCC voltage was the reference value controlled in voltage management
mode.

3.1 Theory of operation

The STATCOM can be a regulated reactive power supply. It provides the required
reactive power generation and absorption through the electronic process of voltage and
current waveforms in Voltage Source Converters (VSCs).

A single-wire STATCOM circuit is shown in Figure (a). Here VSC is connected to

the power bus by magnetic coupling. in the figure (b) STATCOMs are viewed as adjustable
voltage supplies behind electrical phenomena. This means that electrical capacitor banks
and shunt reactors are not required for reactive power generation and absorption, giving
the STATCOM a compact style, or a small footprint as well as a small noise. Low magnetic
effect. The exchange of reactive power between the converter and the AC system is often
controlled by varying the amplitude of her three-phase output voltage Es of the converter,
as shown in Fig. (c).

When the amplitude of the output voltage increases to the amplitude of the supply
bus voltage Et, the electrical phenomenon causes current to flow from the converter into
the AC system, causing the converter to generate capacitive reactive power in the AC
system.

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 If the output voltage amplitude is lowered below the utility bus voltage, current
flows from the electrical energy system to the device, absorbing inductive-reactive power
from the electrical energy system.

STATCOM conceptual diagram a power circuit; b a constant circuit; and c a control

exchange circuit

Fig 3.1 STATCOM conceptual diagram

3.2 STATCOM schematic

● (a) sphere of influence. (b) a similar circuit; (c) Influence Exchange STATCOM
shall be in a highly pending state.

● Active power exchange between the converter and the AC system is evenly
managed by adjusting the fractional shift between the converter's output voltage
and the AC system's voltage. In other words, if the converter output voltage is
shaped to lead the AC system voltage, the converter provides active power from
DC storage to the AC system.

● On the other hand, if the voltage lags behind the AC voltage, it will absorb the real
power of the DC system from the AC system.

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● A STATCOM provides a specified reactive power by exchanging instantaneous
reactive power between phases of an AC system.

● The mechanism by which converters internally generate and/or absorb reactive

power is often understood by considering the relationship between converter output
power and input power. The converter switch connects the DC input circuit to the
AC output circuit. Therefore, the instantaneous Internet power at the output
terminals must always equal the instantaneous Internet power at the DC input
terminals (ignoring losses).

● Suppose the inverter is working to provide output reactive power. In this case, the
$64,000 power supplied by the DC power supply as input to the converter should
be zero.

● Also, since reactive power is by definition zero at zero frequency (DC), a DC power
supply does not provide reactive power as input to a converter, and there is
obviously nothing in the converter's output reactive power generation. does not play
a role.

● In other words, the converter he only has to connect the three output terminals so
that the output reactive current flows freely between them. Looking at the terminals
of an AC network, the converter creates a current reactive power exchange between
the phases. However, the $64,000 energy that the converter exchanges with the AC
system at his AC terminals must, of course, be supplied or absorbed by her DC
electrical capacitors at the DC terminals.

● Reactive power is generated internally by the operation of the equipment switches,

but a DC capacitor must be connected across the input terminals of the equipment.

● Capacitors should primarily provide a circulating current path as an additional

voltage supply.

● The size of the capacitor is chosen so that the DC voltage at the terminals remains
fairly constant to avoid leading to ripples in the DC current. The VSC output
voltage is in the staircase region where the current is smoothly drawn from the AC
system, resulting in small variations in the output power of the device.

7
 ● However, the device must draw an unbalanced current from the DC source so as
not to violate the constraint that the instantaneous power at the input and output
terminals are equal.

Depending on your device configuration, you can calculate the minimum capacity
required to meet your system requirements. B. Limiting DC voltage ripple and thus
supporting the rated reactive power required for AC systems.VSCs have comparable rated
current capability as soon as they are operated with capacitive or inductive reactive
currents. Therefore, VSC with accurate MVA estimation provides twice the dynamic target
MVAR to STATCOM (which further contributes to compact design). A DC capacitor bank
is used to support (regulate) the controlled DC voltage required for VSC operation. The
STATCOM reactive power is determined using power electronics measurement techniques
in the voltage source converter method. VSC can also be 2-level or 3-level type depending
on the specified output power and voltage. A number of VSC area units are combined in a
highly multiples association to form a STATCOM.

In steady state, the VSC operates with fundamental frequency switching to

attenuate the losses of the device. However, during line fault transients, the pulse width
modulation (PWM) mode is used to prevent fault current from entering VSC. In this way
the STATCOM is ready to withstand AC side transients without disturbance.

Fig 3.2 Model D-STATCOM

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3.3 STATCOM has the following benefits

1. It has a modest footprint because it replaces passive banks of circuit elements with
compact electronic converters;
2. It provides modular, factory-built equipment, reducing site work and commissioning
time; and
3. It uses encapsulated electronic converters, lowering its environmental impact.

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 CHAPTER-4

PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL

In this document, the transport is developed considering the combination of an SPV

farm with a generating capacity of 250 units and a WT with a capacity of 500 units to create
a WSPVHG system with a total capacity of 750 units. This hybrid system is integrated into
the 120 kV grid via a 25 kV distribution system. Figure 4 shows the determined diagram
of the predicted hybrid power generation system with distributed electrical converters.
Within the planned structure, each wind and SPV system was suitably assembled as two
separate generating systems with individual electrical DC-AC converters and connected in
parallel at the output side of the electrical converters.

A 25 kV, 3 Mvar, D-STATCOM is connected for common coupling purposes. A

projected shunt controller must source or absorb reactive power to ensure voltage stability
throughout the system.

Fig 4.1 Schematic diagram of proposed hydride system with STATCOM

10
4.1. RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY

4.1.1. INTRODUCTION

Green power is initially referred to as fuel supply derived entirely from sunlight-
based energy, either directly or otherwise. However, broadly speaking, much of the energy
we tend to consume today, along with petroleum products, is considered a form of solar-
oriented energy. Most familiar forms of energy such as wood, oil, gas, and coal are
embodied forms of solar energy that are collected, removed, and converted through
common cycles. Environmental change due to emissions of greenhouse gases, especially
carbon dioxide, becomes a problem when energy from the sun is converted into usable
forms of energy (heat, electricity, fuels, plastics) at a rate that far exceeds the rate of
development. . For coal, oil and gas, the ratio of development to consumption hours is
about 1 million

So the Earth, in a characteristic cycle, consumes in one year what it took her
1,000,000 years to create. Simple biomass beneath these distant structures accounts for a
fraction of a few years or less. Green power can now be described as a type of solar energy
that is available and rechargeable over timescales longer than human life.

Given that energy is green, it's clear why your own energy can be an important
alternative for mitigating environmental change. Because green energy is of little use if
gas-decomposing substances are released, its use does not disturb the radiant energy
balance of the world's air and can provide reparative long-term environmental mitigation.
. Green forces allow environmental change, energy use, and financial progress to continue
together rather than against each other. The remainder of this section may indicate which
information, information, and logical devices are intended to identify, explore, and describe
green energy alternatives. Required information and knowledge includes:

financial and social improvement goals and desires energy use and tasks to be
performed attributes of energy needs energy needs (span, irregularity, time of day, etc.) $
Available Energy Assets and Innovation Mapping Once energy needs are identified within
the larger framework of financial and social progress aspirations and plans, identify and
integrate green energy assets and progress into that larger framework. can be evaluated for
The logical tools needed include methodical methods for stockpiling green energy assets

11
and, most importantly, assessing the correct use of these assets. This section provides a top-
level view of real estate energy selection and explores, analyzes, and presents green energy
improvements. Techniques for decomposing green power determinations within the
Associate in Nursing include system squared measurements as described in Chapter 3.
Strategic choices for enhancing property performance progress choices are briefly
presented towards the end of this half.

4.1.2 Choice of Mitigation Technologies

Sustainable energy supply involves a wide range of assets, and various

advancements are available to take advantage of these assets. Today, numerous innovations
and associated spoken languages describe each innovation and its application. A significant
amount of these advancements have been addressed to date, most of which have entered
the global business market at some level. Some have achieved market entry, such as
hydropower and biomass innovations, others (eg)

4.1.3. Primarily daylight-based energy

Solar-based advancements use the sun's energy directly as energy commonly used
in all three of these end uses, providing energy to mechanical cycles, structures, and
transportation. Given primarily the positive scale of Solar Base, these advances are not
being forced by commodity conditions, but by price and other factors such as execution
(e.g. erratic activity), sawing risk, and seating issues. Forced by "institutional" incentives.
There are two general classifications of PV devices.

level plate and focusing. A concentrator system uses a focal point to focus the
radiation onto a few high-yield PV cells, using only direct sunlight from the pillars. Flat
panels, on the other hand, not only use all the vapor-driven radiation of the incident sun,
but also diffuse (scattering) and direct electrical phenomena (PV) - devices use panels made
up of various PV cells to converts the energy contained in directly into electricity. There
are two general classifications of PV devices:

flat plate and focusing. Concentrator frameworks use a focal point to concentrate
the radiation onto just a few highly productive PV cells and use only direct, columnar light,

12
whereas flat panels use diffuse and It uses all radiation the sun produces, including direct
protection.

The focal collector uses a huge array of sun-tracking mirrors (heliostats) to reflect
incoming radiation to a peak-mounted heat harvester. Finally, solar-powered lake systems
primarily store daylight-based energy in a highly fluid medium (usually a large bowl of
water with salt slopes to limit heat loss). to collect and store. A closed-loop Rankine cycle
engine. Solar-focused thermal innovations are now being staged at events/shows,
demonstrating the unwavering quality and activity of such offices in many parts of the
world. Energy amplification (assuming "half-and-half" frames) is used to solve problems
related to irregular schedules, primarily for daylight-based qualities (e.g. cloudy sky stream
age).

An application of these advances could be the age of urban power (especially the
example of the Bowl/Sterling framework) and the power brought from the late 1990s to his
mid-21st century. $ star Thermal - Process Heat Star Mechanical Interaction Heat (IPH)
Thermal Improvements take advantage of innovations and standards such as solar directed
heat, electrical advances in the manufacture of high or medium temperature heat supplies.
The heat extracted from these scaffolds can be used to detoxify unsafe waste, as well as
generate energy for common trendy prep cravings and celebrity measures. Opportunities
for innovation improvement and effectiveness go hand in hand with daylight-based heat
flow systems. Because they use equivalent physical and current standards. $ Star Building
Technologies Advances in stellar construction include dynamic, perturbation-free heating
and cooling systems.

Today Japan imports millions and Israel imports 600,000 of his solar alignment
water jets. Countless square measurements can also be found in various countries,
especially the United States, Kenya, China, Turkey and New Guinea-New Guinea.
Dynamic heating systems are primarily used in residential or commercial facilities that use
collectors that receive or store daylight-based energy and convert it to a working fluid
(water, oil, or air) for direct use or consumption. , providing high working water and
residential heating. Dynamic solar-based (mainly base) cooling upgrades include a solar-
focused chemical scaffold that absorbs water vapor using a drying specialist. Another

13
cooling innovation, the solar restraint system, relies on improvements in standard cooling,
but utilizes primarily solar heat to manage an oversized portion of the energy, but requires
mechanical assistance. is often Potential heating and cooling systems rely on structural
placement to meet explicit heat demand goals, with virtually no mechanical assistance.

Single-family home heating uses a common thermogenesis cycle to collect, store,

and apply heat. Currently, this method includes direct-height frames (e.g., south windows),
thermal partitions, connected sun areas (e.g., nurseries), ceilings with water that collects
heat and distributes it by convection. offset, and convective circuits with theosophies are
gradually included. Primarily a dilemma radiator, but with air as the working fluid. Old-
fashioned independent cooling methods enhance shared ventilation, integrate highly
protected low-emission building materials, and use valuable construction techniques (e.g.,
canopy plantations). Other methods that have been developed include geothermal tubes,
which use low ground temperatures to cool the incoming air, phase-change cooling with
water, and ice lakes (using ice at ambient temperature for months for hunting purposes).
Air is liquefied and cooled). Ultimately, daylight weighting simply uses characteristic light
in a convincing way to provide illumination. This is often accomplished primarily through
array construction, albeit with advanced optical component replacement.

4.1.4 Radiation

Most fractions of the sun's rays are given in relation to the total energy (B.Th.U.,
kWh, or mega joules) he receives per hour or day in the estimated room. increase. Monthly
and yearly midpoints are processed from hourly or daily information, and these units can
even be used to create traditional energy daily information indexes and guides. These
information tables and guidelines are the first signs of improved accessibility. Many
targeted assessments must take into account the instantaneous quality of solar radiation.
This is mainly due to changes in radiation that occur over long periods of time, ranging
from minutes to years. Experts indicate that temporary changes in solar energy processes
take estimated durations of minutes or less. A consistent assessment program is needed to
keep an eye on long-term changes related to environmental change, volcanic emissions,
and air pollution.

14
● Typically, primarily sun-based radiation data are collected over time periods
ranging from the moment to the day. The most familiar time period is time. A time-
based data space unit suitable for many applications. Discrepancies at this moment
(for example, 5 minutes) of sun exposure at a particular location are usually
resolved by 1-3 years of experience. Monthly global uniform radiant area units
accessible on the web from NASA-Langley's AN database for initial screening of
sun-coupled radiation plus and making sun-based maps available to the general
public. You can access the traditional daily total of We are targeting a network of
every 280 clicks. This data area unit has access to all areas. This data can be used
to amass higher spatial (up to 30-click networks) and ground targets, but such work
requires expert sweat. This data must be supported by ground-based evidence
before being used to assess the adequacy of primarily energy-related solar-based
advances or commitments to meet a specific end-use or desire. it won't work. The
World Sun Hopped-Up Radiation Data Area Unit can be accessed from the Planet
Radiation Information Center (WRDC) in St. Petersburg, Russia, and from Planet
Radiation Watching Centers in major cities. WRDC data is now available online
through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

● Benefits of Alternative Energy

● Solar energy can be a clean and renewable source of energy.

● You can generate solar power for free by simply connecting your electrical
equipment.

● Solar energy could last forever, but the world's oil reserves could predictably last
30 to 40 years.

● Solar energy causes no pollution.

● Solar cells are completely silent. On the other hand, the large machines used to
pump up the oil slick are very rattling and therefore very impractical.

● Very little maintenance is required to keep star cells running. Highly electric cells
have no moving parts and are therefore virtually invulnerable.

15
 ● In the future, the investment can be significantly amortized thanks to the amount
of free energy that electrical equipment provides. It can be calculated that in a
typical home, 5/100ths of the energy can be recovered from a star panel.

4.1.4 Solar Power's Drawbacks

Solar panels can be expensive to install, resulting in a long time lag for energy bill
savings to match early investments. Solar power installed capacity on the ground and on
the roof that is grid connected (MW)

6.5.1 The generation of electricity is entirely dependent on a country's

exposure to sunlight,which might be limited by the country's environment.

6.5.2 Solar power plants do not have the same power production as
comparable sizedconventional power plants; also, they can be rather costly
to create.

16
 6.5.3 Solar energy is utilized to recharge batteries, allowing solar-powered
devices to be usedat night. The batteries are usually large and heavy, taking up
space and requiring regular replenishment.

4.2. Wind power

Wind or wind energy refers to a generator of electricity, harnessing the wind to
provide mechanical energy through wind turbines. Alternative energy is a widely
available renewable energy supply that has significantly less environmental impact
than burning fossil fuels. The

wind farm contains multiple individual wind turbines connected to the grid.
Onshore wind power is a cheap source of electricity, comparable to or cheaper than
coal and gas-fired power plants in some locations. Onshore wind farms have a greater
impact on the landscape than alternative power plants. This is because it requires
contact with additional land and must be built in a rural area. This can lead to "rural
industrialization" and environmental degradation. Offshore winds are more stable and
stronger than onshore, and offshore wind farms have less visual impact, but are
significantly more expensive to build and maintain. Small onshore wind farms supply

17
 part of their energy to the grid or provide electricity to locations disconnected from the
grid. Wind Power is an intermittent Associated Grade power that cannot be broadcast
on demand. Regionally, it offers variable performance that is constant from year to
year but fluctuates significantly over short periods of time. Therefore, to manage
reliable power, it must be used with alternative power sources.

Ready-to-use energy sources (often gas-fired or electric), surplus capacity,

geographically dispersed turbines, trade and mercantilism to neighborhoods, grid
storage, reduced demand after wind production declines Energy management
techniques such as the occasional surplus limit, alternative energy, unit area used to
overcome these problems. As the proportion of alternative energy increases over a very
large area, additional standard power sources will be required to support it, and the
power grid may also need to be expanded. Meteorology can prepare the grid for
inevitable production fluctuations.

In 2019, wind power provided 1430 TWh of electricity, which accounted for
his 5.3% of global electricity generation, and global alternative energy capacity
reached more than 651 GW, an increase of 100% from 2018.

The total wind energy flowing through the conceptual region of association
with space A during time t is:

Where ρ is the density of air. v is the wind speed. Avt is the amount of air flowing
through A (considered perpendicular to the wind direction). Therefore Avtρ is the mass m
passing through "A". ½ ρv2 is the kinetic energy of moving air per unit volume.

Power is energy per unit of time, so the wind power incident on A (such as the rotor
space of a wind turbine) is

18
 Therefore, the associated external current wind force is proportional to the
number of wind speeds. If the wind speed doubles, the power available instantly
increases eightfold. Wind turbines for mains power must therefore be particularly
economical at higher wind speeds.

Wind is the movement of air over the surface of a planet interspersed with air
masses and regions of air masses. Global wind K.E. averaged about 1.50 MJ/m2 from
1979 to 2010, 1.31 MJ/m2 intrahemispherically, and 1.70 MJ/m2 intrahemispherically.
The atmosphere acts as a heat engine, interesting heat at high temperatures and subhead
at low temperatures. This process is responsible for assembling the K.E. of the wind.
Circulate air against resistive dissipation at a rate of 2.46 W/m2.

4.2.1. Share of Wind Power in India

India's wind power capacity has increased significantly in recent years. As of the
28th month of the Gregorian calendar in 2021, total installed wind power capacity is
38,789 GW, making him the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
Wind power capacity is expanding, especially in the South, West and North regions.

Indian Territorial Unit Wind Energy Prices Decline Rapidly. Wind energy leveled
tariff hits record low of INR 2.43 (US3.4¢) per kWh (excluding direct or indirect
subsidies) during wind energy auction for Gregorian calendar month 2017 Did. ¢ US) per
kWh in March 2021. In the Gregorian month of 2017, the union government explained
the guidance applicable to tariff-based wind power auctions to provide greater clarity and
minimize risk to developers.

19
Monthly Electricity Generation in India April, 2018 - March, 2019

Installed wind capacity by state as of 31 October 2019

20
 Now let's look into the blessings and downsides of wind electricity…

Advantages of wind electricity

6.5.4 Wind may be a dependable and endless renewable electricity aid

6.5.5 Wind electricity is price effective, and prices ar losing nonetheless

6.5.6 Wind electricity reduces carbon emissions as soon as used in place of fossil fuels

6.5.7 Few jogging expenses as soon as the generators ar up and jogging.

6.5.8 Offshore wind farms will earnings of offshore wind flow, whilst now no
longer touchingthe panorama read.

Disadvantages of wind electricity

6.5.9 Wind electricity can be unpredictable due to the fact the amount of
strength generated isbased on the rate and path of the wind

6.5.10 Wind farms can have an impact at the visible appearance of the panorama

6.5.11 Wind generators will damage the habitats of birds and marine life.

6.5.12 Wind farms can be big-price price tag to assemble.

Utilizing the MPPT calculation, this regulator will apace and precisely song the
great maximum intense pressure purpose (MPP) of a electric phenomenon cluster to result
in the great daytime primarily based totally broadly speaking electricity. This basically
improves the close to planetary cluster productiveness. There ar 2 choices for the
presentation paintings:

close to implicit liquid crystal show display and 2) remote liquid crystal show meter
(discretionary, excluded). The regulator likewise incorporates a Modbus correspondence
conference interface which would possibly facilitate orchestrate in addition checking in
numerous applications (telecoms, nuclear own circle of relatives off-community, street
lighting, far off then on) the complete digital self-trying out and advanced digital
insurances of the solar primarily based totally broadly speaking rate regulator create it
included to discern and facilitate lessen the chance of harm to framework segments from
group errors or framework problems. Highlights:

21
 Progressed maximum electric powered outlet pursuit (MPPT) innovation with
effectiveness extra prominent than 90 nine.5% high best additives for remarkable
framework execution, with finest transformation skill ability of 98 Ultra-optimizing
velocity and ensured following productiveness Accurately perceives and tracks diverse
maximum intense pressure focuses Reliable programmed proscribing functionality of
maximum intense PV enter power, ensuring no over-burden occurs Wide working MPP
voltage range 12V/24V DC programmed framework voltage discovery Clear and dynamic
implicit liquid crystal show display displaying working information and working situations
Multiple heap control modes:

guide mode, On/Off, On + Timer and take a look at mode Pre-custom designed
charging obstacles for Sealed, Gel, and Flooded batteries, at the same time as a client
characterized battery kind Battery temperature pay paintings time period electricity
measurements paintings RS-485 correspondence delivery interface and Mod delivery
correspondence conference External liquid crystal show display association (MT50,
discretionary) and laptop community for 2 observant and boundary placing laptop code
refreshes

4.3 Greatest Power Point Tracking Technology

Primarily due to the non-linear daylight output of panels or solar-based displays,
there is the highest power demand (maximum power port or MPP) on the yield curve where
solar-based panels achieve the highest efficiency. Traditional daylight-based regulators for
switch charging PWM innovations fail to achieve this highest productivity objective for
sunshades, so they tend to operate at low power, isolating all available energy from the
sunshade. plug. This predominantly solar-based charge controller oddly utilizes MPPT
(Power Outlet Trailing) technology. It can plug into the highest performance objectives of
daylight based boards to eliminate the lowest energy and transfer it to the battery. The
MPPT calculation takes into account a completely different focus on the solar panel yield
curve to determine the MPP (best productivity) objective and is constantly changing. The
next cycle is fully programmed and you don't have to deal with buyer associations.
According to Figure 1-2, the MPPT innovation "helps" the battery charge current (amps)

22
by following the MPP. For a very closed planetary system and 100% conversion efficiency,
the battery current scales consistently by:

VMpp is typically systematically higher than VBat. Due to the conservation of

energy rule of thumb, I bat systematically outperforms IPV. The more pronounced the
imperfection between VMpp and VBat, the clearer the gap between IPV and IBat. The
more significant the discrepancy between the charged solar and battery voltages, the greater
the reduction in conversion performance of a typical regulator. Therefore, using this sun-
oriented MPPT charge controller mainly improves the effectiveness of PV flames. Figure
1-2 is the deflection for maximum force purpose of such a charged board. The hidden zone
is the load area of a typical PWM controller. (roughly speaking) as opposed to a typical
PWM regulator

Fig 4.2 shows the Maximum Power Point Curve

23
In practice, a solar panel may have several MPP points due to shade from clouds, trees,
snow, and so on, but there is only one true Maximum Power Point.

Fig 4.3 Curve

With multiple MPP points Some MPPT daylight-based mainly charge controllers
cannot accurately follow completely different MPP focuses. Primarily based on solar
energy, this charge controller features unprecedented MPPT innovations to influence
different MPP focal points and quickly and accurately track actual MPP objectives to
increase frame efficiency. , avoid wasting energy.

4.3.1 MPPT Strategy The

MPPT is able to separate the highest possible power from the electrical phenomena
to achieve the most extreme power output. The area unit of a PV cell with very long
connections between current, voltage, and power output and the area unit important for
generating non-linear power output. Power output is reported by the cell's current-voltage
characteristics. I-V patterns that bend up and down are due to changes in external factors
such as temperature, irradiance, and occlusions. The associated temperature regulation can
be inversely related to yield, and changes in irradiance are directly related. Many
procedures in the MPPT area have been updated so far. It can outline the complexity of
common and important methods such as destruction and observation (slope strategies),
progressive electrical phenomena, modified P&O techniques, contact currents, electrical
circuit voltages, constant voltages, fuzzy management, and neural networks. It's from
Control unit Bottom:A. Stimulation and Observation (Tilting Technique)

24
 As the force separating from the PV exhibits increases, the behavioral objective can
transition to an MPP event with the input voltage annoyance of the PV cluster or similar
behavior. There is a nature. On the other hand, if the power decreases outside of PV
emissions, the operational objective may shift to trouble with the input voltage of the PV
cluster outside of the MPP event. The ability of MPP hunters is to track solar behavioral
adaptations, mostly based on increases or decreases in exemplar time, and to distinguish
between force output and previous duty cycles. Going back to P and O, the calculations
can jump back and forth and eventually run out of PV power. This miracle is overwhelmed
in constant or ever-changing air conditions. Therefore, a safe change was made in the
planned computation to avoid this problem. This allows the MPP hunter to identify the
yield performance of his PV, so the limit applies.

Fig 4.4 P&O Methodology

Modified DP P&O Techniques Modified DP P&O Techniques are awarded with

specific modifications to normal P&O techniques to eliminate deficiencies found in normal
P&O strategies for nursing employees and reduce mismanagement. make it recognizable.
Amazing photovoltaic lightening with constant deviation is completely destroyed. First of
all, it is assumed that a single PV voltage fault is chargeable for power selection. However,
in a nutshell, it is clear that the current style of PV exhibition output, which is primarily

25
based on sunlight, is easily contributed to by environmental conditions such as solar
houses, especially in the case of PV voltage disturbances.

Normal P&O techniques may neglect to follow the most extreme forces during the
irradiance change from irradiance 1 at time (t) to irradiance 2 at time (t+1) . Therefore, an
adapted P&O strategy is known, as power selection was made by varying irradiance and
PV voltage stimulation to eliminate the disturbing effects of irradiance evident in older
P&O techniques. For the intermediate objective of the MPPT managed quantity, additional
PV cluster power can be calculated in the modified P&O system and PV power is
calculated using the conventional pattern.

As a result, the calculated force difference between the MPPT-administered

average power (−0, 5) and the gaze power (−1) of zero, 5 includes the selection and
illumination of each force individually evoked by the MPPT administration. changes in ,
and thus power selection due only to progression with force 1 lightweight. Henceforth, the
force difference caused by MPPT administration alone will be registered as: Used to
overcome the stable electrical phenomenon of electrical phenomena. In this technology,
the voltage operation objective is pursued with the aim of making the electrical
phenomenon similar to the steady state electrical phenomenon, and then, in the process of
pursuing the detailed objective, it is found that it interferes with the operation objective.

An additional benefit of this strategy is that relative distance to MPP is likely to be

understood from nursing associates, where knowledge of whether MPP has been achieved
is often recognized or established. Moreover, in contrast to efficient P and O strategies, the
ability to follow MPPs is much more precise under volatile natural conditions and also
exhibits marginal fluctuating behavior around MPPs. Nonetheless, the use of child
activities in computations embodied the dangers of the framework.

It is possible that during samples from low-irradiance illumination, the separation

cycle became monotonous and later did not reflect desired results. Thus, the IC world
positioning framework is fruitful with consistent cycle step sizes controlled by the required
precision and pace. As the sentence size increases, the evolution of the follow rate is noted,
and the inverse wonder is the accuracy it exhausted. A variable progression size scheme
was created to In all examples, when operational objectives are removed from the MPP,

26
computation builds a progression size to facilitate computations reaching the operational
objectives of the MPP, and thus other approaches, more quickly. To do.

4.4. Integrated Full-Bridge Electrical Converter Explained

This article describes an integrated full-bridge electrical converter with schematics
and a number of related waveforms. Comparisons between 0.5 and full-bridge inverters are
also carefully done. The

One Piece Full Bridge Electrical Converter is essentially a power supply electrical
converter. Unlike integrated 0.5 bridge electrical converters, this electrical converter does
not require a 3-wire DC input power supply. Rather, a two-wire DC input power supply is
sufficient. The output frequency is often controlled by the dominant turn-on and turn-off
times of the thyristor.

4.4.1 One-Piece Full-Bridge Inverter Schematic

The one-piece full-bridge inverter circuit includes four thyristors T1-T4, four
diodes D1-D1, and a two-wire DC input source Vs. In parallel with the thyristor, that is.
D1 is connected anti-parallel with T1 and so on. The power schematic for a one-piece full-
bridge electrical converter is shown in the figure below.

Fig 4.5 One-Piece Full-Bridge Inverter Schematic

27
 Note that for simplicity, the electronics for turning the thyristor on and off are not
shown in the high-level schematic. Further, each thyristor assumes that its gate signal
conducts a given amount and the thyristor is turned off because the gate signal is removed.
The control signal and output voltage waveforms for asingle-section full-bridge electrical
converter are shown below.

Fig 4.6 Integral full-bridge inverter working principle

The working principle of the integral full-bridge electric inverter is based on the
sequential triggering of diagonally arranged thyristors. This means that thyristors T3 and

28
T4 are fired for 1/2 period and T1 and T2 are fired for the remaining 1/2 period. Only two
thyristors were on 1/2 of the time.

Observe carefully the gating signal wave. We can see that thyristors T1 and T2 have
triggered at the same time T/2. Therefore, the load voltage corresponds to the positive
polarity of the supply voltage, since the load is connected to the supply through T1 and T2.
This is often the reason. The load voltage appears directly proportional to Vs in the output
voltage waveform.

Gate signal (ig1 & ig2) T1 and T2 turned off gest like long before area unit was
removed. However, T3 & T4 are turned on in the unit area because the gating signals (ig3
& ig4) are applied to the unit area at the same instant. When the T3 and T4 area units are
energized, the load is connected to the power supply. The load voltage level is again Vs,
but with the opposite polarity. This is why the output voltage is often represented as a
negative value in the voltage waveform. In short hours zero case

29
 CHAPTER-5

MATLAB SIMULATION
5.1 Simulink
Simulink is a graphical programming interface that makes it easier to present frameworks.
It provides a graphical user interface for numerically resolving conditions rather than
requiring code. Squares, a symbol, and an explanation on a foundation are among the
models:
6.5.13 Signals are lines that connect squares, moving characteristics between them.
6.5.14 Squares are numerical capacity; they can have varied amounts of
information and yields.Signs can be many different sorts of data, such as numbers,
vectors, or lattices. Names canbe given to signs.
Content descriptions and photos can be included to the model, but they will not be counted.
6.5.15 They can assist others in comprehending the model's plan alternatives.

Fig 5.1 Simulink Toolbar

30
Over the principle canvas of a Simulink model, is the toolbar

Fig 5.2 Working with Blocks

Fig 5.3 Review of Libraries

31
 Fig 5.4 Square Settings

Each square has its very own settings in Block Parameters and Block Properties.

Fig 5.5 Sources Library

32
See the table below with key squares from this collection for progressively prevalent
occasional capacities:

Sinks Library

The squares in this library are generally utilized for review information from the model.

Fig 5.6 Math Operations Library

33
 This library-wide square is determined by the usual numerical capacity.Includes,
Takeoffs, and Total Blocks Adds, Takeoffs, and Total Squares all measure essentially the
same thing. By constantly changing the shape of the symbol and the list of letters in the
square parameter, we can turn it the other way around (see right).

Figure 1 shows the output line voltage (Vbc) waveforms of an on-grid system using
SPWM, THIPWM and SVPWM techniques for

electrical converter management. See 4.7, Figure 4.8, and Figure 4.9 separately.
The output line voltage waveform using SPWM technique shows the most distortion in the
waveform, while the output line voltage waveform using SVPWM technique shows the
least distortion in the waveform.

Power quality is often measured by voltage sags, current harmonics, and current
issues. This work tends to calculate total harmonic distortion (THD) to maintain the quality
of plants with wind PV arrays. The current wave promotion is often calculated by the
formula –

Where Ih is the harmonic current of the hth order and I1 is the fundamental
component of current. The MATLAB FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) Analysis Toolbox is
used to determine the THD. To examine the quality of the electricity supplied by the
proposed arrangement, the THD in the current sent to the grid was determined. THD was
calculated without and with D-STATCOM at a wind speed of 5m/s for comparison
purposes.

34
 CHAPTER-6

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Fig. 6.1 p-v-wind without D-STATCOM

Fig. 6.2 p-v-wind with D-STATCOM

35
Fig-6.3 THD of the current supplied by the PV system without D-STATCOM

Fig-6.4 THD of the current supplied by the PV system with D-STATCOM

36
 Fig-6.5 Output current with D-STATCOM

THD of the hybrid Wind-PV system's current delivered at 5m/s wind speed without
D -STATCOM

The THD of the provided current at 5 m/s wind speed without connecting D-
STATCOM is 15.4%, which is rather high and even above the IEEE limit. According to
IEEE power quality requirements, THD must be less than 5%.

Thus, in this study, D- STATCOM is used to bring the total harmonic content
within the IEEE requirements by utilizing compensatory techniques.

Fig 6.6 Load voltage with D-STATCOM

37
 THD in current delivered by a hybrid Wind-PV system at a wind speed of 5 m/s
using D -STATCOM

Figures 5.3 and 5.5 compare total harmonics distortion with and without D-
STATCOM in each scenario. The THD in the current supplied by the hybrid wind-PV
system is decreased to 1.64% using D-STATCOM, which is a better result than the other.
This indicates that the adoption of D- STATCOM has enhanced the power quality.
According to IEEE standards, the suggested wind-PV hybrid system's power quality is
presently quite adequate.

38
 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION
The goal of improving the power quality of the suggested hybrid PV-wind system
was met in this work. Figure 6 depicts the enhanced THD observed by FFT analysis in the
presence of D-STATCOM. The D-STATCOM is used to simulate a hybrid power system.
The result reveals that the total harmonic distortion (THD) is less than the IEEE standard
of 5%. This implies that the suggested wind-PV hybrid generation model is working
properly.

THD ANALYSIS
THD RESULT WITHOUT DSTATCOM 15.24%
THD RESULT WITH DSTATCOM 1.64%

As seen the above table by using the DSTATCOM the THD is reduced to 1.64% which is
within the IEEE standards.

39
REFERENCES
[1] Gayatri et al, "A review of reactive power compensation techniques in micro-
grids", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018

[2] Xue Y, Deng J, Ma S., "Power flow control of a distributedgeneration unit in

micro grid",IEEE 6th international conference on power electronics and motion
control. IPEMC’09. IEEE; 2009, pp. 2122-5.

[3] iu W, Liu M.,"The distributed control of autonomous micro grid

based on voltage." In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on
power electronics systems and applications, PESA 2009; IEEE, pp. 1-6.

[4] H. Polinder, et al., "Comparison of Direct-Drive and Geared Generator

Concepts for Wind Turbines," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
Vol. 21,

No. 3, 2006, pp. 725-733

[5] Jianhua Z, Qinghua X, Ziping W., "The impact on power quality by pwm
converter in micro-grid." In Proceedings of IEEE international conference
on SET;ICSET 2008. pp. 239-43.

[6] Li Y, Vilathgamuwa DM, Loh PC., "Microgrid power quality

enhancement using a three-phase four- wire grid-interfacing
compensator." IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2005;41(6).pp:1707-19

[7] Guan D, Cai Z, Kong Z., "Reactive power and voltage control using
micro-genetic algorithm." In Proceedings of international conference on
mechatronics and automation, ICMA 2009. IEEE; 2009,pp. 5019-24

[8] Kandil M, El-Saadawi M, Hassan A, Abo-Al-Ez K. A proposed reactive

power controller for DG grid connected systems." In Proceedings of
IEEE international energy conference and exhibition (EnergyCon),
IEEE; 2010,pp. 446-51

[9] N.G. Hingorani,\Understanding FACTS",IEEE press 1999.

40
[10] Bogaraj T, Kanakaraj J, “Development of MATLAB/SIMULINK Models
for PV and Wind Systems and Review on Control Strategies for Hybrid
Energy Systems", International Review on Modelling and Simulations
(I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 5, 2012.

[11] Villalva E, Gazoli J, and Filho E, "Comprehensive Approach to Modeling

and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays", IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, Vol. 24,2009, pp. 1198-1208.

[12] Venayagamoorthy G, Aliyu U., "Reactive power and voltage control of

the nigerian grid system using micro-genetic algorithm." In Proceedings
of power engineering society general meeting, IEEE; 2005, p. 1916-22.

41
 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K25-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-7808-4

Power Quality Improvement in Hybrid Power System

using D-STATCOM
Bhagyashree Parija Santi Behera Ruturaj Pattanayak Sasmita Behera
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical Department of Electrical and
Engineering Electronics Engineering Engineering Electronics Engineering
Veer Surendra Sai University of Veer Surendra Sai University of Veer Surendra Sai University of Veer Surendra Sai University of
Technology Technology Technology Technology
Burla,India Burla,India Burla,India Burla,India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The emanate use of distributed energy sources in combination. Wind-SPV hybrid generation (WSPVHG)
electricity grid has created new ultimatum for the utility load as system along with grid integration can be a potential choice
regard to power quality, voltage stabilization and efficient energy for power production since it utilizes the strengths of both
utilization. Wind and Solar are considered as the most assuring solar and wind energy system [2]. Hybrid system can provide
source of renewable energy. However, the standalone operation good quality of power and can also reduce the tariff of
of either Photo-voltaic or wind energy system does not offer a
very reliable source of electricity production, mainly due to the
electricity. Apart from all the benefits, the hybrid system has
unpredictability over the availability of the wind and solar its own challenges or problems like protection,
irradiance. Thus, an assortment of wind and solar power synchronization and power quality but here we are discussing
generation structure can form a very much potential and reliable about power quality only [1]. The quality of power can be
source of electricity. In this work a hybrid model of wind and measured by voltage sag, harmonics and power factor. In this
Photo-voltaic system has been presented. This kind of system is work we calculate harmonics to determine the power quality
very beneficial and useful to the remotely located or islanded supplied by the hybrid Wind-PV system [9].
areas where grid integration is not very economical. However,
the interfacing of power electronic devices to DG systems induces Following the introduction this paper describes about the
very severe power quality problems, such as, harmonic
generation and the reactive power compensation that disturbs the
hybrid system in section II, D-STATCOM modelling in
power distribution system. In this work, a simulation model of section III, then its proposed model in section IV, followed by
hybrid wind-PV generation system of capacity 750 KW has been the results in section V. The paper was concluded in the last
presented. The performance of this system with grid connected section.
mode is analyzed. The power quality of the wind-SPV hybrid
system has been evaluated by calculating the total harmonics
distortion (THD) at different wind speed. Power quality of this II. HYBRID WIND-PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
hybrid system has been improved by using D-STATCOM.
Keywords— Reactive Power Compensation (RPC), Total
Hybrid renewable energy system can be defined as the power
Harmonics Distortion (THD), D-STATCOM, Hybrid system,
Distributed Generation(DG), Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV). system in which two or more power generation sources are
required to supply the electrical load in the system. Wind-PV
hybrid generation system along with grid integration can be a
I. INTRODUCTION potential choice for power production since it utilizes the
Of late, the escalating concerns over eco-friendly issues strengths of both solar and wind energy system [3]. To meet
caused by vestige fuels, the use of sustainable energy sources the increase in load demand this combination will give the
for electricity production can however only be potential best solution in both standalone as well as grid connected
substitute to fossil fuels. The renewable energy sources like mode. The grid connected mode not only diminishes the cost
sun light and air flow are available abundantly. These two are but also improves the overall system reliability and efficiency.
considered to be the prime source of renewable energy. The grid extracts the sustainable energy from the hybrid wind
Conversely, the major hindrance of both sun light and air flow – PV system during the sunny and cloudy days and deliver it
is that they are unable to provide constant irradiation or to the load connected. Decrease in the peak load, reduction in
constant speed air flow respectively. Thus cannot be used as transmission line losses, supply in remote areas and over all a
standalone when continuous supply of power is required. The reliable power system are the following major advantages
amalgamation of various energy sources with energy storage related to HRES [10].
systems have been a new drift to renewable energy
technology. From the various hybrid combinations Stand-
alone wind with Solar Photovoltaic can be the best hybrid

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K25-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-7808-4

A) Modelling of SPV system Where Pi is the power generated by WTG, is the air density,
As is the area in sq.mt swept by the wind, V is the wind speed
Solar Photo-voltaic (SPV) cell is the elementary component of in m/s and Cp is the coefficient of performance. The coefficient
a PV array. The SPV cells are connected in series to form a of performance depends upon the ratio of tip speed to wind
SPV module and the SPV modules united make a SPV array speed also known as tip speed ratio [4].
[1]. Fig-1 shows an approximate circuit of a SPV cell.
The mathematical expression used to model an ideal SPV cell The Simulink model of Permanent magnet synchronous
is given as generator (PMSG) based WECS is given in Fig-3.

Fig-1. Approximate equivalent circuit of a Solar Photo

Voltaic cell.

qv
I = I pv − I 0 (e akT − 1) (1)

V = Vd - I R s (2) Fig-3. SIMULINK model of Wind turbine generator

Where, IP V is the current produced by solar irradiance, Io is the

diode leakage current , q is the charge released by electron, k
being Boltzmann constant, T is temperature (in oK) at P-N III. D- STATCOM MODELLING
junction, Vdis the voltage across diode and a is the diode As electrical power system mainly deals with the AC
ideality factor. A Simulink of a PV cell model made from quantities and almost all the loads used demands reactive
above equations is shown in Fig-2 power, reactive power compensation is a great power quality
concern among others [7]. To provide a necessary voltage
support for the voltage fluctuation in WECS, the reactive
power flow has to be controlled [5].
During the voltage collapse the STATCOM has a greater
advantage to provide more capacitive reactive power.
A STATCOM is a power electronics device which is
proficient to generate or absorb reactive power at its output
terminals. It is capable of handling the real power as well if
connected with a battery storage device [12]. Unlike SVCs, it
does not require high value of inductive and capacitive
components to impart reactive power support to transmission
lines [8]. The main advantages of the STATCOM are
requirement of less installation area due to compact size and
Fig-2. SIMULINK Model of SPV Cell. higher reactive power yield to low voltages. STATCOM also
imparts a greater damping characteristics from the dynamic
B) Modelling of WECS stability point of view [6].
In this paper, D-STATCOM has been employed to strengthen
The quantity of turbine power produced by wind turbine the power quality of the hybrid micro-grid. A D-STATCOM
generator (3) connected at the point of common coupling (PCC), can be
utilized to mitigate both the voltage and the current related
3
Pi = 0.5* * Cp * As * V (3) power quality issues. To make the source currents balanced
and pure sinusoidal, D-STATCOM injects the harmonic and
reactive components of the load current, when operated in

978-1-5386-7808-4/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 565

 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K25-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-7808-4

current control mode. To shield the critical loads from huge V. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
voltage disturbances, the PCC voltage was being regulated
with respect to reference value, when operated in voltage The quality of power can be measured by voltage sag, current
control mode [9]. harmonics and power factor. In this work we calculate total
harmonics distortion (THD) to measure the power quality
supplied by the Wind-PV system. THD in current waveform
can be calculated by the following equation-

 I2
h
THD = (3)
I1
Where, Ih is the harmonic current of hth order, and
I1 is fundamental component of current. Here, the THD is
calculated with the help of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
Analysis Toolbox of MATLAB. The quality of the power
supplied by the proposed arrangement has been evaluated by
calculating the THD in the current delivered to the grid. For a
comparative study the THD has been calculated at wind speed
Fig-4 model of D-STATCOM of 5m/s without and with D-STATCOM.

IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL

In this paper, a problem is formulated by considering a SPV

farm with generation capacity of 250 KW combined with
WTGs of capacity 500 KW to form a WSPVHG system of a
total capacity of 750 KW. This hybrid system is integrated to a
120 KV grid through 25 KV distribution system. Fig-4 shows
the outline diagram of the proposed hybrid generation system
with dispersed inverter set up. In the proposed structure, both
wind- and SPV- system has been modeled as two separate
generation system mounted with individual dc-ac inverter and
they are interconnected in parallel at the inverter output sides
[11].
A 25 kV,3 Mvar, D-STATCOM is connected at the point of
common coupling. The proposed shunt controller is supposed
to either deliver or absorb the reactive power to maintain the
voltage stability of the entire system. Fig-6 THD of the current supplied by the hybrid Wind-
PV system at wind speed of 5m/s without D-STATCOM

DC – DC DC-AC
CONVERTER CONVERTER
It is observed that the THD of the current supplied at the wind
PV
ARRAY
AC
BUS speed of 5 m/s without connecting D-STATCOM is 15.4%
which is very high and even not within the limit set by IEEE.
According to the standards set by IEEE for power quality
UTILITY issues, THD must be less than 5%.
GRID
Thus, by using compensation techniques, in this paper D-
AC-DC DC – AC
STATCOM is used to bring the total harmonic content within
CONVERTER CONVERTER
D- the IEEE standards.
WIND STA
AC TCO
TURBINE
BUS
GENERATI M
ON

Fig-5 Schematic diagram of proposed hybrid system with D-

STATCOM

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K25-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-7808-4

[3] Liu W, Liu M.,"The distributed control of

autonomous micro grid based on voltage." In
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on
power electronics systems and applications, PESA
2009; IEEE, pp. 1-6.
[4] H. Polinder, et al., "Comparison of Direct-Drive and
Geared Generator Concepts for Wind Turbines,"
IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 21,
No. 3, 2006, pp. 725-733
[5] Jianhua Z, Qinghua X, Ziping W., "The impact on
power quality by pwm converter in micro-grid." In
Proceedings of IEEE international conference on
Fig-7 THD in current supplied by the hybrid Wind-PV system
at wind speed of 5 m/s with D-STATCOM SET;ICSET 2008. pp. 239-43.
[6] Li Y, Vilathgamuwa DM, Loh PC., "Microgrid
power quality enhancement using a three-phase four-
wire grid-interfacing compensator." IEEE Trans Ind
The figures Fig-6 and Fig-7 give the comparison of total Appl 2005;41(6).pp:1707-19
harmonics distortion in each case with and without D- [7] Guan D, Cai Z, Kong Z., "Reactive power and
STATCOM. By using D-STATCOM the THD in current
voltage control using micro-genetic algorithm." In
supplied by the hybrid wind-PV system lowers to 1.64%
which is a better result compared to the other. This means that Proceedings of international conference on
the power quality has improved due to application of D- mechatronics and automation, ICMA 2009. IEEE;
STATCOM. Now, the quality of power supplied by the 2009,pp. 5019-24
proposed wind-PV hybrid system is quite acceptable as per the [8] Kandil M, El-Saadawi M, Hassan A, Abo-Al-Ez K.
IEEE standards. A proposed reactive power controller for DG grid
connected systems." In Proceedings of IEEE
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(EnergyCon), IEEE; 2010,pp. 446-51
CONCLUSION [9] N.G. Hingorani,\Understanding FACTS",IEEE press
1999.
[10] Bogaraj T, Kanakaraj J, “Development of
In this work, the objective of the power quality improvement
MATLAB/SIMULINK Models for PV and Wind
of proposed hybrid PV-wind system has been achieved. The
improved THD in presence of D-STATCOM is found by the Systems and Review on Control Strategies for
FFT analysis, is shown in figure 7. A simulation model of Hybrid Energy Systems", International Review on
hybrid power system with the D-STATCOM is used. The Modelling and Simulations (I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 5,
result shows that the total harmonic distortion (THD) is within
2012.
the limit of 5% set by IEEE. This indicates the satisfactory
operation of the proposed wind-PV hybrid generation model. [11] Villalva E, Gazoli J, and Filho E, "Comprehensive
Approach to Modeling and Simulation of
Photovoltaic Arrays", IEEE Transactions on Power
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[1] Gayatri et al, "A review of reactive power
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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 5, Issue 1 Jan. 2023, pp: 34-38 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

STATCOM based Power Quality

Improvement in Hybrid Power System
Ranju Patro, K.S.B. Varaprasad, T. Santhosh
Dept. of EEE, VIET, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dept. of EEE, VIET, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dept. of EEE, VIET, Andhra Pradesh, India

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Date of Submission: 01-01-2023 Date of Acceptance: 08-01-2023
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ABSTRACT—The utility load now faces new sources of renewable energy. These two are regarded
demands in relation to power quality, voltage as the leading renewable energy sources. On the other
stabilization, and effective energy use as a result of hand, the main drawback of sunlight and air movement
the increased use of distributed energy sources in the is that they cannot supply constant irradiation or
electricity system. The sources of renewable energy constant speed air movement, respectively. Therefore,
that are regarded as being the most reliable are wind it cannot be used independently when a constant
and solar. Due to the unpredictability of the wind and supply of electricity is needed. A new development in
solar irradiance availability, however, the solitary renewable energy technology is the blending of
operation of either photovoltaic or wind energy various energy sources with energy storage devices.
systems does not offer a highly stable source of Stand-alone wind and Solar Photovoltaic are two
electricity production. As a result, a variety of wind possible hybrid pairings.Since it makes use of the
and solar power generation systems can create a very advantages of both solar and wind energy systems, the
promising and dependable supply of electricity. A wind-SPV hybrid generation (WSPVHG) system with
hybrid wind and photovoltaic system model has been grid integration may be a viable option for producing
presented in this paper. The distant users of this type electricity[2]. A hybrid system can lower the cost of
of technology can benefit much from it. electricity while still delivering high-quality power.
In remote or island locations where grid integration is Along with all of its advantages, the hybrid system
not very cost-effective, this kind of technology is also has some drawbacks, such as protection,
quite helpful and advantageous. But connecting power synchronization, and power quality issues, but we will
electronics to DG systems results in very serious only focus on the latter here [1]. Voltage sag,
power quality issues, like harmonic production and harmonics, and power factor can all be used to assess
reactive power adjustment, which disrupt the power the quality of power. In this study, we compute
distribution system. In this paper hybrid wind-PV harmonics to evaluate the hybrid wind-PV system's
generation system simulation model is given. power quality [9].This essay follows with descriptions
Analysis is done on the system's performance in grid of the hybrid system in part II and D-STATCOM
connected mode. Total harmonic distortion (THD) modeling in section
calculations at various wind speeds were used to
assess the power quality of the wind-SPV hybrid II. HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY
system. Utilizing STATCOM has enhanced the power SYSTEM MODEL
quality of this hybrid system. A hybrid renewable energy system is one in
Keywords—Total Harmonics Distortion(THD), which the system's electrical load must be supplied by
STATCOM, Hybrid system, Distributed two or more different power producing sources. Given
Generation(DG),Solar Photo Voltaic(SPV). that it makes use of the advantages of both solar and
wind energy systems, a wind-PV hybrid generating
I. INTRODUCTION system with grid integration could be a viable option
The use of sustainable energy sources for the for producing electricity [3]. This combination will
production of electricity can only be a feasible provide the finest solution in standalone as well as grid
alternative to fossil fuels in light of the recent rising connected mode to satisfy the growth in load demand.
worries over environmental problems brought on by The grid-connected mode increases overall system
fossil fuels. Air flow and sunlight are two abundant efficiency and reliability while lowering costs. During

DOI: 10.35629/5252-05013438 |Impact Factorvalue 6.18| ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 34
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 5, Issue 1 Jan. 2023, pp: 34-38 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

both sunny and overcast days, the grid draws SPV cell's approximate circuit is depicted in Fig. 1.
sustainable energy from the hybrid wind-PV system The following is the mathematical formula used to
and delivers it to the connected loads. The following simulate an ideal SPV cell:
are the main benefits of HRES: reduction in peak load,
decrease in transmission line losses, supply in remote
places, and overall a reliable power system [10]

Fig.3 Equivalent Circuit of PV cell

Figure.1 system model integrated with PV& Where, IP V is the current produced by solar
WECS irradiance, Io is thediode leakage current , q is the
charge released by electron, k being Boltzmann
a) Modeling of wind energy system constant, T is temperature (in oK) at P-N junction Vd is
The quantity of turbine power produced by wind
the voltage across diode and a is the diode ideality
turbine generator is :
factor. A Simulink of a PV cell model made from
above equations is shown inFig-3

c)Statcom modelling
Reactive power correction is one of the key
issues with power quality because electrical power
systems primarily deal with AC quantities and
practically all loads require reactive power [7]. The
reactive power flow needs to be managed in order to
provide the appropriate voltage support for the voltage
variation in WECS [5].The STATCOM has a higher
advantage to deliver more capacitive reactive power
during the voltage fall. A power electronics device
Figure 2.modelling of WECS with MPPT known as a STATCOM has the ability to produce or
absorb reactive power at its output terminals. If
3 coupled to a battery storage device, it can manage real
Pi0.5*ῤ* Cp * As * V power as well [12]. For transmission lines to receive
Where Piis the power generated by WTG,ῤis reactive power assistance, unlike SVCs, low value
the air density, As is the area in sq.mt swept by the inductive and capacitive components are sufficient [8].
wind, V is the wind speed in m/s and Cp is the The STATCOM's key benefits are its small size, which
coefficient of performance. The coefficientof requires less space for installation, and its better
performance depends upon the ratio of tip speed to reactive power yield at low voltages. Additionally,
wind speed also known as tip speed ratio [4]. from the perspective of dynamic stability, STATCOM
imparts stronger damping properties [6].
b) Modeling of PV system
The basic part of a PV array is a solar
photovoltaic (SPV) cell. A SPV module is created by
connecting the SPV cells in series, and an SPV array
is created by combining multiple SPV modules [1]. A

DOI: 10.35629/5252-05013438 |Impact Factorvalue 6.18| ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 35
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 5, Issue 1 Jan. 2023, pp: 34-38 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

B) Results without controller

Figure.4. Statcom modelling

In this research, STATCOM has been used to

improve the hybrid micro-power grid's quality. Power
Figure 6.hybrid power system output voltage and
quality problems linked to both voltage and current
current
can be reduced by using a D-STATCOM connected at
the point of common coupling (PCC). When used in
current control mode, D-STATCOM injects the
harmonic and reactive components of the load current
to balance and make the source currents pure
sinusoidal. When used in voltage control mode, the
PCC voltage was adjusted with regard to a reference
value to protect the critical loads from severe voltage
disturbances [9].

III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

A) simulation without controller
The suggested hybrid generation system with
a scattered inverter setup is seen in outline in Fig. 5. Figure 15. THD graph for hybrid system line to
Both the wind and SPV systems have been line voltage
represented as two independent generation systems
equipped with distinct dc-ac inverters and are coupled B) simulation with controller
in parallel at the inverter output sides in the proposed At the common coupling point, STATCOM
structure [11]. is connected. To maintain the voltage stability of the
entire system, the proposed shunt controller is meant
to either deliver or absorb the reactive power.

Figure 7. Simulation model for hybrid system with

Figure 5. matlab simulation model for hybrid STATCOM controller
system without controller

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 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
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