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    Topic 2 Comp Sci

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    Thelma Aremu
    The CPU contains registers like the MAR, MDR, ACC, and PC that help process instructions. The MAR holds memory addresses, MDR holds data, ACC stores results, and PC stores instructions. The CU controls instruction cycles and data flow. The ALU performs calculations. Cache is high-speed memory that stores frequently used data between the CPU and RAM. The FED cycle fetches, decodes, and executes instructions through copying data between components using address and data buses. Persistent storage is needed because the CPU has no permanent storage and RAM is volatile. Operating systems manage memory, devices, multitasking, security, and provide user interfaces.

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    Topic 2 Comp Sci

    Uploaded by

    Thelma Aremu
    6 views4 pages
    The CPU contains registers like the MAR, MDR, ACC, and PC that help process instructions. The MAR holds memory addresses, MDR holds data, ACC stores results, and PC stores instructions. The CU controls instruction cycles and data flow. The ALU performs calculations. Cache is high-speed memory that stores frequently used data between the CPU and RAM. The FED cycle fetches, decodes, and executes instructions through copying data between components using address and data buses. Persistent storage is needed because the CPU has no permanent storage and RAM is volatile. Operating systems manage memory, devices, multitasking, security, and provide user interfaces.

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    Topic 2 comp sci notes IB HL

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    The CPU contains registers like the MAR, MDR, ACC, and PC that help process instructions. The MAR holds memory addresses, MDR holds data, ACC stores results, and PC stores instructions. The CU controls instruction cycles and data flow. The ALU performs calculations. Cache is high-speed memory that stores frequently used data between the CPU and RAM. The FED cycle fetches, decodes, and executes instructions through copying data between components using address and data buses. Persistent storage is needed because the CPU has no permanent storage and RAM is volatile. Operating systems manage memory, devices, multitasking, security, and provide user interfaces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    6 views4 pages

    Topic 2 Comp Sci

    Uploaded by

    Thelma Aremu
    The CPU contains registers like the MAR, MDR, ACC, and PC that help process instructions. The MAR holds memory addresses, MDR holds data, ACC stores results, and PC stores instructions. The CU controls instruction cycles and data flow. The ALU performs calculations. Cache is high-speed memory that stores frequently used data between the CPU and RAM. The FED cycle fetches, decodes, and executes instructions through copying data between components using address and data buses. Persistent storage is needed because the CPU has no permanent storage and RAM is volatile. Operating systems manage memory, devices, multitasking, security, and provide user interfaces.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Topic 2.1.

    1 Overview
    CPU -the central processing unit contains: 
    Registers; MAR, MDR, ACC and PC.
    MAR - memory address register s purpose is to contain the ram address of
    the next instruction. The CPU will want it.
    MDR - memory data register purpose is to hold data that will be written to the
    RAM or that was read from RAM
    CU- the control unit which maintains the system clock speed, coordinates
    machine instruction cycles (aka the FED cycle), decodes instructions sent
    from the ram and controls the data flow.
    ALU- is the arithmetic logic unit and this carries out mathematical operations.
    PC - the program counter stores memory instructions.
    ACC - accumulator stores the data/results from the ALU

    Registers and their buses


    MAR and PC - Address bus
    ACC and MDR - Data bus
    MAR, MDR, PC, and ACC- control bus
    Topic 2.1.2 Overview
    RAM and ROM comparison.

    RAM - random access memory


    It is volatile therefore once the system is turned off currently used
    data/instructions are all lost
    ROM- read-only memory is non-volatile and therefore is kept when the system
    is turned off. It is used to start up the system. 
    BIOS- basic input output system.
    Topic 2.1.3 Overview
    Cache - A type of small high-speed memory inside the CPU that is used to
    hold frequently used data. It's a buffer between the CPU and the RAM.

    Cache levels
    Level 1 - smallest, fastest level. The most expensive is kept inside the CPU
    Level 2 - in the middle between the 2. Faster than level 3 but slower than LVL
    1. Also in the middle in price and size.
    Level 3 - slowest and biggest level of cache. Cheapest and is kept outside but
    close to the CPU.

    Usually, memory is kept inside the hard disk but decreasing the time it takes
    to get the information requires the cache is introduced. A cache hit occurs
    when the CPU looks for info and finds it in the cache. If not in the cache it'll
    search the RAM. If not present there, it'll search the hard disk drive for the
    data required.

    Topic 2.1.4 Overview


    Fetch execute decode cycle (FED) also known as the machine instruction
    cycle stages

    Firstly the address of the next instruction is copied from the PV to the MAR
    through the address bus.
    Next, the Address of the current instruction is copied from the MAR to the
    RAM through the address bus.
    Now, Data from the RAM is copied to the MDR through the data bus.
    Then the PC increments one by one.
    The CU decodes.
    The ALU executes
    Finally, the ALU stores result in the Accumulator.

    Topic 2.1.5 Overview

    Why do we need persistent storage?


    We need it as the CPU has no persistent storage and the RAM is volatile.
    Storage includes the cache, hard drive etc.
    Topic 2.1.6 Overview
    Functions of an operating system include; 
    Providing a user interface- that includes GUIS, CLI, and NLIS MBIS.
    Doing memory management- keeping track of space in the RAM allocating
    and deallocating RAM spaces
    Doing peripheral management- peripheral devices are thongs that get plugged
    into the pc including a keyboard and mouse allowing hardware devices to be
    used by the OS as they are controlled by device drivers.
    Allows multitasking- coordinates the working of different programs by
    allocating the CPU time between different programs based on time and priority
    of the software application this is time slicing.
    Provides security- this is done through passwords protecting unauthorised
    access.
    Topic 2.1.7 Overview
    Common applications software
     • Word processors - A program for storing manipulating and formatting tests
    entered from the keyboard and providing a printout.
    • Spreadsheets - a program in which data is arranged in rows and columns of
    a grid so it can be manipulated and used for other calculations.
    • Database Management Systems (DBMS) - System for creating and
    managing databases. It provides users and programs with a systematic way to
    create, retrieve and update and manage data.
    • Email clients - a program used to access and manage a user's email.
    • Web browsers - A software application for retrieving presenting and
    traversing info in the World Wide Web.
    • Computer-Aided Design (CAD) - programs that assist in the creation and
    manipulation of a design.
    • Graphic Processing Software- image or editing software that gives the user
    the ability to manipulate visual images and computers. Used for multimedia
    processing.
    Topic 2.1.8 Overview
    Common features of an application include
    Menus
    Toolboxes
    Settings
    Dialogue boxes
    Gui components.
    Topic 2.1.9 and 2.1.10 Overview
    Data representations
    Denary - base 10 as its numbers 0 to 9 
    Binary base 2 as only numbers are 0 and 1 
    Hexadecimal base 16 digits 0 to 9 10-A, 11-B, 12-C, 13-D, 14-E, 15-F.
    Characters - unique binary code.
    ASCII (7 bits) 128 character
    Extended ASCII (EASCII) 256 characters. 
    Unicode - this supports emoji’s and foreign languages 16 to 32 bits
    Strings - an array of characters
    Hex values mean more colours are represented.
    Topic 2.1.11 Overview
    AND - all inputs required for it to work
    NOT - any combination that does not involve that input
    OR - one or the other or both
    NAND - a combination of not and 
    NOR - either all or none
    XOR - one or the other

    Topic 2.1.12 and 2.1.13 Overview


    Understand the truth tables (6 basic ones to learn) and logic diagrams
        

                  
                

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