Machine Design

Tutorials
Spring/Summer 2020
May 14th - Week 2
DGD2
Problem 1
The triangular plate cantilever beam shown below represents an
idealization of a leaf spring. Using Castigliano’s method, derive an
expression for the deflection of the loaded end.
Castigliano’s Method
“When a body is elastically deflected by any combination of loads, the
deflection at any point and in any direction is equal to the partial derivative of
strain energy (computed with all loads acting) with respect to a load located
at that point and acting in that direction.”

𝜕𝑈
∆ =
𝜕𝑄
 Castigliano’s Method
1. Write an expression for each of the internal actions (axial force, bending moment, shear force
and torque) in each member of the structure in terms of external loads
2. Take derivatives of strain energy to get deflections and/or rotations

Juvinall-Marshek Txtbk pg 211

Vertical plane
𝑏

𝑏′
The vertical plane is under two loads:
Shear Force: Bending Moment: x

𝑉=𝐹 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑥
Triangle width at x = b’
𝑉 𝐹
𝑀 𝑏′ 𝑏 𝑏𝑥
= → 𝑏′ =
𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
x
Deflection using Castigliano’s Method
𝐿 𝐿
𝑀(𝜕𝑀/𝜕𝐹) 6𝑉(𝜕𝑉/𝐹) 𝑏′ ℎ3 𝑏𝑥ℎ3
𝛿=න 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 = =
𝐸𝐼 5𝐺𝐴 12 12𝐿
0 0
Subbed in
ℎ𝑏𝑥
Bending Shear 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴= ℎ𝑏 ′ =
𝐿

𝜕𝑀 𝜕(𝐹𝑥) Sub in equations for I and A, and :

= =𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝐿 𝐿
𝐹𝑥(𝑥) 6𝐹(1)
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝐹 𝛿=න 12𝐿 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
= =1 𝐸𝑏𝑥ℎ3 5𝐺ℎ𝑏𝑥
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹 0 0
Deflection using Castigliano’s Method – cont’d.
𝐿 𝐿
𝐹𝑥(𝑥) 6𝐹(1)
𝛿=න 3
12𝐿 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝑏𝑥ℎ 5𝐺ℎ𝑏𝑥
0 0
Note:
𝐿 𝐿
The contribution from transverse shear is
𝐹𝑥 6𝐹
𝛿=න 12𝐿 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 theoretically infinite due to ln(0). This is
𝐸𝑏ℎ 3 5𝐺ℎ𝑏𝑥 because the tip of the triangle is a point
0 0
(which does not have any strength to it). If
we modelled a square plate instead, we
6𝐹𝐿3 6𝐹𝐿 would find that the contribution to
𝛿= 3
+ ln 𝐿 − ln(0) deflection from shear is negligible
𝐸𝑏ℎ 5𝐺ℎ𝑏𝑥
compared to that from the bending
moment. So, we can neglect this term.

6𝐹𝐿3
𝛿= Ans.
𝐸𝑏ℎ3
Problem 2
Calculate the forces, moments, normal and shear stresses, and the
principal values of normal and shear stress at section A-A
z out of 500lb y out of
y 500lb page
page z
x B 200lb B x
5”
10”

A A A

2”
20”

5”

8”

Front View Side View (right)

Forces at B: Forces at A:
𝐹𝑥 = 500𝑙𝑏 𝐹𝑥 = −500𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝑧 = −200𝑙𝑏 𝐹𝑧 = 200𝑙𝑏
𝐴𝑛𝑠.

Moments at A:

𝑀𝐴𝑥 = 1600𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 → Torque

𝐴𝑛𝑠.
𝑀𝐴𝑦 = 2000𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 → Bending Moment
𝑀𝐴𝑧 = 4000 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛 →Bending Moment

Resultant Bending Moment:

2 2
𝑀𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑀𝐴𝑦 + 𝑀𝐴𝑧 = 4472 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
Normal Stress
→ Combined Loading (worst case at A-A)

500 lb 4472 lb in
Worst case
A A A A for normal
stress at
500 lb section A-A

Compressive Compressive

𝐹𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐
𝜎𝑥 = − −
𝐴 𝐼

500 4472 1
𝜎𝑥 = − −
𝜋 1 2 24
𝜋 64

𝜎𝑥 = −5849 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑛𝑠.
Assuming transverse load is negligible compared to torque…

At y=0, and z=r:

Shear in x-y plane:

𝑇𝑟 𝜋𝑑 4
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐽=
𝐽 32

𝑇𝑟 16𝑇 16 1600
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = = =
𝐽 𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋 23

𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 1020 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠.

Principal Normal Stress:
We only have two non-zero stresses at z=r and y=0, therefore state of stress is planar

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜎1,2 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

Since this is a 3D problem, we will have 3 principle stresses, 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 and 𝜎3 (Listed in decreasing order)
→ with plane stress, one will be zero

At 𝑧 = 1 𝑖𝑒. 𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0: 𝜎𝑥 = −5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝜎𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 1,020 𝑝𝑠𝑖

2
−5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖 + 0 −5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 0 2
𝜎1 = + + 1,020𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 173 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2

𝜎2 = 0
𝜎1 = 173 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 𝜎2 = 0 𝑝𝑠𝑖
−5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖 + 0 −5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 0 2
𝜎3 = − + 1,020𝑝𝑠𝑖 = −6,022 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝜎3 = −6,022 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 2
Principal Shear Stress:
Similarly with principal shear stress:

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜏1,2 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2

At 𝑧 = 1 𝑖𝑒. 𝑟 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0: 𝜎𝑥 = −5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝜎𝑦 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 1,020 𝑝𝑠𝑖

2
−5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 0 2
𝜏1 = + 1,020𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 3,100 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2

2
−5,849 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 0 2
𝜏2 = − + 1,020𝑝𝑠𝑖 = −3,100 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝜏1,2 = ±3,100 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2
Problem 3
A section of a C-clamp is shown in the figure below. What force F can
be exerted if the maximum tensile stress in the clamp is limited to
20,000 psi?

Note: The cross section of

the clamp is a T.
 𝒄𝟐
Maximum tensile stress @ point P
𝒄𝟏

𝐹 𝑀𝑐𝑖
𝜎𝑃 = +
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑖 𝒃𝒊

Axial Bending 𝒓𝒄
𝒃𝒐

𝒓𝒊
Note:
The stress at the outer edge of section A-A 𝒓𝒐
may be higher, but it is compressive, and
therefore safe (assuming no buckling).
 From the figure:
Radial distance to the neutral axis:
3 1
𝑏𝑖 = 𝑏𝑜 =
4 8
1 7
𝑐1 = 𝑐2 =
8 8

𝑟𝑖 = 1 𝑟𝑜 = 2

𝑏𝑖 𝑐1 + 𝑏𝑜 𝑐2
𝑟𝑐 = 𝑅 = 1.332
𝑟𝑛 =
𝑟 + 𝑐1 𝑟𝑜
𝑏𝑖 ln 𝑖 + 𝑏𝑜 ln
𝑟𝑖 𝑟𝑖 + 𝑐1

3 1 1 7
+
4 8 8 8
𝑟𝑛 = → 𝑟𝑛 = 1.267 𝑖𝑛
3 1 + (1/8) 1 2
ln + ln
4 1 8 1 + (1/8)
 From the figure:
3 1
Distance between the neutral axis and the centroidal axis 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑏𝑜 =
4 8
𝑒 = 𝑟𝑐 − 𝑟𝑛 7
1
𝑐1 = 𝑐2 =
𝑒 = 1.332 𝑖𝑛 − 1.267 𝑖𝑛 = 0.065 𝑖𝑛 8 8

𝑟𝑖 = 1 𝑟𝑜 = 2
Distance from the neutral axis to the extreme inner fiber
𝑟𝑐 = 𝑅 = 1.332
𝑐𝑖 = 𝑟𝑛 − 𝑟𝑖
Calculated:
𝑐𝑖 = 1.267 𝑖𝑛 − 1 𝑖𝑛 = 0.267 𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑛 = 1.267
Cross sectional area From the figure:

𝐴 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑜 3 1
𝑏𝑖 = 𝑏𝑜 =
4 8
1 7 3 1
𝐴= + = 0.203 𝑖𝑛2 1 7
8 8 4 8 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 =
8 8

Bending Moment 𝑟𝑖 = 1 𝑟𝑜 = 2

𝑀 = 𝐹(𝑟𝑐 + 2) 𝑟𝑐 = 𝑅 = 1.332

𝑀 = 𝐹(1.332 + 2) Calculated:
𝑀 = 3.332𝐹 𝑟𝑛 = 1.267

𝑒 = 0.065 𝑐𝑖 = 0.267
Q: What force F can be exerted by the screw if the maximum tensile stress in the
clamp is limited to 20,000 psi?

𝜎𝐴 ≤ 20,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2

Sub in
𝐹 𝑀𝑐𝑖
+ ≤ 20,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2
𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑖

𝐹 3.332𝐹(0.267)
+ ≤ 20,000 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2 𝐹 = 276 𝑙𝑏𝑓 Ans.
0.203 0.203(0.065)(1)
See you next
week!