Database

Lesson 4. Structured Query

Language – part 1
Nguyễn Thị Oanh
oanhnt@soict.hust.edu.vn
Departement of Computer Science
SoICT, HUST

1
Outline
• Introduction to SQL
• Definition a Relation schema
• Data Manipulation

2
Leaning objective
• Have notions about the SQL language
• Use SQL to define a relation schema in
a database
• Use SQL to populate a table with rows,
update / delete data and to retrieve data
from a table

3
 Keywords
Keyword Description
Database Management System: system software for creating and managing d
DBMS atabases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way t
o create, retrieve, update and manage data

CREATE TABLE SQL statement to define a table into a database

SQL statement to modify table structure if needed (add /delete/modify

ALTER TABLE column(s), add/remove constraint(s))

SQL statements to add new record to a table;

INSERT/UPDATE/
to change the data of one or more records in a table;
DELETE
to remove single record or multiple records from a table

SELECT SQL statement to retrieve data from a database

4
 1. Introduction to SQL
Table/view definition,
constraint declaration,…

DB Administrator

Which

DBMS Server
language?

Client-applications Data manipulation .. ?

End-users
(in C#, Java, php,
...)
Standard Languages
Programmer (Ex.: SQL)
(C#, Java, php, ..)

5
1.1. Brief history of SQL
• 1975: SEQUEL: System-R
• 1976: SEQUEL 2
• 1978/79: SQL (Structured Query Language) (used in System-R)
• SQL1: The first standard for SQL defined in 1986; adopted as an international
by Standards Organisation (ISO) in 1987.
• 1992: SQL2 - revised version of the processor (also called SQL 92); adopted
as the formal standard language for defining and manipulating relational
database.
• 1999: SQL3 - extension with additional features such as user-defined data
types, triggers, user-defined functions and other Object Oriented features.
• New versions of the standard were published in 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2016:
more additional features: XML-based features, columns with auto-generated
values, JSON,…

6
1.2. Languages
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
– define the logical schema (relations, views…)
and storage schema stored in a Data Dictionary
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
– Manipulative populate schema, update database
– Retrieval querying content of a database
• Data Control Language (DCL)
– permissions, access control...

7
 2. Definition a Relation Schema
• Example: Education database
student(student_id, first_name, last_name, dob, gender, address, note, clazz_id)
subject(subject_id, name, credit, percentage_final_exam)
lecturer(lecturer_id, first_name, last_name, dob, gender, address, email)
teaching(subject_id, lecturer_id)
grade(code, fromScore, toScore)
clazz(clazz_id, name, lecturer_id, monitor_id)
enrollment(student_id, subject_id, semester, midterm_score, final_score)

• Detailed description for relation/table enrollment

Attribute name Type NOT NULL Description

student_id CHAR(8) Yes Student identification code. FOREIGN KEY references to Student(student_id)

subject_id CHAR(6) Yes Subject code. FOREIGN KEY references to Subject(subject_id)

semester CHAR(5) Yes Annual semester: '20171', '20172', '20173', …

midterm_score Float No Score of mid-term exam. DOM = [0,10] and (midtermScore mod 0.5) must be 0

final_score Float No Score of final exam. DOM= [0,10] (finalScore mod 0.5) must be 0

PRIMARY KEY = {student_id, subject_id, semester}

8
 2.1. Creating a Simple Table
– Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table_name>(
<col1> <type1>(<size1>)[NOT NULL] [DEFAULT <value>],
<col2> <type2>(<size2>)[NOT NULL],
...,
[[CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>] <constraint_type> clause], …);

– Example:
CREATE TABLE student(
student_id CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
dob DATE NOT NULL,
gender CHAR(1), address VARCHAR(30),
note TEXT, class_id CHAR(8) );

9
2.1. Creating a Simple Table:
Naming conventions
• Ordinary identifiers
– Must begin with a letter
– Contain only: letters (a…z), underscore (_), and
digits (0…9)
– No longer than 32 characters
• Delimited identifiers
– Identifiers surrounded by double quotation
marks (")
– Can contain any characters

10
2.1. Creating a Simple Table: Naming
conventions
• Have meaning, not so long, use common abbreviations if needed:
– use student, firstname;
– Do not use table1, abc, fw12re, student_of_the_school…
• Avoid quotes
– student ; not "Student" or "All Students"
• Use lowercase, underscores separate words:
– Use firstname / first_name;
– Do not use "firstName"
• Avoid reserved words (keywords):
– data types are not object names : not use text, integer, … as object names
– Do not use use table, user, … as object names
• Tables/ Views should have singular names, not plural:
– student but not students

11
 2.1. Creating a Simple Table: Data
Types (SQL 92)
boolean logical boolean (true/false)
character(n) fixed-length character string
varchar(n) variable-length character string
smallint signed two-byte integer
int, integer signed 4-byte integer
float(p) floating-point number with precision p
real, double precision double-precision floating-point number
user-specified precision, exact; recommended for storing monetary amounts
decimal(p,s),
p: number of digits in the whole number, s: number of digits after the decimal
numeric(p,s)
point.
date calendar date without time of day
time time of day
timestamp with time zone date/time

12
2.1. Creating a Simple Table: NULL, NOT
NULL, Default value

• NULL
– Attribute does not have a known value
– NULL value means "I don't known"
• NOT NULL
– Attribute must have a known value
• Default value
– the value appears by default in a column if no
other value is known

13
2.2. Constraints
• Entity Integrity
– No duplicate tuples: PRIMARY KEY constraint
– Valide values on a attribute or between attributes
in a tuple: CHECK constraint
• Referential Integrity:
– Make sure that values of some attributes must
make sense: FOREIGN KEY constraint

14
2.2. Constraints: PRIMARY KEY
• Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>]PRIMARY KEY
(<fk1>,<fk2>,…)

• A relation may have only one primary key

Table: Clazz(clazz_id, name, lecturer_id, monitor_id)
SQL:
CREATE TABLE clazz (
clazz_id CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(20),
lecturer_id CHAR(5),
monitor_id CHAR(8),
CONSTRAINT clazz_pk PRIMARY KEY (clazz_id));

15
 2.2. Constraints: PRIMARY KEY [2]
Table: Clazz(clazz_id, name, lecturer_id, monitor_id)
SQL:

CREATE TABLE clazz ( IIf primary key

clazz_id CHAR(8) NOT NULL, has only one
name VARCHAR(20), attribute
lecturer_id CHAR(5),
monitor_id CHAR(8),
PRIMARY KEY (clazz_id) );

CREATE TABLE clazz (

clazz_id CHAR(8) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(20),
lecturer_id CHAR(5),
monitor_id CHAR(8) );

16
2.2. Constraints: CHECK
• Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>] CHECK <condition>
• Declaring check constraint when defining table
Table: student(student_id, first_name, last_name, dob,
gende, address,
note, clazz_id)
SQL: CREATE TABLE student (
student_id CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
dob DATE NOT NULL, gender CHAR(1),
address VARCHAR(30),
note TEXT, clazz_id CHAR(8),
CONSTRAINT student_pk PRIMARY KEY (student_id),
CONSTRAINT student_chk_dob CHECK (gender='F' OR
gender='M'));

17
 2.2. Constraints: FOREIGN KEY
• Syntax:
[CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>] FOREIGN KEY (<fk1>,<fk2>,…)
REFERENCES <tab>(<k1>,<k2>, …)
[ON UPDATE <option>][ON DELETE <option>]

• Options:
– CASCADE
• Delete/update all matching foreign key tuples
– NO ACTION / RESTRICT
• can’t delete primary key tuple whilst a foreign key tuple
matches
• default action
– SET NULL
18
 2.2. Constraints: FOREIGN KEY

• Declaring check constraint when defining table

Table: Clazz(clazz_id, name, lecturer_id, monitor_id)
SQL:
CREATE TABLE clazz (
clazz_id CHAR(8) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(20), lecturer_id CHAR(5),
monitor_id CHAR(8),
CONSTRAINT clazz_pk PRIMARY KEY (clazz_id),
CONSTRAINT clazz_fk_student FOREIGN KEY (monitor_
id) REFERENCES student(student_id));

19
 2.3. Modifying Relation Schema:
Columns
• Add column(s)
ALTER TABLE <table_name> ADD COLUMN <column_name>
<datatype> [NOT NULL] [DEFAULT <default_value>];
• Delete column(s)
ALTER TABLE <table_name> DROP COLUMN <column_name>;
• Modify column(s)
ALTER TABLE <table_name> CHANGE COLUMN <column_name>
<datatype>;
• Examples:
ALTER TABLE student ADD COLUMN
urgence_contact CHAR(15) DEFAULT '(+84)000-000-000';
ALTER TABLE student DROP COLUMN urgence_contact;

20
 2.3. Modifying Relation Schema:
Constraints
• Add new constraint(s)
ALTER TABLE <table_name>
ADD CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> <constraint_type> clause;

Example:
ALTER TABLE student ADD CONSTRAINT student_fk_clazz
FOREIGN KEY (clazz_id) REFERENCES clazz(clazz_id);

• Delete existing constraints

ALTER TABLE <table_name> DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>;

Example:
ALTER TABLE student DROP CONSTRAINT student_fk_clazz;

21
 2.4. Drop a Relation from Database

• Syntax:

DROP TABLE <table_name> [CASCADE | RESTRICT];

– CASCADE: allows to remove all dependent objects together

with the table automatically
– RESTRICT: refuses to drop table if there is any object depen
ds on it; default value

22
 2.4. Drop a Relation from Database

• Example:
DROP TABLE student;

DROP TABLE student CASCADE;

23
 3. Data Manipulation
student
student_id first_name last_name dob gender address note clazz_id
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987 M 15 Lương Định Của,Đ. Đa, HN 20162101
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 M 513 B8 KTX BKHN 20162101
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 F 15 Trần Đại Nghĩa, HBT, Hà nội 20162101
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 F 513 TT Phương Mai, Đ. Đa, HN 20162101
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 F 214 B6 KTX BKHN 20172201
20170002 Nhật Cường Nguyễn 10/24/1988 M 214 B5 KTX BKHN 20172201
20170003 Nhật Cường Nguyễn 1/24/1988 M 214 B5 KTX BKHN 20172201
20170004 Minh Đức Bùi 1/25/1988 M 214 B5 KTX BKHN 20172201

Modifying address? clazz

Adding new student / clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
new class? 20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
Deleting student data? 20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
Retrieving list of all students? 20172202 CNTT2.02-K62

24
 3.1. Insertion
• Syntax:
INSERT INTO <table1>[(<col1>,<col2>,…)]
VALUES(<exp1>,<exp2>,…);
INSERT INTO <table1>[(<col1>,<col2>,…)]
SELECT <col1>, <col2>, … FROM <tab1>, <tab2>, …
WHERE <condition>;
• Examples:
INSERT INTO clazz(clazz_id, name)
VALUES ('20162101', 'CNTT1.01-K61');
INSERT INTO clazz(name, clazz_id)
VALUES ('CNTT2.02-K62', '20172202');
INSERT INTO clazz
VALUES ('20172201', 'CNTT2.01-K62', NULL, NULL);

25
3.2. Deletion, Update
• Deletion:
DELETE FROM <table_name> [WHERE <condition>];

DELETE FROM student WHERE student_id = '20160002';

• Update:
UPDATE <table_name>
SET <col1> = <exp1>,
<col2> = <exp2>,...
[WHERE <condition>];

UPDATE student
SET address = '179 Le Thanh Nghi, HBT, HN'
WHERE student_id = '20170003';

26
 3.3. Examples
INSERT INTO clazz VALUES ('20172201', 'CNTT3.01-K62', NULL, NULL)
ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "clazz_pk"
DETAIL: Key (clazz_id)=(20172201) already exists

UPDATE clazz SET monitor_id = '20160022' WHERE clazz_id = '201621

ERROR: insert or update on table "clazz" violates foreign key constraint "clazz_fk_student"
DETAIL: Key (monitor_id)=(20160022) is not present in table "student
DELETE FROM clazz WHERE clazz_id = '20162101';
ERROR: update or delete on table "clazz" violates foreign key constraint "student_fk_clazz" o
table "student" DETAIL: Key (clazz_id)=(20162101) is still referenced from table "student".
UPDATE student SET gender ='N' WHERE student_id = '20160003';

ERROR: new row for relation "student" violates check constraint "student_chk_gender"
DETAIL: Failing row contains (20160003, Thu Hồng, Trần, 1987-06-06, N, 15 Trần Đại
Nghĩa, HBT, Hà nội, null, 20162101).

27
 3.4. Querying data from a table: Retrieving
column(s)
• Syntax:
SELECT <col_1>, <col_2>,… ,<col_n> | *
FROM <table_name>;
• Example: SELECT name, monitor_id
FROM clazz;
clazz Result
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id name monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003 CNTT1.01-K61 20160003
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001 CNTT2.01-K62 20170001
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62 CNTT2.02-K62

28
 3.4. Querying data from a table:
Retrieving row(s)
• Syntax:
SELECT <col_1>, <col_2>,… ,<col_n> | *
FROM <table_name>
WHERE <condition_expression>;
• Example:
clazz
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id SELECT * FROM clazz
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003 WHERE lecture_id ='02001'
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61 OR lecture_id = '02002';
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62
result
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001
29
 3.4. Querying data from a table: Operational
Semantics
– Think of a tuple variable visiting each tuple of the relation mentioned
in FROM clause
– Check if the “current” tuple satisfies the WHERE clause
– If so, compute the attributes or expressions of the SELECT clause usin
g the components of this tuple 3
SELECT *
1 FROM clazz
WHERE lecture_id = '02001'
clazz 2 OR lecture_id = '02002';
clazz_id name lecturer_id monitor_id
20162101 CNTT1.01-K61 02001 20160003
20162102 CNTT1.02-K61
20172201 CNTT2.01-K62 02002 20170001 Check lecture_id
20172202 CNTT2.02-K62
Tuple-variable t loops over all tuples
30
3.4. Querying data from a table:
Condition Expression
• Comparative operations: =, !=, <>, <, >, <=, >= , IS NULL,
IS NOT NULL
• Logic operation: NOT, AND, OR
• Other operation: BETWEEN, IN, LIKE
– Digital / string/ date data type
• attr BETWEEN val1 AND val2( (attr>=val1) and (attr<=val2) )
• attr IN (val1, val2, ...) ( (attr=val1) or (attr=val2) or ... )
– String data type
• LIKE: _ instead of one character
% instead of any characters (string)
attr LIKE '_IT%'
attr LIKE 'IT%'

31
 3.4. Querying data from a table:
Examples
student
student_id first_name last_name dob gender address note cl
20160001 Ngọc An Bùi 3/18/1987 M 15 Lương Định Của,Đ. Đa, HN 201
20160002 Anh Hoàng 5/20/1987 M 513 B8 KTX BKHN 201
20160003 Thu Hồng Trần 6/6/1987 F 15 Trần Đại Nghĩa, HBT, Hà nội 201
20160004 Minh Anh Nguyễn 5/20/1987 F 513 TT Phương Mai, Đ. Đa, HN 201
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 F 214 B6 KTX BKHN 201
Nhật
20170002 Nguyễn 10/24/1988 M 214 B5 KTX BKHN 201
Cường
Nhật
20170003 Nguyễn 1/24/1988 M 214 B5 KTX BKHN 201
Cường
20170004 Minh Đức Bùi 1/25/1988 M 214 B5 KTX BKHN 201

SELECT student_id, first_name, dob, address

FROM student
WHERE address LIKE '%KTX%' AND gender = 'F';
result
student_id first_name last_name dob address
20170001 Nhật Ánh Nguyễn 5/15/1988 214 B6 KTX BKHN
32
3.5. Data Manipulation: NULL value
• Arithmetic operators :
NULL +-/x any value ➔ NULL
• Comparative operations:
=, !=, <>, <, >, <=, >= with a NULL ➔ UNKNOWN
(UNKNOWN: a truth-value as TRUE, FALSE)
• Check if an attribute has NULL value: IS NULL, IS NOT
NULL
• Remark: NULL is not a constant
– If x is NULL then x + 3 results NULL
– NULL + 3 : not a legal SQL expression

34
3.6. Data Manipulation:
Truth-values: UNKNOWN (1/2), TRUE (1),
FALSE (0)
• Comparative operations: with a NULL → UNKNOWN
• Logic operation: AND ~MIN, OR ~MAX, NOT(x) ~ 1-x

• Conditions in WHERE clauses apply on each tuples of

some relation
➔ Only the tuples for which the condition has the TRUE
value become part of the answer

35
 3.6. Example
subject SELECT * FROM subject
subject_id name credit per.. WHERE credit >= 4 AND
IT1110 Tin học đại cương 4 60 percentage_final_exam <= 60;
IT3080 Mạng máy tính 3 70
IT3090 Cơ sở dữ liệu 3 70 result
IT4857 Thị giác máy tính 3 60 subject_id name credit per.
IT4866 Học máy 2 70 IT1110 Tin học đại cương 4 60
LI0001 life's happy song 5
LI0002 %life's happy song 2 5

SELECT * FROM subject result

WHERE percentage_final_exam subject_id name credit ….

= NULL;
result
SELECT * FROM subject subject_id name credit per.
WHERE percentage_final_exam LI0001 life's happy song 5
IS NULL; LI0002 %life's happy song 2 5

36
3.7. Data Manipulation: Renaming
output attributes
• Syntax:
SELECT <col_name> AS <alias_name>, <expr> AS
<alias_name>…
result
FROM … WHERE ...
id name ETC
• Example: IT1110 Tin học đại cương 4
SELECT subject_id AS id, IT3080 Mạng máy tính 3
IT3090 Cơ sở dữ liệu 3
name, credit "ETC"
IT4857 Thị giác máy tính 3
FROM subject; IT4866 Học máy 2
LI0001 life's happy song 5
• Keyword AS: optional LI0002 %life's happy song 2 5

– <alias_name>: used in ORDER BY clause,

– <alias_name>: not used in WHERE or HAVING clauses

37
Remark
• Each DBMS has its own implementation.
So the syntax for each statement can vary
from one database system to another:
– Meaning of special characters used (%, _, *, ", '),
– less or more options
– standard part & extension part
• More options for each statement: see
documentations of the DBMS used in your
system

38
Practices
• Installing a DBMS
• Defining all relation schemas of Education database
• Do not forget constraints
• Inserting data into each table:
– a lot of errors will be raised but it is good, try to understand
these errors and correct them
– Checking if defined constraints work
• Available documents:
– detailed description for all tables the database
– Tutorial of the installed DBMS
– A demo sql script to define this database (avaiable before the
next lession)

39
 QUIZ (For Quiz 1, 2, 3)
Given table defined as follows:
CREATE TABLE subject (
subject_id CHAR(6) NOT NULL,
name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, credit INT NOT NULL,
percentage_final_exam INT DEFAULT 70,
CONSTRAINT subject_pk PRIMARY KEY (subject_id),
CONSTRAINT subject_chk_credit CHECK (credit >=1 AND
credit <=5),
CONSTRAINT subject_chk_percentage CHECK
percentage_final_exam BETWEEN 0 AND 100) );

40
 Quiz 1.
OX Example Select
Quiz Number 1 Quiz Type

Suppose that we execute this insert statement:

INSERT INTO subject(subject_id, name, credit) VALUES
Question ('IT3091', 'Thực hành CSDL', 6);
What are values assigned to attribute credit and percentage_final_exam
of new row inserted into database?
A. (6, 70)
B. (6, NULL)
Example
C. (NULL 70)
D. No new row inserted into the database

Answer D

Feedback The check constraint subject_chk_credit is violated

41
 Quiz 2.

Quiz Quiz OX Example Select

1
Number Type
Suppose that we execute this insert statement:
INSERT INTO subject(subject_id, name) VALUE
Question S ('IT1010', 'Tin học đại cương');
What's happen?
A. A row inserted successfully
Example
B. Error raised

Answer B
Error: null value in column "credit" violat
Feedback es not-null constraint

42
 Quiz 3.
OX Example Select
Quiz Number 1 Quiz Type

Given two queries, do they alway give the same output ?

SELECT * FROM subject
WHERE percentage_final_exam >= 60
Question OR percentage_final_exam < 60 ;
SELECT * FROM subject;
A.Yes
B.No
A. True
Example
B. False
Answer B
The first query doesn't give tuples that have NULL in
Feedback percentage_final_exam.
The second one gives all tuples existing in the relation 43
Summary
• Introduction to SQL
– A brief history of SQL
– SQL languages
• Definition a relation schema
– Creating a simple table
– Defining constraints
– Modifying relation schema: modifying data structure, modifying
constraints
• Data manipulation
– Populating a table with rows
– Removing row(s) from a table
– Updating existing rows
– Querying a table

44
Thank you
for your
attention!

45