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Cp1 Lab 3 Mid Reviewer

The document summarizes various control statements in Java including loops, conditional statements, and the increment/decrement operators. It discusses the while, do-while, and for loops and provides examples of each. It also covers nested loops, the break and continue statements, and input validation using loops. Finally, it recommends which type of loop to use depending on the situation.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
38 views39 pages

Cp1 Lab 3 Mid Reviewer

The document summarizes various control statements in Java including loops, conditional statements, and the increment/decrement operators. It discusses the while, do-while, and for loops and provides examples of each. It also covers nested loops, the break and continue statements, and input validation using loops. Finally, it recommends which type of loop to use depending on the situation.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CP1 Lab 3 mid Topics: Control Statements

Main topics:
• The Increment and Decrement Operators
• The while Loop
• Using the while Loop for Input Validation
• The do-while Loop
• The for Loop
• Running Totals and Sentinel Values
Note: Java Switch Statements

Instead of writing many if..else statements, you can use the switch
statement.

The switch statement selects one of many code blocks to be executed:

switch(expression)
{
case x:
// code block
break;
case y:
// code block
break;
default:
// code block
}
The Increment and Decrement Operators

• There are numerous times where a variable


must simply be incremented or decremented.
number = number + 1;
number = number – 1;

• Java provide shortened ways to increment and


decrement a variable’s value.
• Using the ++ or -- unary operators, this task
can be completed quickly.
number++; or ++number;
number--; or --number;

• Example: IncrementDecrement.java
Differences Between Prefix and Postfix

• When an increment or decrement are the only


operations in a statement, there is no
difference between prefix and postfix
notation.
• When used in an expression:
• prefix notation indicates that the variable will be
incremented or decremented prior to the rest of the
equation being evaluated.
• postfix notation indicates that the variable will be
incremented or decremented after the rest of the
equation has been evaluated.
The while Loop

• Java provides three different looping structures.


• The while loop has the form:

while(condition)
{
statements;
}

• While the condition is true, the statements will


execute repeatedly.
• The while loop is a pretest loop, which means
that it will test the value of the condition prior to
executing the loop.
The while Loop

• Care must be taken to set the condition to false somewhere in


the loop so the loop will end.
• Loops that do not end are called infinite loops.
• A while loop executes 0 or more times. If the condition is
false, the loop will not execute.
• Example: WhileLoop.java
The while loop Flowchart

true
boolean
statement(s)
expression?

false
Infinite Loops

• In order for a while loop to end, the condition


must become false. The following loop will not
end:
int x = 20;
while(x > 0)
{
System.out.println("x is greater than 0");
// x--;
}

• The variable x never gets decremented so it


will always be greater than 0.
• Adding the x-- above fixes the problem.
Infinite Loops

•This version of the loop decrements


x during each iteration:
int x = 20;
while(x > 0)
{
System.out.println("x is greater than 0");
x--;
}
Block Statements in Loops

• Curly braces are required to enclose block statement while


loops. (like block if statements)

while (condition)
{
statement;
statement;
statement;
}
The while Loop for Input Validation

• Input validation is the process of ensuring that


user input is valid.
Sample code:

System.out.print("Enter a number in the " +


"range of 1 through 100: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
// Validate the input.
while (number < 1 || number > 100)
{
System.out.println("That number is invalid.");
System.out.print("Enter a number in the " +
"range of 1 through 100: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
}
The do-while Loop

• The do-while loop is a post-test loop, which


means it will execute the loop prior to testing
the condition.
• The do-while loop (sometimes called a do
loop) takes the form:
do
{
statement(s);
}
while (condition);
The do-while Loop Flowchart

statement(s)

true
boolean
expression?

false
The for Loop

• The for loop is a pre-test loop.


• The for loop allows the programmer to
initialize a control variable, test a condition,
and modify the control variable all in one line
of code.
• The for loop takes the form:
for(initialization; test; update)
{
statement(s);
}
The for Loop Flowchart

boolean true
statement(s) update
expression?

false
The Sections of The for Loop

• The initialization section of the for loop


allows the loop to initialize its own control
variable.
• The test section of the for statement acts in
the same manner as the condition section of a
while loop.
• The update section of the for loop is the last
thing to execute at the end of each loop.
The for Loop Initialization

• The initialization section of a for loop is


optional; however, it is usually provided.
• Typically, for loops initialize a counter
variable that will be tested by the test section
of the loop and updated by the update
section.
• The initialization section can initialize multiple
variables.
• Variables declared in this section have scope
only for the for loop.
The Update Expression

• The update expression is usually used to


increment or decrement the counter
variable(s) declared in the initialization section
of the for loop.
• The update section of the loop executes last in
the loop.
• The update section may update multiple
variables.
• Each variable updated is executed as if it were
on a line by itself.
Modifying The Control Variable

• You should avoid updating the control variable of a for loop


within the body of the loop.
• The update section should be used to update the control
variable.
• Updating the control variable in the for loop body leads to
hard to maintain code and difficult debugging.
Multiple Initializations and Updates

• The for loop may initialize and update multiple


variables.
for(int i = 5, int j = 0; i < 10 || j < 20; i++, j+=2)
{
statement(s);
}

• Note that the only parts of a for loop that are


mandatory are the semicolons.
for(;;)
{
statement(s);
} // infinite loop

• If left out, the test section defaults to true.


Running Totals

• Loops allow the program to keep running totals while evaluating


data.
• Imagine needing to keep a running total of user input.
Logic for Calculating a Running Total
Sentinel Values
• Sometimes the end point of input data is not known.
• A sentinel value can be used to notify the program to
stop acquiring input.
• If it is a user input, the user could be prompted to input
data that is not normally in the input data range (i.e. –1
where normal input would be positive.)
• Programs that get file input typically use the end-of-file
marker to stop acquiring input data.
Nested Loops

• Like if statements, loops can be nested.


• If a loop is nested, the inner loop will execute
all of its iterations for each time the outer loop
executes once.
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
for(int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
loop statements;

• The loop statements in this example will


execute 100 times.
The break Statement

• The break statement can be used to abnormally terminate a


loop.
• The use of the break statement in loops bypasses the normal
mechanisms and makes the code hard to read and maintain.
• It is considered bad form to use the break statement in this
manner.
The continue Statement

• The continue statement will cause the


currently executing iteration of a loop to
terminate and the next iteration will begin.
• The continue statement will cause the
evaluation of the condition in while and for
loops.
• Like the break statement, the continue
statement should be avoided because it
makes the code hard to read and debug.
Deciding Which Loops to Use

• The while loop:


• Pretest loop
• Use it where you do not want the statements to
execute if the condition is false in the beginning.
• The do-while loop:
• Post-test loop
• Use it where you want the statements to
execute at least one time.
• The for loop:
• Pretest loop
• Use it where there is some type of counting
variable that can be evaluated.
Activity: Run and
Debug the code
samples

Quiz 1 Lab Mid


Activity:

Sample Code:

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] cars = {“Mazda", “Mitsubishi",
“Toyota", “Zapra"};
for (String i : cars) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 4) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
while (i < 5);
}
}
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] cars = {"Mazda", "Toyota", "Mitsubishi",
"Honda"};
for (String i : cars) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 4) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 4) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

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