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    4 Module Two Lesson Four Guided Notes

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    Joelle Matar
    The document discusses radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It explains that radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus decays into a more stable nucleus, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha emission which emits an alpha particle, beta emission which emits an electron, and gamma emission which emits high-energy photons. Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion can also occur, where fission splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones and fusion combines light nuclei into heavier ones. Both processes convert a small amount of mass into a large amount of energy.

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    4 Module Two Lesson Four Guided Notes

    Uploaded by

    Joelle Matar
    45 views7 pages
    The document discusses radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It explains that radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus decays into a more stable nucleus, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha emission which emits an alpha particle, beta emission which emits an electron, and gamma emission which emits high-energy photons. Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion can also occur, where fission splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones and fusion combines light nuclei into heavier ones. Both processes convert a small amount of mass into a large amount of energy.

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    The document discusses radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It explains that radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus decays into a more stable nucleus, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha emission which emits an alpha particle, beta emission which emits an electron, and gamma emission which emits high-energy photons. Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion can also occur, where fission splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones and fusion combines light nuclei into heavier ones. Both processes convert a small amount of mass into a large amount of energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views7 pages

    4 Module Two Lesson Four Guided Notes

    Uploaded by

    Joelle Matar
    The document discusses radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. It explains that radioactive decay occurs when an unstable nucleus decays into a more stable nucleus, emitting particles or electromagnetic radiation. There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha emission which emits an alpha particle, beta emission which emits an electron, and gamma emission which emits high-energy photons. Nuclear reactions like fission and fusion can also occur, where fission splits heavy nuclei into lighter ones and fusion combines light nuclei into heavier ones. Both processes convert a small amount of mass into a large amount of energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    Why does the nucleus want to undergo a change?

    The nucleus undergoes a change to become more stable,


    which can occur through radioactive decay that emits
    particles or radiation.

    I. Radioactivity


    A. Radioactive Decay

    1. The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a a


    slightly lighter and more stable nucleus, accompanied by
    emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both

    B. Nuclear Radiation


    1. Particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from


    the nucleus during radioactive decay

    C. Unstable Nuclides


    1. All nuclides beyond atomic number _83___ are


    unstable and radioactive

    II. Types of Radioactive Decay

    A. Alpha Emission

    1. Alpha particle (α) is a helium nucleus ( 42He ), and


    has a 2+ charge. Ex:Uranium-238

    2. Alpha emission reduces the mass of an atom by 4


    amu’s and the atomic number by 2.


    B. Beta Emission

    1. Beta particle (β) is an electron emitted from the


    nucleus during nuclear decay ex:Carbon-14

    2. Beta particles are emitted when a neutron is


    converted into a proton and an electron
    ex:Nitrogen -14

    1
    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    C. Gamma Emission
    1. Gamma rays (γ) are high-energy photons emitted
    from a nucleus.
    2. Gamma emission usually follows alpha and beta
    decay.

    D. Penetrating Ability of Radiation

    1. Alpha Particles

    a. Least penetrating ability due to large mass and


    charge

    b. Cannot penetrate skin

    c. Can cause harm through ingestion or inhalation

    2. Beta Particles

    a. More penetrating than alpha

    b. Travels almost as fast as light

    c. Penetrating ability about 100 times greater than

    that of ______100____ particles.

    d. Travel only a few centimeters through air

    3. Gamma Rays

    a. Greatest penetrating ability.

    b. Protection requires shielding with thick layers of


    ___lead_____

    c. No mass or charge

    Alpha Beta Gamma


    Least harmful Most harmful

    2
    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    I. Nuclear Stability and Decay


    A. Nucleon-to-proton Ratio determines the type of decay


    that occurs

    1. Band of Stability

    II. Half-Life


    A. Half-Life (t1/2)

    A = A0 (1/2)n
    ● A = the amount of sample remaining
    ● A o = Original mass
    ● n = number of half lives past
    ● where n = T/t
    ● n can be calculated by taking the total time (T) divided by
    the length of the half life (t)

    1. The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive


    nuclide to decay.

    3
    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    a. More stable nuclides decay slowly

    b. Less stable nuclides decay rapidly

    III. Transmutation Reactions

    A. Transmutations

    1. A change in the_ ___identity__________ of a nucleus


    as a result of a change in the number of its protons

    B. Nuclear Reaction

    1. A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom

    2. Small amounts of mass are converted to large


    amounts of ______energy______

    a. E = mc2

    4
    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    C. Balancing Nuclear Reactions

    1. Total atomic numbers and mass numbers must be


    _________________ on both sides

    I. Nuclear Fission

    A. Nuclear Fission

    1. A very heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of


    intermediate mass

    2. The mass of the products is less than the mass of the


    reactants. Missing mass is converted to energy

    a. Small amounts of missing mass are converted to


    HUGE amounts of energy (E = mc2)

    3. Used as a source to heat water to produced steam to


    produce electricity.

    B. Nuclear Chain Reaction 


    1. A reaction in which the material that starts the


    reaction is also one of the products and can start
    another reaction

    C. Critical Mass

    1. The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the


    number of neutrons needed to __susatin____ a chain

    5
    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    reaction

    II. Nuclear Fusion


    A. Nuclear Fusion

    1. Light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more


    stable nucleus

    B. Fusion Reactions

    1. More energetic than chemical reactions.

    2. Source of energy for the _________sun and other stars.


    ___________.

    6
    NCVPS Honors Chemistry M2L4N1 Guided Notes

    3. Could produce energy for human use if a way can be found


    to control the reaction.

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