PRETEST

✓Solve problems and reason using mathematical

strategies and patterns.
Have you seen the movie Die Hard: with
a Vengeance (1995) starring Bruce Willis
and Samuel Jackson?
 5 gallons
4 gallons
3 gallons
Inductive Reasoning
- This type of reasoning uses specific
examples to reach a general conclusion of
something. The conclusion formed by
using inductive reasoning is called a
conjecture. A conjecture is an idea that
may or may not be correct.
Example 1
Use inductive reasoning to Solution:
a. Each successive number is 5 units
predict the next in each of the larger than the preceding number.
following lists. Thus it can be predicted that the next
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ? number in the list is 5 units larger than
25, which is 30.
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ? b. Observe that all the numbers are
perfect squares. 1 = 12 , 4 = 22 , 9 =
32 , 16 = 42 , 25 = 52 . Thus, it can be
predicted that the next number to be
is 36 = 62 .
Example 2
Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture out Solution:
of the following process. Suppose we pick 3 as our original number.
Consider the following procedure: Original number: 3
Multiply 3 by 10: 30
1. Pick a number.
Add 8 to the product: 8 + 30=38
2. Multiply the number by 10. 38
Divide the sum by 2: 2 = 19
3. Add 8 to the product.
4. Divide the sum by 2. Subtract the quotient by 4: 19 – 4 = 15
5. And subtract 4.
It is conjectured that the given procedure produces
Repeat the procedure for several different a number that is five times the original number.
numbers. Make a conjecture between the
relationship of the size of the resulting number
and the size of the original number using inductive
reasoning.
Example 3
Use the data in the table and by inductive reasoning Solution:
answer the following questions below. a. In the table, for every 0.1 increase in earthquake
Max. Tsunami Height magnitude, the maximum tsunami height increases by
Earthquake Magnitude
(meters) 4 meters. Thus it is conjectured that the maximum
7.5 5 tsunami height for the earthquake magnitude of 8.5
7.6 9
is 45 meters.
7.7 13
b. No, because when the earthquake magnitude is 7.4,
7.8 17
the maximum tsunami height is only 1 meter. Hence,
7.9 21
a tsunami does not occur when the earthquake
8.0 25
magnitude is less than 7.
8.1 29
8.2 33
8.3 37

a. If the earthquake magnitude is 8.5, how high

(in meters) can the tsunami be?
b. Can a tsunami occur when the earthquake
magnitude is less than 7? Explain your answer.
Example 4 Simple arithmetic shows that the answer is 6666;
hence it is conjectured that the product of 11 and a
multiple of 101 is a number where all digits are
equal. But is 11 × 𝑛 101 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 true for
11 × 1 101 = 1111 all n(n, a natural number)?
11 × 2 101 = 2222
Suppose n = 10?
11 × 3 101 = 3333
11 × 𝑛 101 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
11 × 4 101 = 4444
11 × 5 101 = 5555 Is 11 × 10 101 = 10101010?
11 × 6 101 =? ? ? ?
11 × 10 101 = 11,110 which obviously
does not satisfy the previous conclusion. This
method of disproving a statement is to give a
counterexample.
Example 5
Solution:
0
a. Let 𝑥 = 0. Then ≠ 1. This
0
Verify that each of the 𝑥
implies that = 1 is not true
following statement is incorrect 𝑥
for all x.
by giving a counterexample.
𝑥 b. For 𝑥 = 1, 12 + 4 = 5. But
a. 𝑥 = 1 𝑥 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 when
b. 𝑥 2 + 4 = 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 = 1. Then, 5 ≠ 3, implies
𝑥 2 + 4 = 𝑥 + 2 is as false
statement.
Deductive Reasoning
- It is the process of reaching a general
conclusion by applying general
assumptions, procedures, or principles.
Example 1
Solution:
Use deductive reasoning to Let n represent the original number.
make a conjecture. Multiply n by 10: 10n
Add 8 to the product: 8 + 10n
Consider the following Divide the sum by 2:
8+10𝑛
= 4 + 5𝑛
2
procedure: Pick a number. Subtract the quotient by 4: 4 + 5𝑛 − 4 = 5𝑛
Multiply the number by 10, add We started with n and ended with 5n, after
8 to the product, divide the sum following the given procedure. This means that the
given procedure produces a number that is five
by 2, and subtract 4. times the original number.
Example 2
Solve a logic puzzle Solution:
Each of the following four friends Donna,
Sarah, Nikkie, and Xhanelle, has different pet (fish, Fish Cat Dog Snake
cat, dog, and snake). From the following clues, Donna
determine the pet of each individual.
Sarah
1. Sarah is older than her friend who owns the
cat and younger than her friend who owns the Nikkie
dog. Xhanelle
2. Nikkie and her friend who owns the snake are
both of the same age and are the youngest
member of the group. Thus, Sarah owns the fish, Donna owns the dog,
3. Donna is older than her friend who owns the Xhanelle owns the snake and Nikkie owns the cat.
fish.
 Fibonacci Sequence
- A sequence is an ordered list of numbers.
The numbers, separated by commas, are
called the terms of the sequence. From our
recent discussion, we knew that the first six
terms of the Fibonacci sequence are 1, 1,
2, 3, 5, 8.
Fibonacci Sequence
How do we determine 𝐹𝑛 , the nth term?
𝐹2 = 𝐹1
𝐹3 = 𝐹2 + 𝐹1
𝐹4 = 𝐹3 + 𝐹2
𝐹5 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹3
𝐹6 = 𝐹4 + 𝐹5
Example 1
Finding a Fibonacci Number Solution:
Use the definition of Fibonacci The eight Fibonacci number is the
numbers to find the eighth and tenth sum of the two previous Fibonacci
Fibonacci Numbers. numbers. Thus,
𝐹8 = 𝐹7 + 𝐹6
= (𝐹6 +𝐹5 ) + 𝐹6
= (8 + 5) + 8
= 13 + 8
= 𝟐𝟏
Example 1
Finding a Fibonacci Number Solution:
Use the definition of Fibonacci The tenth Fibonacci number is the
numbers to find the eighth and tenth sum of the two previous Fibonacci
Fibonacci Numbers. numbers in an ordered sequence.
Thus,
𝐹10 = 𝐹9 + 𝐹8
= (𝐹8 +𝐹7 ) + 𝐹8
= (21 + 13) + 21
= 34 + 21
= 𝟓𝟓
Fibonacci Sequence
It is easy to find the nth Fibonacci number 𝐹𝑛 if
the two previous numbers, 𝐹𝑛−1 and 𝐹𝑛−2 are
known. Suppose we want to find 𝐹20 . Using the
definition, it is tedious and time consuming to
compute 𝐹19 and 𝐹18 to determine 𝐹20 .
 Binet’s Formula
Fortunately, Jacques Binet in 1543 was able to find
a formula for the nth Fibonacci number:
𝑛 𝑛
1 1+ 5 1− 5
𝐹𝑛 = −
5 2 2
Example 1
Use Binet’s formula and a Solution:
20 20
calculator to find the 20th and 50th 1 1+ 5 1− 5
Fibonacci Number. 𝐹20 = −
5 2 2
𝐹20 = 6 765

50 50
1 1+ 5 1− 5
𝐹50 = −
5 2 2
𝐹50 = 12,586,269,020
 Polya’s Problem-solving Strategy
One of the recent mathematicians who outlined a strategy for solving
problems from virtually any discipline is George Polya (1887–1985). In his
book, How To Solve It, he writes, “A great discovery solves a great
problem but there is a grain of discovery in the solution of any problem.
Your problem may be modest; but if it challenges your curiosity and brings
into play your inventive faculties, and if you solve it by your own means,
you may experience the tension and enjoy the triumph of discovery.”
Because of his ideas, he is considered the father of problem-solving
among mathematicians. The following four-step strategy is named after
him:
Polya’s Problem-solving Strategy

1. Understand the problem

2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Review the solution.
Understand the Problem
This part of problem-solving is sometimes, if not
always, neglected. In order to solve a problem, one
must first know what is being asked, and what
information or data can be extracted from what is
given. Furthermore, one must see to it that he or she
can state the problem in his or her own words.
Devise a Plan
For this step, one must think of strategies to solve the
problem. Some of these strategies include organizing the
given information using a list, table or chart; drawing a
diagram; working out the problem backwards; looking for
a pattern; trying to solve a similar but simpler problem;
writing an equation; or simply guessing at a possible
solution and then later checking if the result is valid
Carrying out the plan
Carrying out a plan to solve the problem is basically
implementing the strategy chosen in the second step
until the problem is solved or until a new course of
action is suggested. One may get ideas from others
in deciding the best strategy to make sure that the
best solution is employed.
Review the Solution
Questions like “Is your answer reasonable?” is important
in checking the veracity of the answer to the problem. For
example, if one is looking for the dimensions of a
rectangular box of least cost and his or her answer yields a
negative length, he or she can automatically say that there
must be something wrong with the solution because there
is no such box with negative dimensions.
Example 1
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving Solution:
the following problem. Understand the problem.
There are many different ways. GSW may
The GSW basketball team won have won three straight wins and three losses
three out of their last six games. In (WWWLLL), or maybe they lost in the first
how many different orders could they three games and won in the last three games
have attained three wins and three (LLLWWW). Likewise, there are other
losses in six games? several orders.
Example 1
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving Solution:
the following problem. Devise a Plan.
One can organize a list of all the
The GSW basketball team won possibilities making sure that no entry will
three out of their last six games. In be duplicated.
how many different orders could they
have attained three wins and three
losses in six games?
Example 1
Solution:
Carry out the Plan.
Three Ws must be present in every entry without duplication. The
strategy is to start the list with three consecutive wins. Next in the
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving list are all the entries starting with two consecutive wins, then next in
the list are all the entries starting with a single win. Following this
the following problem. pattern, consider starting with three consecutive losses and so on.
Here are the different orders.
The GSW basketball team won 1. WWWLLL
2. WWLWLL
three out of their last six games. In 3. WWLLWL
4. WWLLLW
how many different orders could they 5. WLLLWW
6. WLLWWL
have attained three wins and three 7. WLWWLL
8. WLWLWL
losses in six games? 9. LLLWWW
10. LLWLWW
11. LLWWLW
12. LLWWWL
13. LWWWLL
14. LWWLLW
15. LWLLWW
16. LWLWLW
Example 1
Solution:
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving
Review the Solution.
the following problem.
The GSW basketball team won The list is organized and has no
three out of their last six games. In duplicates, so there are sixteen
how many different orders could they different orders in which a
have attained three wins and three basketball team can win exactly
losses in six games? three out of six games.
Example 2
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving Solution:
the following problem. Understand the problem.
There are two types of tourists in the
An agency charged P15,000 for a situation given. Some purely stayed in Macau
3-day and 2-night tour in Macau and while others made a side trip to HK. From
P20,000 for the same tour with a the total collection, how much was the
side trip to Hong Kong (HK). Ten amount collected from those who purely
persons joined the trip, which enable stayed in Macau and how much was
them to collect P170,000. How collected from those who made side trips to
HK. It is needed to know how many were
many tourists made a side trip to bound for Macau who made a side trip to
Hong Kong? HK.
Example 1 Solution:
Devise a Plan.
Use x and y to represent the two types of tourists.
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving Define these variables. Let x be the number of
the following problem. tourists bound for Macau alone and y be the
An agency charged P15,000 for a number of tourists bound for Macau but who
made a side trip to Hong Kong. Hence, we have
3-day and 2-night tour in Macau and the following algebraic equations:
P20,000 for the same tour with a
P15,000x = amount collected from the tourists
side trip to Hong Kong (HK). Ten bound for Macau alone
persons joined the trip, which enable
them to collect P170,000. How P20,000y = amount collected from the tourists
bound for Macau but who made a side trip to
many tourists made a side trip to Hongkong.
Hong Kong?
Example 1
Solution:
Carry out the Plan.

Apply Polya’s strategy in solving

the following problem.
An agency charged P15,000 for
a 3-day and 2-night tour in Macau
and P20,000 for the same tour with
a side trip to Hong Kong (HK).
Ten persons joined the trip, which
enable them to collect P170,000.
How many tourists made a side trip
to Hong Kong?
Example 1
Solution:
Apply Polya’s strategy in solving Review the Solution.
the following problem. Since there are a total of 10 tourists,
An agency charged P15,000 for six of them only stayed in Macau while
a 3-day and 2-night tour in Macau four made a side trip to Hong Kong.
and P20,000 for the same tour with Now, 15,000(6) + 20,000(4)= 170,000.
a side trip to Hong Kong (HK). This satisfies the condition that the
Ten persons joined the trip, which total amount collected for the whole
enable them to collect P170,000. trip is P170,000.
How many tourists made a side trip
to Hong Kong?