ASSIGNMENT 1

(PDML4813) BASIC GENETIC AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO:
MADAM SYARIFAH NABILA BINTI SYED JAAFAR

SUBMITTED BY:

NUR AYUNIE BINTI ZULKEFLY DMS09220021

SITI ZULAIKHA BINTI ILIDA DMS09220050

NOR SHABIHA BINTI ABDUL RAHIMAN DMS09220042

DANIELA SOFEA AIN BINTI SHAMSUDDIN DMS09220036

NUR IZZAH SYUHADA BINTI MOHD FAIZAL DMS09220023

(MEDICAL SCIENCE INTAKE SEPTEMBER 2022)

INTRODUCTION
Gene regulation is the process that controls the timing, location, and
number of genes that are expressed. It is carried out by a variety of
mechanisms, including regulatory proteins and chemical modification of
DNA. Gene regulation is also an ability for organisms to respond to
environmental changes. Gene regulation also occurs at the level of
transcription or mRNA production and cell transcription is given only to
certain sets of genes. In prokaryotic cells, there are three types of
regulatory molecules that can affect the expression of operons. It is
repressors, activators, and inducers meanwhile in eukaryotic cells, it is
regulated by repressors and transcriptional activators. Repressors are
proteins that suppress gene transcription in response to external
stimuli, while activators are proteins that increase gene transcription in
response to external stimuli. Other than that, inducers are small
molecules that either activate or repress transcription depending on the
cell's needs and substrate availability.
CONTENT:

PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS VS EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS

Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms that have no
bounded nucleus therefore, their DNA floats freely in the cell cytoplasm.
So, to synthesize a protein, the process of transcription and translation
needs to happen almost simultaneously. When the resulting protein is
no longer needed, the transcription process will then stop. Thus,
prokaryotic gene expression is primarily controlled at the level of
transcription. Meanwhile, Eukaryotic organisms have DNA contained
inside their cell's nucleus where the transcription into RNA happened.
The synthesized RNA will then be translated by the ribosomes into
protein in the cytoplasm after it is transported out from the nucleus. In
a eukaryotic cell, transcription will occur only within the nucleus and
translation occurs only outside the nucleus but within the cytoplasm.
Moreover, eukaryotic gene expression is controlled at the levels of
epigenetics, transcription, post-transcription, translation, and post-
translation.
GENE EXPRESSION
Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in our DNA
are converted into functional products such as proteins. It is a tightly
regulated process that enables a cell to respond to its environment. It
acts as both an on/off switch that controls when proteins are made and
how much amount of proteins volume increases and decreases are
made. It consists of two steps in producing proteins, transcription, and
translation. Transcription is the process where DNA is transcribed into
mRNA which then carries the information needed for protein synthesis.
The mRNA formed in transcription is then transported out of the
nucleus, to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. From here, it directs protein
synthesis. Generally, messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded
RNA that is involved in protein synthesis and is made from a DNA
template. It helps carry protein information from the DNA in a cell’s
nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm. Meanwhile, translation is the process
by which the mRNA directs the sequence of amino acids during protein
synthesis. Translation also consists of 3 stages, Initiation, Elongation,
and Termination.
QUESTION & DISCUSSION

A biologist inserts a gene from a human liver cell into the chromosome
of a bacteria. The bacterium then transcript this gene into mRNA and
translate the mRNA into protein. The protein produced is useless and
it is found to contain many more amino acids then does the protein
made by the eukaryotic cell. Explain why?

The insertion of a human liver cell gene into a bacteria chromosome

may lead to the production of a protein with more amino acids than the
protein produced by the eukaryotic cell because the bacterial system
may not be able to accurately recognize and interpret the human gene.
The bacterial system may add its own amino acids to the mRNA during
transcription or translation, leading to the production of an altered
protein with additional amino acids. Additionally, the human liver cell
gene may not be optimized for expression in the bacterial system and
may produce a truncated or modified protein. In these cases, the
produced protein may contain more amino acids than the protein made
by the eukaryotic cell due to these inaccuracies in the translation
process.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, for cells to survive, they must be able to respond to the
changes in their environment. Regulation of the genes is the main key
for protein production that includes the transcription and translation
process and it is critical for the cell’s adaptability. Cells can also control
which genes can get transcribed and which genes are not. Differences
in gene regulation can make different cell types in multicellular
organisms like ourselves structurally and functionally unique. Gene
regulation can also help us explain some of the differences in form and
function between different species with different gene sequences. For
example, eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound organelle for both
unicellular and multicellular organisms. However, prokaryotic cells do
not have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of
unicellular organisms.
REFERENCE
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26818/
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