Basic Windows Stuff

9x C:\windows\desktop NT4 C:\winnt\profiles\%user%\desktop 2k,XP C:\docs&set\%user%\desktop

[edit section]Win 9x
GDI 16bit, Kernel 32bit VMM 32bit Memory Manager WDM Windows Device Manager BIOS Post -> Real Mode (io.sys) -> Protected Mode (vmm32.vxd) -> rest Ifshlp.sys 16bit file access Setver backwards compatibility CTRL alters startup Primary partition 1 logical drive (OS) Extended partition many logical drives Fdisk Format Setup /d (if corrupt) /ir (no mbr update) /il (Logitech C mouse) /ih (scandisk) /in (no network steps) /id (no disk space check) /is (no scandisk)

/s (system disk) /q (quick) /mbr (fixes mbr) /f (floppy size) /u (unconditional) /autotext (totally automatic)

Setuplog.txt

Detlog.txt (Detected hardware) Msdos.sys autoscan 0,1 (prompt),2 (auto) bootfailsafe Safe mode display bootmulti 0,1 bootwin 0 (dos),1 (win) bootgui Dos, 9x bootmenu No menu, menu bootdelay n bootmenudefault 1-8 (startup menu) Attrib r h s msdos.sys (read, hidden, system) Drivers = protected mode bootwarn Safe mode warning message bootkeys Enables F keys network Safe mode w/network support logo Text, logo loadtop Command.com to conventional

[edit section]Win NT 4.0

Cannot access Fat32/HPFS (High performance) Cannot upgrade from 9x (registry) Fat16 = 2gb, Fat16(NT4) = 4gb Boot Phase, Load Phase Post MBR Preboot NTLDR<ref>Boot.ini (root dir/info), ntdetect.com, hal.dll</ref> OS Kernel User Mode OS Support for applications

Kernel Mode Isolates Hardware, Processor, IRQ, Exception Handling HAL Hardware Platform Support

VDM Virtual Dos machine. Isolates application in a DOS-like environment Uses ntvdm.exe<ref>Ntvdm is 16 bit</ref>, ntio.sys, ntdos.sys. Instruction execution unit (Non-intel processors) Windows On Windows processes wowexec.exe (win 3.1 emulation), wow32.dll (dll emulation), krnl386, user.gdi. Rest are similar to 3.1 versions. Hard for 16bit app to communicate out of ntvdm to a 32bit app. Domain logical group of computers PDC Primary Domain Controller SAM Security Accounts Manager (database) BDC Backup Domain Controller (Backup of SAM) HCL Hardware compatibility list NTHQ NT Hardware Qualifier RISC Reduced Instruction Set Chip (Fat16)

[edit section]Setup
Winnt.exe Setup from 16bit Winnt32.exe Setup from 32bit

/e:command /s:path /t:drive /u /udf /rx:dir

Runs command after GUI bit Source of files Temporary file directory Unattended install Creates uniqueness database file Creates a directory

Dualboot Win9x running on a Fat16 drive. Set 2nd OS to Fat16, use same directory for programs. Boot.ini <- edit OS loading menu as needed. System Partition Hardware specific files. Ntbootdd.sys SCSI boot if BIOS off. (Among other files)

[edit section]Booting
Preboot POST Boot Ntldr, ntldetect, ntoskrnl. Hardware detection Kernel Load Ntldr, ntoskrnl, low device drivers, HAL (NTLDR handover before HAL) Kernel Init Kernel takes over. High device drivers Logon Starts local security. Screg.exe Boot disk location d:\i386\winnt32.exe /ox ERD Emergency Repair Disk (run -> rdisk) Ntvdm.exe running 16bit applications. Separate one for each app.

directly accesses hardware wont run. VXD. LKGC Last known good configuration (hkey_local_machine\hardware)

[edit section]Win 2k
Server - 4gb max RAM, 2 processors max Advanced Server 2 computers combined, 64gb RAM, 8 processors Datacentre 16/32 processors Has USB, PnP support. NTFS, EFS (Encrypted File system), 32bit Fat32. Has MMC Microsoft Management console OnNow Hibernation Workgroup Simple collection of computers sharing files and printers Domain Share a security database

[edit section]Upgrade Paths

9x -> NT -> 2k 2k

WforWgrp -> NT -> 2k 3.x -> 9x -> 2k

Use Win2k readiness analyzer tool Winnt32 /checkupgradeonly RIS Remote installation service CD Network Setup Manager Winnt (16), winnt32.exe (32) Setup from shared network folder. Need i386 directory Uses answer files. * Fully automated, user specified

* GUI attended text part automated Disk Duplication Sysprep.exe, 3rd party imager used Single location. Risetup.exe Needs DNS, DHCP, Active Directory Rbfg.exe remote bootdisk Needs PXE, preboot execuation environment

RIS

Installation modes

de CDs, setup disk, winnt.exe

utostart, winnt32.exe

[edit section]Disk Preparation

Pro 620mb free (boot partition) Server 671mb free Need primary, active, system partitions. Fat16 2gb. Only for DOS etc dualboot Fat32 NTFS NTFS 5 . NT3.5 does NOT recognise 5. 9x/2000 dualboot. 2k as 2nd OS. Upgrade -> Install new copy. Need 2 extended partitions. Use fat32.

[edit section]Boot Process

POST INTL3 checks for boot device

Bootstrap Mbr to memory. 1st sector to 0x700h. Loads ntldr OS Drivers Kernel Services Logon Ntdetect.com, boot.ini, bootsect.dos. 32bit mode. Minuture NTFS/FAT loads boot.ini (ARC path problem if this fails). ARISC (Advanced RISC). Checks for ntoskrnl, HAL, video drivers. Checks Currentcontrolset. Loads drivers & logo. Initialises ntoskrnl. Hal, Bootvid, creates hardware hive. Calls session manager. Runs boot programs. Sets up paging file. Loads console logon and services controller. Clone control set to LKGC

PBODKSL Peter Bought Orla DK StrangeLove.

[edit section]Safe Boot Options

Press F8 Safe mode Boot logging Basic files only. Ntbtlog.txt Ntbtlog.txt

Directory Services Restore Restores sys vol, active directory service database Debug mode Serial cable logs on another PC (com2). Component Object model.

[edit section]Win XP
Home, Pro (2x CPU), 64 More reliable, system restore. Better 3d icons, 48x48 Account switching, help from support site

Internet firewall, connection sharing WMP 9, movie maker, scanner/camera Network, remote desktop, IEEE 802.11b Fat16 NT Fat32 9x NTFS Dualboot with 2k Domain membership not in Home Upgrade

users must be set

p wizard

98/ME upgrade need to do convert d:/fs:ntfs Dualboot Different partition. Select "I want to choose" prevents format.

[edit section]Recovery Console

After safe mode tried. Select WinCDROM at boot, or winnt32 /cmdcons More/type Expand rd Textfile display Unzips Removes folder

Disable/Enable listsvc Fixboot/fixmbr Bootcfg /scan

Services/Devices List of devices/services

List of OSes

Bootcfg /rebuild Replaces it Bootcfg /add Format /diskpart Has basic security only Appends it

[edit section]Applications etc

Computer Management Console (CMC)

uter Manage Connect to Computer & Event logs Microsoft Management Console (MMC)

ed version of CMC. "Tools Host" Device Manager Control Panel / Devices

Hardware tab of system properties / CMC

vice is ! with circle around it. Black !, yellow O. MSConfig.exe

System config utility

ng, better than text files Sysedit.exe

ditor

fig/win/system editors

i network

as .syd Edit

atch editor files

river needed

ochrome Extract.exe

from Windows CD (*.cab)

e) /L (Target) Format Format c:, or from MMC/CMC/shortcut /fs:ntfs NT4, 2k, XP /v:label 11 chars /q /c /x Quick Compressed NTFS Dismount /F:size FDD size

/T:tracks Tracks per size /s /b /c Adds system files Adds space for /s Check/verify clusters

/A:size cmd.exe

Allocation unit size

sion of command.com (NT4, 2k, XP)

ivation. /system32/cmd.exe

older

CLASSES_ROOT\FOLDER\SHELL\CMD HERE] @="Command &Prompt here"

CLASSES_ROOT\FOLDER\SHELL\CMD HERE] @="cmd.exe /k pushd %L"

nates after file run

s open after file run Rd Remove directory (rmdir) Attrib a (a = backup archive bit) Ver/setver

es name of OS

gives version tables

ates DOS version for a program [DRIVE.PATH]<FILE> <6.02>

E] Deletes from table [/QUIET] No message Mem * /c list of programs in memory * /d Details of memory areas /debug * /f lists free /free (9x) * /m Module eg: command.com (9x) * /p dir /p idea Autoexec.bat * echo Echoes commands on screen * mode Port settings etc * path Search path for executables * pause * prompt how c:\ displayed * rem comment

* set set blaster stuff more (/p idea) * Diskcopy a: a: /v (verify) * Xcopy Delete/Rename * del/erase * del /p (one by one, no recycle) * deltree * ren/rename

Partitions Primary

artup files, OS Data

mary that's marked as active (C:) Extended

ata. Only one. No startup

ision of extended. 23 max, 12 recommended. Boot Any partition with a startup file. System Primary with a startup file (Active Primary) Creation

ger (replaces fdisk) CMC -> In storage (diskmgmt.msc in run)

b, use fdisk.

Defrag

ogram Summary)

aplog.exe, applog.dtm

les/space), /u (files), /q (space), /noprompt Backup

Mon-Thur, one for Fri, one monthly (Child, Parent, Grandparent)

ntal Backup whatevers changed

tial Backup Modified files, archive bit changed

ackup.exe

ntbackup.exe

R Automatic System Recovery

D Emergency Repair Disk Scandisk

h Disk surface check

.log if selected

d Task Wizard Chkdsk

epair errors Check for crosslinked files etc

Check for damage /f Autofix /i Not as rigorous (NTFS)

/v FAT displays paths. NTFS cleanup message /c No cycles (NTFS) /r Recover /L Max logfile size

/x Forced Dismount

[edit section]File Systems [edit section]NTFS vs FAT

32k clusters. Not > 511mb. Use for FDD/small HDD

6,32k clusters. More space Security. Up to 2Tb. Partition size change irrelevant

EFS, compression, permission, recovery.

dualboot, not drive sharing on networks (FAT32,16 problems irrelevant)

ssions and EFS

etter for repair. Dynamic cluster reassigning

sion

ficient space management

roper clusters

[edit section]Conversion
16 to 32, 16 -> NTFS

de Drive Converter32 (cvt1.exe)

IOS. Some are incompatible with 32

les deleted if found

applications at hkey_local_machine\system\currentcontrolset\control\SessionManager\CheckBadApps400

cvt.exe)

o warning, /min ignore minimum drive recommendation

skip Scandisk, /hib Deletes hibernation stuff

dualboot found, convert to 32.

[edit section]File Naming convention

e Name (LFN)

yte records, 10 reserved, 22 for general Properties info

txt, also removes spaces

disk etc will erase LFNs

[edit section]NTFS File Compression

sion bit added to a file to be compressed

c decompression when accessed

a file inherits the compression state of the destination

s fragmented

older Options Show Compressed in Colour

s Advanced Compress

exe

press, /u decompress

[edit section]NTFS Encryption

P, 2k, but not XP Home

Data Recovery Agent (Authorized admin who can also decrypt file)

d file from encrypted folder stays encrypted if moved to unencrypted folder

properties General Advanced Encrypt Apply Confirm

[edit section]Permissions

s of files, usually set on server

ecurity Add User/Group

der Applied to subfiles

Modify file, cant change permissions

ecurity Edit Permissions

Lower folders get top folder permissions

-Based permissions

defaults

[edit section]Drivers

ardware (PnP)

dware (non PnP)

EVICE=A:\CDTECH.SYS /D:MSCD001

MSCDEX.EXE /D:MSCD001 /L:E /M:10

[edit section]Driver Updates

date Wizard (XP)

e Driver (Others)

elect Device, Properties

[edit section]Driver Signing

dows Hardware Quality Labs)

meets WHQL requirements

exe checks all apps, drivers usually in System32 folder

no interaction, sigverif.txt created File Protection in 2k, XP totally blocks some drivers

Panel System Hardware Driver Signing ME may work in XP (WDM Windows Driver Model). Older, no.

[edit section]Additional Windows Components

Windows Component Wizard (Add/Remove programs)

ernet Information Services

c.inf and remove "hide" from some

[edit section]Error Messages [edit section]Boot Errors

Dos compatibility mode Bad/missing file Error in config.sys Cannot open *.inf Missing System file VXD Failure An error message containing Kernel32 Invalid System Disk Bad/missing command.com System Registry files missing Insufficient Diskspace Real mode drivers used to access/Outdated BIOS Config.sys c/g<ref>Corrupt/Gone</ref> One of the files referenced gone Insufficient memory Command.com/io.sys/msdos.sys VXD missing Corrupt Kernel Boot sector virus/io.sys corrupt c/g System.dat/user.dat c/g

Invalid VXD Dynamic link call from IFSMGR Msdos.sys c/g Msconfig shows boot problems ASD Automatic Skip Driver (Use safe mode)

[edit section]Startup Errors

Himem.sys Config.sys line xx System.ini Device not found c/g, check version Check syntax & driver, do step-by-step Rename, creating minimal version System.ini, win.ini, registry

New device not working Safe mode Failed to start device MMC event viewer

[edit section]Windows Protection Errors

Usually VXD load/unload failure

mode driver fight (SB card configured differently in Dos and Windows)

y entry (regedit fix)

mmand.com corrupt or an early version

er loaded, after driver initialisation

AM conflict

s incorrect (cache or CPU timing)

malfunction or mainboard failure

e Ram/cache

ient32 on an Office 97 PC

[edit section]Safe Modes

safe mode, step by step, safe mode with prompt

xec/config, load/run in win.ini, boot, 386enh in system.ini

Safe mode & Network System restore

GA mode

[edit section]ASD.exe

p Driver Failure twice, ASD disables it

starting of a device override BIOS on restart

ideo POST and power state

space mapping, problems.

e on IRQ routing

nformation tools ASDagent.

[edit section]Troubleshooting

[edit section]Dr.Watson

rs, gives causes and OS snapshot

g or Watson001.log in win\drwatson

ar errors. For random, load at startup

tools Dr Watson. Or run drwatson.exe

[edit section]Event Viewer

l menu log size, overwrite options

menu event type to log

what hardware log comes from

bleshooting ID of the event

[edit section]Startup Disk

me

rograms startup disk create disk

Copy system files"

ERD

e, makeboot32.exe

oss 2k versions are not compatible ERD/recovery console

backup ERD select "also backup registry"

utomatic system recovery)

m partition

anced ASR preparation

[edit section]Configsafe

tection for all but ME

creation. Periodic/random

eneration

hanges in system files, drives, registry, etc.

[edit section]User Help Resources

websites etc

ource Kits CDRom with extra utilities

microsoft.com

support to support Get friend, Microsoft, forum

[edit section]Task Manager

XP Performance information

LT-Delete or CTRL-ALT-Escape in NT4,2k, or rightclick desktop opens a program (Under applications)

Charge VM and Page File use

Memory Ram/VM used by OS

[edit section]Device Manager

d list of hardware type thing SCSI. Three lines USB

disabled. Yellow ! problem/conflict but may be working

al settings, no problem. Green ? Driver not the one designed but works

Select All Devices (Report)

vice to uninstall

[edit section]WinMSD

sd

cs & Report

print, or .txt)

min tools diagnostics * /a complete report * /s summary report System report BIOS/cpu * /f send to file * /p send to printer Environment variable problem

Services " Startup values/errors Transport hardware MAC and protocols Drivers All drivers Further Misc stuff

[edit section]Common Problems [edit section]Printer

is ok and is default. Print test page

el all documents

OS but not windows, Properties advanced Print directly to printer and device manager

t print /D:lpt1 file1.txt

notepad but not other might be program

driver. Properties advanced new driver

ew cable or computer

[edit section]Printer Spool settings

rint job to buffer before printing

nt after first/last page is spooled

s details spool settings

EMF (default) or RAW (printer specific and takes longer)

[edit section]BSOD

rashes. Part of memory corrupt

e, memory address, text code, modules, kernel debugger given

nt HDD space for temp files

corruption Divide by 0 IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL Driver or IRQ crash

K_MODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED Bad device or driver config REGISTRY_ERROR INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP BAD_POOL_HEADER NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM KERNEL_DATA_INPAGE_ERROR NMI_HARDWARE_FAILURE Driver/SCSI terminator/Boot virus Memory problem Most recent change causing problem HDD corruption OS failed to read kernel data from page file HAL cant find error. Corrupt memory. Parity/non parity RAM mix

ons invalid page faults (reinstall components)

t path Application cant access working directory

[edit section]System Lockup

defrag, scandisk, cooling, cards, voltage, speed

If BIOS doesn't recognise CPU, upgrade it

g peripheral device

on unprocessable operation code. OS closed program

[edit section]Application install problem

s given

orrect use of an operation

virus

function

eck with Dr Watson

es / lack of HDD space

ms.txt in c:\windows for known issues.

[edit section]Service packs etc

ic issue many issues

rely new version

with everyone else logged off

tem recovery), backup, turn off virus scanners

[edit section]Viruses [edit section]Types

Traditional Attact to exe, stay in RAM. Payload is action it does

Trojan Horse Appears as legit. Does expected task as well as bad. Cannot replicate. Logic Bomb Worm Macro Boot sector Secretly in host until trigger Self replicating virus. Doesn't need trigger Scripts. Application specific. MSword one wont do bad in MSexcel. Infects other MSWord (say) files

phic Changes replicated version Conceals itself (returns good copy of boot sector if queried)

ng Tunnels all HDD-OS communication through itself.

[edit section]Virus Protection

m clean rescue disk only. Write protect

CDs etc

en email attachments

d file check.

o disabling option

kups

her people if infected

virus monthly

iveupdate in Norton, set how much to scan)

[edit section]OS Management

[edit section]Registry components

e user.dat, system.dat. policy.pol

er info. Logon/desktop/etc. Hidden in win directory

hardware info. PnP, application settings. ""

olicies that override above. Not mandatory file.

y. 5 files in a hive. Default, SAM, System, Software, Security

r config Accounts Manager) Passwords

ices/Services

vels/permissions

ntoskrnl during startup & ntdetect.com (hardware)

e initialisation using registry info stored in registry too

[edit section]Registry Structure

ubkeys -> Data items (Name/data/value/type)

Key_" take data from many of the 5 hives. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE HKEY_USERS_DEFAULT HKEY_CURRENT_USER HKEY_CURRENT_USER data, specific to PC. Associated with HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, CURRENTCONFIG andDYN_DATA. (98 system.dat, NT Sam/Security/Sys/Hardware) Profiles. (98 User.dat, NT default) 98 stored on startup. NT Account needed

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\software\classes HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\config HKEY_DYN_DATA Dynamic info. 9x, stored in RAM.

[edit section]Registry Editor

xe

keys on left, value entries on right.

menu Import/export/network

2.exe NT,2k

urity,options,window

t into Regedit

[edit section]Registry Checker

Scanreg (Real Mode Dos), Scanregw (Protected Mode Windows)

ckups daily, also made on successful boot

w checks, optimises, then backs up

b Stores user.dat, system.dat. win.ini, system.ini backup. In \windows\sysbckup, for 5 days.

w finds problem, reboots with scanreg.

[edit section]Registry Restore

pairs/regback

ecovery console.

m32\config. Rename files. Copy from backup.

[edit section]Windows 9x system files

unctions of DOS io.sys and msdos.sys. Helps initial interaction between OS and PC hardware

ext file. Config info for io.sys. Windows directory, does both windows or dos mode.

m Displays promot, executes commands.

[edit section]Legacy Files

fig Variables. Load TSRs, drivers

starts applications

hardware control. Break, buggers, device, files (max), install, rem, stack (interrupts). Sends info to io.sys files.

toring info for device deivers about how DOS applications are to be handled

rmation on config & wallpaper, data, fonts. Info usually stored in registry, here too for compatibility.

[edit section]NT4/2000 system files

boot.

S sections.

Timeout/default OS selection

List of OS, optional switches. /basevideo Loads in VGA /noguiboot No graphic on boot Driver display when loading

/crashdebug Only if Kernel error /sos /debug /debugport Port select /maxmem

selected OS

Boot sector of installed OSes previous to 2k4. Legacy dualboot

Test hardware, passes to ntldr

Used if boot partition on SCSI device

ll, system, device drivers.

[edit section]x Memory

for ease

, linear memory, using VM

Conventional DOS programs

mb loading DOS drivers

88kb High mem. DOS loaded here

st XMS (Extended)

panded) can make large amount of memory available. 64k EMS window. Loaded here, then transferred to expanded. 32mb through a card. emm/himem in 9x. 9x internal stuff more efficient

Dos Protected Mode interface). Many programs in XMS. Creates Virtual Machines mode. OS allocated resources.

areas/amounts shown)

[edit section]NT4, 2k, XP memory

old DOS modes via Virtual Computers

it, linear memory. VMM + HDD memory (Physical & HDD)

b OS (Kernel memory)

d User memory

iven a VM address. VMM transfers it to physical memory address

en into 4kb pages (efficient size)

ages swapped from HD to RAM

d to decide which. Longest in there goes to HDD.

ry allowed access each others VM space.

[edit section]VM and the VMM

RAM. Hard page fault

wp, NT, 2k, XP pagefile.sys <- process section in Performance Monitor

[edit section]Disk Cache

n RAM. Stores data being written/read from the HDD

er sends data to processor. Caching program reads whats next before its needed, loads to RAM. (faster)

he needs no system RAM but travels over many buses (slower).

e uses system RAM (faster). Over system bus (fastest)

ffers = [x] in config.sys

martdrive. 16bit real mode.

32bit real mode. Better than Smartdrive

Automated caching.

[edit section]Networking Technologies [edit section]Network Types

kgroups

ised. User added, must be made to all systems

Workstations. Partially centralised. Need permissions/location of resource

ory (AD). All objects. Domain Controller (DC). Centralised. Do not need to know location of resource. Multiple, grouped domains. ~Millions of objects possible

[edit section]Adapter Configuration

N/modem/serial/parallel/USB/infrared

s restart. Drivers needed for legacy.

operties in Device Manager

tab Type, manufacturer, status, location, troubleshooting

d Properties

Driver Details, update, rollback, uninstall

es All resources & settings. I/O, DMA, IRQ, memory addys.

Management Standby, wake on LAN etc.

[edit section]TCP/IP Overview

address of destination and destination network included

connect different network types (and PSTN) efficient, efficient delivery (good for Internet) addressing scheme

[edit section]TCP/IP Manual vs. Automatic

suming, errors. Small network only

s, subnet mask, gateway for each computer manually.

afe, reliable, configured automatically)

move computers without reassigning them

[edit section]ISP Services

of Presence. ISP locations.

ovided Private Network

[edit section]SMTP, Pop, IMAP

e Mail Transfer Protocol

fice Protocol

et Message Access Protocol

. SMTP for sending.

or without SMTP

ited queueing, so POP3/IMAP help

POP/IMAP receive

ssing message from a PC.

held by mail server

heading/sender

al server access. Remote file server, basicially

e and forward"

[edit section]HTML

rkup Language

</xxx>

pendent, content based

[edit section]HTTPS

er SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) (HTTP = Port 80)

sends request, informing server about what it supports.

nds cert and its public key

makes secret key and encrypts with servers public key

server

crypts with its own private key

e read without these keys.

[edit section]SSL

ape

CP/IP, below HTTP, IMAP, SMTP

dshake protocol Authentication.

Hello" information on RSA etc, and two random numbers. Client number and SSL session

Hello" confirms.

ansport Layer Security. Standardized version of SSL3.

ce and identifying data not secure, but data is.

[edit section]Telnet
emulator. Logon to remote device and run program 23

n work on server through terminal

otiation of flow control, screen size, terminal type (ANSI, VT52/100/220/TM3270)

eteachonline.com 25 (80 for webserver)

rt telnet for general management

[edit section]FTP

hrough command line

chonline.com

Password)

ye text. Binary rest. Use auto though.

[edit section]Configuring Networks [edit section]DHCP & BootP

r) Bootstrap Protocol

ds IP, subnet mask and default gateway.

ess workstations. Send a UDP BootP request

nd to MAC addresses with IP information temporary or leased IP addresses

DHCP message requesting IP DHCPDISCOVER Reply with DHCPOFFER. From many servers, computer picks one. DHCPREQUEST DHCPACK DHCPNAK ARP Request Accepting offer. "Lease ID cookie" IP address committed Completion of process If process fails Checks if IP address already used. If so, DHCPDECLINE sent.

Allocation without DHCP server (Win 98+). If APIPA cant find DHCP it uses 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254. These aren't used on the Internet

Class B Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0

ot suitable for Internet. No DNS.

[edit section]DNS

Name System. Replaces IP address with a name

ores domains in inverted tree structure. "Domain Name Space"

main ICANN. Assigned names and numbers.

domain names, IP addresses, protocol/port numbers, oversee stable operation of root DNS servers.

Country Code Top Level Domain

olvers Must access one name server, or do a referral.

vers use caching

[edit section]WINS
Internet Naming Service names to IP addresses (NetBios names to IP addresses)

DNS names

TS file contains mapping. Manually done, bad for big network.

a request, computers respond with their IPs. Will not work through routers.

rver does it through Unicast. Works through routers.

s into Name/Client services

gisters name & IP with WINS server. Multiple WINS servers in a big network, synchronizing their data tables. B-Mode Broadcasts for NetBIOS

P-Mode

Name registered and resolved with WINS

M-Mode Tries B mode then P mode H-Mode Tries P mode then B mode

sts for backward compatibility.

[edit section]TCP/IP Configuration

e = static IPs IP/DNS Automatically"

distinguishes network and host. Eg 192.168.10.1

ifier = 192.168.0.0

10.1

ay Defines route for external network (router)

b appears when Auto IP from DHCP selected no DHCP available

[edit section]IPX/SPX
model

PX, NCP, SAP, IPX

s, datagram based IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) routes packets through network for transparency SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) ensures packets are in correct sequence NCP (Netware Call Protocol) satisfies application requests (e.g. security, synchronisation) NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) reduces bandwidth wasted by RIP RIP (Routing Information Protocol) dynamic exchange and updating of routing info SAP (Service Advertising Protocol) SAP table. allows servers to advertise themselves every 60sec. Stored on each server and router.

etwork needs unique address 32bit 1 to FFFFFFE

have unique node address 48bit value from MAC must be prevented

[edit section]Appletalk

254 devices, 127 nodes, 127 servers.

253 devices, any combination

nded Labelled 1-1024, one Zone. Many numbers, done on Cable Range.

Addressable location (DDP)

Apple PM, printer, software. Socket in Node Cables, with many nodes

What the admin decides will be included. ADSP (Appletalk Data Stream Protocol) Duplex. Ensures delivery of data AEP (Appletalk Echo Protocol) Determines if node can be accessed and length of time for packet to get there AFP (Appletalk Filing Protocol) App/Pres layer. Permits application to work with files on servers and sharing. ASP (Appletalk Session Protocol) Transport/Session layers. Asymmetric, Session of OSI. Establishes sessions between client and server ATP (Appletalk Transaction Protocol) Sequencing, resending lost packets DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol) Network layer. Forwards packets between sockets. Relies on others. LAP (Link Access Protocol) Data Link layer. Selects from and switches hardware. RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol) Keeps routing table and determines best way to forward frame ZIP (Zone Information Protocol) Lets apps get the zone name and network details ETHERtalk, TOKENtalk, LOCALtalk, FDDItalk. Various implementations.

[edit section]NetBEUI

de of NetBIOS

n a LAN. No routing.

Dynamically allocates memory.

otection. 2k, 2k3, XP use TCP/IP

OS frame. Better than NetBEUI. Better than 254 session, 8 bit NetBIOS.

fic high. Does cache MAC addresses

Must bridge connections, which is bad.

[edit section]Internet Technologies [edit section]Types of access

use modems, some use CSU/DSU (Channel/data service unit)

Rate Interface

x D @16k. (Signalling & Admin)

devices

routes to devices

ll on hold (Multiple Call Appearances)

Rate Interface)

Private Branch Exchange)

U (30B+D), 1.5 US, Asia (23B+D)

r nB+D bandwidth allocation of T1/E1 bandwidth

odems Up to 36mbps downstream

th distributed among many homes

ypted

otprint"

2-3m dish), Ku Band (18 inch dish) and Ka bands.

atellites

an AP. Wired -> Wireless

/NIC

ent to Network OS

AN

a Close workstations, high bandwidth, continuous connectivity

ased lines, continuous or intermittent connectivity. LANS, a combination of wired & wireless

tches, Leased.

[edit section]Browser Script Support

tab of tools Select "JIT compiler for VM enabled"

t Preferences Advanced Select "Enable Java" and "Enable native object scripting"

[edit section]Proxy Servers

s tab Lan Settings Use Proxy

it Preferences Advanced Proxies Set Auto Proxy Config URL

tscape "Privacy and Security"

[edit section]Firewalls

ection technology"

raffic that matches entry in its table

can be set to log accepted/denied or both)

Network Connections Properties Advanced "Protect my computer."

[edit section]Internet Software [edit section]IPConfig & WINIPConfig

wn

CP shown

ives Host/Ethernet Adapter infos

DNS, Node type, Scope ID

Adaptor WINS etc

" sends DHCPRELEASE (Giving up IP)

sends DHCPREQUEST

r /renew do the same

ick network connection, support tab, details.

/all

successful, its shown. /? Gives list of commands /displayDNS Displays cache contents /flushDNS Purges cache /showclassID

FConfig

s status of all interfaces

[edit section]Ping/Tracert

ter Network Groper

quest" and "Echo reply"

wn TCP/IP stack "Loopback address" 127.0.0.1

h TTL changing. TTL=1. Error generated, sent back with IP, result given.

op. TTL=2. Error, sent back, result.

TTL=n

<ip>"

[edit section]NSLookup

ves a > . Enter hostname.

xx>" (A) 32bit IP4 address Canonical Name (CNAME) Alias DNS Mail Xchanger (MX) Message Routing Name Server (NS) Responsibilty for Zones "Authoritative" Pointer (PTR) Location in DNS space Start of Authority (SOA) Mailbox, serial number etc. Service (SRV) Single DNS Domain. Designating Backups.

.com

Name" = alt DNS

[edit section]Resource Sharing [edit section]Folders

ing must be installed.

sharing.

[edit section]Share Permissions

s (but not locally)

trol All, but no modifying of sharing properties)

st view and run)

bine with NTFS permissions. If the two are not the same, the more restrictive is used.

[edit section]Printer Sharing

ter wizard or Properties/sharing

ct "Browse for Printer"

[edit section]Miscellaneous

shared folders in Win 95

on ERD fixes command.com

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