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CS 106A MIDTERM SYNTAX REFERENCE ***

This document lists some of the common methods and syntax that you will use on the exam. For more, consult your textbook. (v1.3.2)
Karel the Robot (Karel reader Ch. 1-6)
public class Name extends SuperKarel { ... }
turnLeft(); turnRight(); turnAround(); rotates Karel 90º counter-clockwise, clockwise, or 180º
move(); moves Karel forward in current direction by one
square
pickBeeper(); picks up a beeper if present on Karel's corner; else
error
putBeeper(); places a beeper, if present in beeper bag; else error
frontIsClear(), frontIsBlocked() Is there a wall in front of Karel?
leftIsClear(), leftIsBlocked() Is there a wall to Karel's left (counter-clockwise)?
rightIsClear(), rightIsBlocked() Is there a wall to Karel's right (clockwise)?
beepersPresent(), noBeepersPresent() Are there any beepers on Karel's current corner?
beepersInBag(), noBeepersInBag() Are there any beepers in Karel's beeper bag?
facingNorth(), notFacingNorth(), Is Karel facing north, south, east, or west?
facingEast(), notFacingEast(),
facingSouth(), notFacingSouth(),
facingWest(), notFacingWest()

Math (A&S 5.1)

double d = Math.pow(2, 5); // 32.0
Math.abs(n), Math.ceil(n), Math.floor(n), Math.log(n), Math.log10(n),
Math.max(a, b),Math.min(a, b), Math.pow(b, e), Math.round(n), Math.sqrt(n),
Math.sin(r), Math.cos(r), Math.tan(r), Math.toDegrees(r), Math.toRadians(d)

RandomGenerator (A&S 6.1)

RandomGenerator rg = RandomGenerator.getInstance();
rg.nextBoolean() returns a random true/false result;
rg.nextBoolean(probability) pass an optional probability from 0.0 - 1.0, or default to 0.5
rg.nextColor() a randomly chosen Color object
rg.nextDouble(min, max) returns a random real number between min and max, inclusive
rg.nextInt(min, max) returns a random integer between min and max, inclusive

String (A&S Ch. 8)

String s = "hello";
s.charAt(i) the character in this String at a given index
s.contains(str) true if this String contains the other's characters inside it
s.endsWith(str) true if this String ends with the other's characters
s.equals(str) true if this String is the same as str
s.equalsIgnoreCase(str) true if this String is the same as str, ignoring capitalization
s.indexOf(str) first index in this String where given String begins (-1 if not found)
s.lastIndexOf(str) last index in this String where given String begins (-1 if not found)
s.length() number of characters in this String
s.replace(s1, s2) a new string with all occurrences of s1 changed to s2
s.startsWith(str) true if this String begins with the other's characters
s.substring(i, j) characters in this String from index i (inclusive) to j (exclusive)
s.toLowerCase() a new String with all lowercase or uppercase letters
s.toUpperCase()

Character/char (A&S Ch. 8)

char c = Character.toUpperCase(s.charAt(i));
Character.isDigit(ch), .isLetter(ch), methods that accept a char and return boolean values of
.isLowerCase(ch), .isUpperCase(ch), true or false to indicate whether the character is of the
.isWhitespace(ch) given type
Character.toLowerCase(ch), accepts a character and returns lower/uppercase version of
.toUpperCase(ch) it
Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("filename")); // scan an input file
Scanner tokens = new Scanner(string); // scan a string

sc.next(), sc.nextLine() read/return the next token (word) or entire line of input as a string
sc.nextInt(), sc.nextDouble() read/return the next token of input as an int or double
sc.hasNext(), sc.hasNextLine(), ask about whether a next token/line exists, or
sc.hasNextInt(), sc.hasNextDouble() what type it is, without reading it
sc.close() closes the scanner

ConsoleProgram
public class Name extends ConsoleProgram { ... }
readInt("prompt"), Prompts/reprompts for a valid int or double, and returns it
readDouble("prompt")
readLine("prompt"); Prompts/reprompts for a valid String, and returns it
readBoolean("prompt", Prompts/reprompts for either yesString or noString (case-insensitive).
"yesString", "noString"); Returns true if they enter yesString, false if they enter noString.
promptUserForFile("prompt", Prompts for a filename, re-prompting until input is a file that exists in the
"directory"); given directory. Returns the full file path (“directory/filename”).
println("text"); Prints the given text to the console, followed by a newline (‘\n’).
print("text"); Prints the given text to the console.

GraphicsProgram
public class Name extends GraphicsProgram { ... }
add(shape); displays the given graphical shape/object in the window
add(shape, x, y); displays the given graphical shape/object in the window at x, y
getElementAt(x, y) returns graphical object at the given x/y position, if any (else null)
getHeight(), getWidth() the height and width of the graphical window, in pixels
pause(ms); halts for the given # of milliseconds
remove(shape); removes the graphical shape/object from window so it will not be seen
setCanvasSize(w, h); sets canvas’s onscreen size
setBackground(color); sets canvas background color

Graphical Objects (A&S Ch. 9)

GRect rect = new GRect(10, 20, 50, 70);

new GImage("filename", x, y) image from the given file, drawn at (x, y)

new GLabel("text", x, y) text with bottom-left at (x, y)
new GLine(x1, y1, x2, y2) line between points (x1, y1), (x2, y2)
new GOval(x, y, w, h) largest oval that fits in a box of#size w * h with top-left at (x, y)
new GRect(x, y, w, h) rectangle of size w * h with top-left at (x, y)
obj.getColor(), obj.getFillColor() returns the color used to color the shape outline or interior
obj.getX(), obj.getY(), returns the left x, top y coordinates, width, and height of the shape
obj.getWidth(), obj.getHeight()
obj.move(dx, dy); adjusts location by the given amount
obj.setBackground(Color); sets overall window's background color
obj.setFilled(boolean); whether to fill the shape with color
obj.setFillColor(Color); what color to fill the shape with
obj.setColor(Color); what color to outline the shape with
obj.setLocation(x, y); change the object's x/y position
obj.setSize(w, h); change the objects width*height size

Colors
rect.setColor(Color.BLUE);

Color.BLACK, BLUE, CYAN, GRAY, GREEN, MAGENTA, ORANGE, PINK, RED, WHITE, YELLOW
Color name = new Color(r, g, b); // red, green, blue from 0-255

Mouse Events (A&S Ch. 10)

public void eventMethodName(MouseEvent event) { ...
events: mouseMoved, mouseDragged, mousePressed, mouseReleased, mouseClicked, mouseEntered, mouseExited

e.getX(), e.getY() the x or y-coordinate of mouse cursor in the window