PIR SENSOR

BASED June

SECURITY 2012
SYSTEM
This PIR Sensor based Security System can switch on a
lamp or alarm when it detects the heat from an object
like a moving person in the secured area.

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Authors: Sreeraj CR, Usman P, Visakh Chandran ,Vishnu P, Yelsin A Y

S6EB , NSSCE
 N.S.S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PALAKKAD, KERALA-678008
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
MINI PROJECT REPORT
JUNE-2012

PIR SENSOR BASED

SECURITY SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY
SREERAJ CR –NSAJEEE087

USMAN P -NSAJEEE093

VISAKH CHANDRAN –NSAJEEE097

VISHNU P –NSAJEEE098

YELSIN A Y –NSAJEEE099

GUIDED BY

Mr SAJU N
 ASST. PROFESSOR

NSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PALAKKAD – 678008
KERALA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Minor Project Report titled

PIR SENSOR BASED SECURITY SYSTEM

is a bonafide account of the work done by “Sreeraj C R , Usman P ,
Visakh Chandran , Vishnu P & Yelsin A Y” of Semester VI
Electrical and Electronics Engineering in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering , during the academic year 2011-2012
under our guidance at NSS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,
PALAKKAD.

Place: Akathethara
Date:
Staff in Charge Internal Examiner Head of Department

Contents.......
Abstract................................................................... 5
Acknowledgements................................................. 6
List of Figures......................................................... 7
Introduction............................................................ 8
Block Diagram........................................................ 10
PIR Sensor............................................................... 11
Timer IC NE555...................................................... 15
Power supply.......................................................... 19
Transistor............................................................... 20
Relay........................................................................ 21
LED........................................................................... 22
Buzzer....................................................................... 23
7805 Regulator........................................................ 23
Components............................................................. 25
Circuit Diagram..................................................... 26
Apparatus................................................................ 27
Pros.......................................................................... 30
Cons......................................................................... 31
Conclusion............................................................... 32
Appendix................................................................. 33
Bibliography........................................................... 34

Abstract

The development of an inexpensive and effective electronic

security system employing PIR sensor is detailed in this
report. This sensor based security system can be used in
household as well as domestic applications & even in other
high security areas.

A normal electronic security system which is commonly used

consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter
section sends out an IR beam which is being continuously
received by the receiver section. When an intruder walks past
the device, the IR beam gets disrupted and thus the alarm is
activated. Major disadvantages of the system include limited
range and poor line of sight.

This PIR Sensor based Security System can switch on a lamp

or alarm when it detects the heat from an object like a moving
person. The name Passive Infrared Sensor is called so because
it receives the infrared rays passively and do not emit any
infrared ray. The alarm that goes off can be manually reset.
 Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere gratitude towards Professor KI

Geetha, Head of Department for providing the required
facilities for the successful completion of the work.

We would like to thank Asst Prof. Saju N, from the depth

of our hearts, for his cooperation and resourceful
guidance without which this work would have been
impossible.

Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express my

heartfelt thanks to all faculty members of the
department and our friends/classmates for their help,
inputs and wishes for the successful completion of this
project.
 List of Figures….

Sl.No Name of figure Page No.

1. Block Diagram of Security System 10

2. PIR Sensor 11

3. IC NE555 15

4. Power Supply 19

5. Relay 21

6. LED 22

7. 7805 Regulator 23

8. Circuit Diagram 26

9. Apparatus 27

Introduction
  A PIR Sensor is a pyroelectric device that can sense infrared
(IR) radiation changes within its viewing range. These
sensors are sensitive to moving objects radiating IR. A PIR
sensor creates temporary electric potential whenever a
change of IR radiation occurs on the viewing range of the
sensor, but the electric potential generated is very small in
amplitude and must be amplified significantly. That is
because PIR sensors cannot be used alone, instead they
become one of the key components of a passive infrared
device (PID) with some other circuitry. The basic structure of
a PID consists of a Fresnel lens, a PIR sensor, an amplifier
circuitry and a comparator plus time delayer circuitry.
 Fresnel lens focuses IR radiation on PIR sensor and PIR
sensor measures the change in the IR rate and creates an
electric potential difference corresponding to the variation in
the IR radiation. However, this potential difference is very
small and must be amplified without introducing noise. The
amplifier circuitry aims to have a large gain for the sensor
signal and suppress the ambient noise at the same time. So,
generally a two stage bandpass amplifier is used. The
amplified sensor signal is then compared with a threshold. If
the signal stays in the range determined by the threshold then
it is assumed that no motion is observed, otherwise it is
assumed that there is a moving target. Therefore ordinary
PIR sensors are simple and give an output of logical one
when they detect a motion and a logical zero when there is no
moving object within their viewing ranges.
 The PIDs are low-cost, easy to use and widely available
commercially. These practical features made them used in
many indoor and outdoor applications including the security
systems.

IR Radiation
Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation.
Infrared light has a longer wavelength than visible light. The
infrared has a wavelength of 750 nm to 100 µm. The infrared
radiation is invisible to humans but we can feel it as heat.
Infrared region can further be divided into sub-regions as
follows:

 Near Infrared (NIR): 750 nm to 1:5 µm.

 Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR): 1.5 µm to 3 µm.
 Mid Wavelength Infrared (MWIR): 3 µm to 8 µm.
 Long Wavelength Infrared (LWIR): 8 µm to 15 µm.
 Far Infrared (FIR): Longer than 15 µm.
The MWIR and LWIR is known as the thermal infrared. All
oobjects emit what µis known as black body radiation
(thermal radiation). This is emitted from the surface of an
object which is due to the its temperature. Human body at
normal body temperature radiates IR approximately at
wavelengths around 9.4 µm.

Pyroelectricity (from the Greek pyro, fire, and

electricity) is the ability of certain materials to generate a
temporary electrical potential when they are heated or cooled.
It is a migration of positive and negative charge to opposite
ends of a crystal's polar axis as a result of a change in
temperature, and this causes an electrical polarization. This
polarization change gives rise to a temporary electric
potential, although this disappears after the dielectric
relaxation time
 Block Diagram

Working:
 When a movement is detected within the range of
the PIR sensor (normally 2-3 metres), it sends a
trigger to the NE555 timer which activates the
relay.
 The relay gives power supply to the siren device
& it goes off along with the indicating LED.
 PIR Sensor
 PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used
to detect whether a human has moved in or out of the
sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power,
easy to use and don't wear out. For that reason they are
commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes
or businesses. They are often referred to as PIR, "Passive"
or “Pyroelectric" IR motion sensors.
 PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor (which can
be seen as the round metal can with a rectangular crystal in
the center ) , which can detect levels of infrared radiation.
Everything emits some low level radiation, and the hotter
something is, the more radiation is emitted. The sensor in a
motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason
for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not
average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they
cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR
radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low.

PIR D203S
 PIR Sensor: D203S
It is an excellent performance passive infrared sensor for
use in alarm burglar systems, visitor presence
monitoring & light switches. Narrow detection beam
employed for use in hallway and defined area detection
systems.

Features: 
Dual Compensating Elements
Excellent Operating Stability
Supply Voltage: 3-15V
Narrow Sense Window for Directional Sensing
Body Dimensions: 9.1mm Diameter, 4.5mm High excluding
pins, Pins - 13.5mm High

Fresnels lens

Designed for white light immunity and uniform sensitivity

from any angle
Inexpensive and easy to use 
 Working:

The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made
of a special material that is sensitive to IR. When the
sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the
ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or
outdoors .When a warm body like a human or animal
passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor,
which causes a positive differential change between the
two halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area,
the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a
negative differential change. These change pulses are
what is detected.
 Along with the pyroelectic sensor is a bunch of
supporting circuitry, resistors and capacitors which
forms a very inexpensive chip. This chip takes the
output of the sensor and does some minor processing
on it to emit a digital output pulse from the analog
sensor.

 PIR Sensors find practical application in case of need

to detect whether a person has left or entered an area.
They are low power and low cost, pretty rugged, have
a wide lens range, and are easy to interface with.
 Timer IC NE555
 The 555 timer chip is an Integrated Circuit (IC) and
therefore it contains a miniaturized circuit
surrounded by silicon. Each of the pins is connected
to the circuit which consists of over 20 transistors,
2 diodes and 15 resistors. 
  The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly stable
controller capable of producing accurate timing
pulses. With monostable operation, the time delay
is controlled by one external resistor and one
capacitor.

 With astable operation, the frequency and duty

cycle are accurately controlled with two external
resistors and one capacitor.

Pin Description:
1. Ground: input pin of the source of the negative DC voltage
2. Trigger: negative input from the lower comparators
(comparator B) that maintain oscillation capacitor voltage
in the lowest 1 / 3 Vcc and set RS flip-flop
3. Output: the output pin of the IC 555.
4. Reset: the pin that serves to reset the latch inside the IC to
be influential to reset the IC work. This pin is connected to a
PNP-type transistor gate, so the transistor will be active if
given a logic low. Normally this pin is connected directly to
Vcc to prevent reset
5. Control voltage: this pin serves to regulate the stability of
the reference voltage negative input (comparator A). This
pin can be left hanging.
6. Threshold: this pin is connected to the positive input
(comparator A) which will reset the RS flip-flop when the
voltage on the capacitor from exceeding 2 / 3 Vcc
7. Discharge: this pin is connected to an open collector
transistor Q1 is connected to ground emitter. Switching
transistor serves to clamp the corresponding node to
ground on the timing of certain
8. Vcc: pin to receive a DC voltage supply. (5-15V, 10-15mA).
Features:
 High Current Drive Capability (200mA)
 Adjustable Duty Cycle
 Temperature Stability of 0.005%/°C
 Timing From μSec to Hours
 Turn off Time Less Than 2μSec

Astable mode 
An Astable Circuit has no stable state - hence the name
"astable". The output continually switches state between high
and low without any intervention from the user, called a '
square ' wave. This type of circuit could be used to give a
mechanism intermittent motion by switching a motor on and
off at regular intervals. It can also be used to flash lamps and
LEDs, and is useful as a 'clock' pulse for other digital ICs and
circuits. 

Monostable mode 
A Monostable Circuit produces one pulse of a set length in
response to a trigger input such as a push button. The output
of the circuit stays in the low state until there is a trigger
input, hence the name "monostable" meaning "one stable
state". His type of circuit is ideal for use in a "push to
operate" system for a model displayed at exhibitions. A
visitor can push a button to start a model's mechanism
moving, and the mechanism will automatically switch off
after a set time.

Bistable Mode (Schmitt Trigger) 

A Bistable Mode or what is sometimes called a Schmitt Trigger
, has two stable states, high and low. Taking the Trigger input
low makes the output of the circuit go into the high state.
Taking the Reset input low makes the output of the circuit go
into the low state. This type of circuit is ideal for use in an
automated model railway system where the train is required
to run back and forth over the same piece of track. A push
button (or reed switch with a magnet on the underside of the
train) would be placed at each end of the track so that when
one is hit by the train, it will either trigger or reset the bistable.
The output of the 555 would control a DPDT relay which
would be wired as a reversing switch to reverse the direction
of current to the track, thereby reversing the direction of the
train. 
  

Applications
• Precision Timing

• Pulse Generation

• Time Delay Generation

• Sequential Timing

Power Supply
Block Diagram
Linear Supply: Circuit

Transistor BC 548
BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction
transistor. It is used for amplification and switching purposes.
The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The
maximum DC current gain is 800

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate

in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known
as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is
biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The
input signal at base is amplified and taken at the
emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing
mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that
it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence
of base signal, it gets completely off.

Relay
Relays are special switches designed to allow a small
circuit to control a larger circuit. These devices use a
solenoid to control a heavy-duty switch. The wiring for the
solenoid may require only 0.5 amps to activate, while the
switch it controls carries 10 to 30 amps.

Connect the control device to the two solenoid pin soft here
lay. Supplying a small 12- volt voltage to these two pins
will turn the relay switch on or off.
Locate the other three pins. These pins form a SPDT
switch
Here a 12 V relay is used.

LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light
source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices,
and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced in
1962, modern LEDs are available across
the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very
high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward
biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the colour of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small
in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components
may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for
room lighting are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than
compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Buzzer
 7805 Regulator
The 7805 voltage regulators employ built-in current
limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-operating area
protection which makes them virtually immune to damage
from output overloads. 7805 is a three-terminal positive
voltage regulator.

7805 regulator comes from the 78xx family of self-

contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated
circuits. The 78xx family is a very popular choice for many
electronic circuits which require a regulated power supply,
due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When
specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is
replaced with a two-digit number, which indicates the
output voltage the particular device is designed to provide
(for example, the 7805 voltage regulator has a 5 volt
output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are
positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are
designed to produce a voltage that is positive relative to a
common ground.

 7805 series ICs do not require any additional

components to provide a constant, regulated source of
power, making them easy to use, as well as
economical, and also efficient uses of circuit board
real estate.
 7805 series ICs have built-in protection against a
circuit drawing too much power. They also have
protection against overheating and short-circuits,
making them quite robust in most applications.

Components....
 RESISTOR
1. R1 ________100K
2. R2 ________10K
3. R3 ________4.7K
4. R4 ________4.7K
5. R5________1K
6. R6________1K

CAPACITOR

7. C1 ________220µF
8.C2 ________100µF

9. POWER TRANSFORMER 230V/12V

10. PIR SENSOR MODULE
11. 7805 REGULATOR
12. IC NE555
13. 12V RELAY
14. Q1 BC548
15. Q2 BC548
16. LED ( 2 no )
17. BUZZER
18. ON/OFF SWITCH
Circuit Diagram:
Apparatus:

The designed and developed PIR Sensor based Security

System is shown. The developed security system model is
capable of switching on a lamp or triggering alarm from a
buzzer, when it detects the heat from an object like a
moving person in the secured area within the detectable
range of the PIR sensor used. The demonstrated system
also has provision to give indications of human heat
detection using LED bulbs that are included. The operation
of the security system is accomplished by operation the
timer IC in the bistable mode of operation.
The actual operating range of the sensor circuit can be
dependent on the conditions prevalent. The operation of
the system can be improvised by including higher quality
industrial grade sensors to increase the detectable range.

Bistable Operation:

In bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The

trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a NE555)
are held high via pull-up resistors while the threshold input
(pin 6) is simply grounded. Thus configured, pulling the
trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and transitions
the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset
input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output pin
to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a bistable
configuration. Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a
small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7
(discharge) is left floating.
Working:
For the bistable mode of operation, initially the trigger pin 2
remains high and the output pin 3 remains low. When the PIR
sensor detects motion and gets activated by sudden change in
IR energy transistor Q1 gets switched on and the trigger pin 2
gets grounded (ie.. low). This leads the output pin 3 to the high
state which further drives the transistor switch Q2 on. This
leads the relay getting switched on and the buzzer becomes on
thus sounding the alarm along with an indication using an
LED.
Once the alarm goes off to reset the circuit by stopping the
buzzer we provide an on/off switch. On pressing the reset
switch the reset pin 4 goes low and again the output pin 3 also
goes low thus switching off the buzzer and returning the
system to the initial state.

Relevance:
The Pyro-electric Infra-Red (PIR) sensor is an extremely
useful device for detecting the presence of a moving body. This
is due to its ability to sense the infrared radiation that every
living body emits.
While a number of technologies for motion detection exist,
including ultrasonic and microwave radiation sensors, the
PIR sensor is popular for its ease-of-setup and high
performance. In addition, PIR sensors are inexpensive and has
little power consumption.
In the future world of electronics expects the rate of adoption
of PIR sensors to grow fast, with applications such as
surveillance and alarm systems, as well as power saving
devices, driving increased usage of PIR sensors.
 Applications:

The PIR Sensor based Security System provides application of

unauthorised intruder detection in household, commercial &
industrial premises......promising relatively lower cost of
installation and maintenance compared to other existing
safety systems.

The same system can act as an Automatic Energy Saving

System by switching on the lights along with the buzzer when
human presence is detected.....

The applications of the systems include

 Public doorways in grocery stores
 Hospitals
 Libraries
 Hotels
 Staircases
 Military application.....

The future of ectronics industry guarantees the use of PIR

sensors integrated with telecommunication and GPS systems
to provide sophisticated safety solutions....
 Pros........
 The system is single ended, unlike light beam/laser
barriers, which require aligned transmitters and
receivers.

 The system is passive: Intruders can't detect the

presence and location of the detectors (unlike
radar systems).

 The detectors consume less power than IR- or

radar-based units.

 They are unaffected by light, with the detectors

working equally well day or night.

 Precision optics enable detectors to cover narrow

areas accurately.

 The detectors complement cameras, allowing

fewer cameras to cover the area.

 Small size and unobtrusive design help the

detectors blend in with their surroundings.

Cons........
 Can be fooled by someone moving especially
slowly.

 If the sensor was set to the required sensitivity,

it would be activated by the cooling of a nearby
wall in the evening, or by very small animals.

 Someone walking straight towards a PIR

sensor, will not be detected until they are very
close by.

 PIR sensors are temperature sensitive - they

work optimally at ambient air temperatures of
around 15-20 degrees Celsius. If the
temperature is over 30 degrees, the field of view
narrows and the sensor will be less sensitive.
Alternatively, if the temperature is below 15
degrees, the field of view widens and smaller or
more distant objects will activate the sensor.

Conclusions:
The primary objective of this project was the development
of an effective & inexpensive security system that could
have applications in households as well as commercial
premises, workable in both day and night conditions.
Wireless sensor networks for surveillance systems in home,
office, or factory environment require correct tracking of
intruders. For such systems, passive infrared motion
sensors (PIR sensors) are ideal because they do not require
any signal or devices on the object to be tracked and they
can work in dark environment also.
Through well directed efforts a PIR Sensor based Security
System has been developed, which is capable of detecting
motion of humans or live beings in the range of the sensor
used & to trigger a buzzer circuit thus acting as an effective
burglar alarm. In the model developed as part of the
project provisions are also provided to act as an automatic
lighting circuit that switches on a bulb when intruder is
detected. In the event of risk of theft or vandalism from
domestic property, such effective PIR sensor security
systems can be implemented.
Further study in the direction could help develop more
sophisticated security solutions as 24-hr monitoring
system that would alert a few phone nos or a call centre if
the alarm is triggered. Overall the developed system
provides a basic solution for the primary one among
growing security concerns................................

Appendix:
D203S - Datasheet
General-Purpose Dual Element Pyroelectric Infrared
Radial Sensor- The pyroelectric infrared sensor detects
infrared radiation on the basis of the characteristics that the
polarization of pyroelectric material changes with
temperature. Dual compensated sensing elements are applied
to suppress the interference resulting from temperature
variation. As a result, the operating stability of the sensor is
greatly improved. Our products can be used in many
applications. Such as in security systems, burglar alarms,
visitor acknowledgement, light switch control and
intellectualized toy,etc.

Recommended Model : D203S

Encapsulation Type : TO-5
IR Receiving Electrode : 2×1mm, 2 elements
Window Size : 4×3mm
Spectral Response : 5-14μm
Transmittance ≥75%
Signal Output [Vp-p] ≥3500mV
Sensitivity ≥3300V/W
Detectivity (D*) ≥1.4 ×108 cmHz1/2/W
Noise[Vp-p] <70mV
Output Balance <10%
Offset Voltage : 0.3-1.2V
Supply Voltage : 3-15V
Operating Temperature : -30-70ºC
Storage Temperature : -40-80ºC
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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; New Age Publishers

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http://www.micropik.com/PDF/D203S-e.pdf,
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