Syllabus:

1. Computer Basics: Organization of a computer, Central Processing Unit (CPU), input/ output
devices, computer memory, memory organization, back- up devices, PORTs, Windows Explorer.
Keyboard shortcuts.
2. Software: Windows Operating system including basics of Microsoft Office like MS word, MS Excel
and Power Point etc..
3. Working with Internet and e-mails: Web Browsing & Searching, Downloading & Uploading,
Managing an E-mail Account, e-Banking.
4. Basics of networking and cyber security: Networking devices and protocols, Network and
information security threats (like hacking, virus, worms, Trojan etc.) and preventive measures.

Windows explorer- keyboard shortcuts.

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/keyboard-shortcuts-in-windows-dcc61a57-8ff0-cffe-9796-
cb9706c75eec#WindowsVersion=Windows_10

Ms office shortcuts
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/keyboard-shortcuts-in-word-95ef89dd-7142-4b50-afb2-
f762f663ceb2
Computer Basics: Organization of a computer, Central Processing Unit (CPU), input/ output devices,
computer memory, memory organization, back- up devices, PORTs, Windows Explorer. Keyboard shortcuts

Computer organisation

Computer- an electronic machine- takes I/P, processes, gives O/P

 Combination of hardware and software
 I/P- in form of instructions. These instructions constitute a program. Many such programs together
form a software.
o OS, antivirus, etc—software applications
Working
 Hardware
1) Processing hardware- CPU
2) Peripheral devices- user interaction.
 Software- programs, OS, data in the memory or
storage devices.
 Block diag-
 Broadly 4 functions-
1) Receive I/P
2) Process info- arithmetic, logical
operations
3) Store info
4) Produce O/P

Components
1. I/p devices
2. CPU
3. Memory- storage of data and instructions.
a. Hard disk, pendrive etc.
4. O/P devices

I/P devices
 Get data/ insructions from user.
1. Keyboard:
o QWERTY keyboard used generally. 104 keys.
o Num lock section- 17 keys.
2. Mouse
o Electromechanical device.
o Pointing device- control mvt of cursor/ pointer.
o 1/2/3 buttons.
3. Scanner
o Read text/ image/ code printed on paper. Translate into computer readable form.
o Digitizes an image.
o Divides it into grid of boxes. Each box represented by 0 or 1, depending on whether box
filled or not.
o Resulting matrix of bits= bit map- stored in file/ displayed on screen/ manipulated by
programs.
o Cannot distinguish text and illustration. Hence scanned text cannot be edited.
to edit OCR system to translate the image into ASCII.
OCR- reads text from paper, translates the images to computer understandable
form. Used to convert books, magazines etc. into digital forms.
o MICR
o OMR
Aka mark sense reader
4. Bar code reader
 o Photoelectrics scanner.
5. Digitizing tablet (digitizers, graphic tablets, touch tablets, tablets)
o Enables to enter drawing/ sketches into computer.
o Consists of electronic tablet and a cursor or pen.
o Cursor (called pluck) is similar to mouse, except
Window with cross hair for pinpoint placement.
Upto 16 buttons.
o Pen (stylus)- uses electronic head.
o Tablet contains electronic field  detect mvt of cursor or pen, and translate the mvt
into digital signals.
6. Light pen
o Uses light sensitive detector to select objects on display screen.
7. Speech I/P-
o When combined with appt software voice recognition system.
o Eg operation using voice commands.
o Microphones, mic etc.

CPU
Microcomputers- CPU is based on a single chip Microprocessor
Below components-
1. Control Unit
a. Manages instructions.
b. Coordinates activities of all other units.
i. By instructing them how to carry out program’s instructions.
c. Reads, interprets instructions from memory transform to signals to be executed or
stored.
d. Also directs mvt of these electronic signals b/w memory and ALU, or I/O devices.
e. Hence controls transfer of data b/w various units of computer.
f. Conceptually, it fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, directs others.
2. ALU
a. 2 operations- arithmetic, logical
b. Arithmetic- add, subtract, multiply, shifting
c. Logical- Boolean comparisons- AND, OR, NOT
3. Memory registers.
a. Registers memory units. They are a spl storage area, that holds data and instructions
temporarily during processing. Generally hold data for less than a millisecond.
b. Internally located in CPU. Hence low processing time.
c. To locate data/ instructions in main memory address.
d. Temporary. Info stored only as long as computer is on.

Sequence: I/P Processing storage Output.

O/P devices
1. Monitor
a. Aka Visual Display unit
b. Various sizes. Std size- 24 lines by 80 characters.
c. O/p on monitor—soft copy.
d. 2 types- CRT, TFT- LCD
e. CRT (Cathode ray tube)- not used today. Old, bulky, lot of electricity.
f. TFT- LCD Thin film transistor- Liquid Crystal Display
i. Lighter, less space, consume electricity.
ii. Aka flat screen display
g. Nowadays LED monitors.
2. Printer
a. Dot matrix
 i. Uses a print head to print characters.. print head moves back and forth/ up and down
on the page.
ii. Ink soaked cloth ribbon laid against paper print head strikes on it. Characters formed
from dots are printed.
b. Ink-jet
i. Spray ionized ink on paper.
ii. Magnetic plates in ink’s path direct the ink on paper.
iii. Better print than dot matrix
iv. Generally resolution of 300 dots per inch
v. Aka line printers. Bcoz o/p produced line by line.
vi. Portable. Bcoz small mechanical parts.
c. Laser
i. Works on principle of photocopier
ii. Uses a laser beam to produce image on a drum light of laser alters the electric
charge on the drum, wherever it hits drum rolled through a toner—picked up by
charged portions of drum. This toner is then transferred to paper (using heat and
pressure).
iii. Entire page is transmitted to drum before toner is appliedPage printers.
d. Thermal printer
i. Use of electrically heated pins against spl heat sensititve paper.
ii. Calculators, fax
iii. Low quality. Fades in few days.
3. Plotter
a. Draw chart/ map/ graph etc with 2 or more automated pens.
b. Drum plotter
i. Paper around a moving drum. Pens move on paper.
c. Flatbed plotter
i. Flat surface. On which paper is placed. Pens move.
d. Electrostatic plotter
i. Negatively charged paper, positively charged toner.
e. More expensive than printer.
f. Engg drawings, architectural drawings etc.
4. Speakers

Memory Unit

While doing any task, only primary memory used. Data/ instructions copied into primary memory- from i/p
devices or secondary memory.
When the program is copied in primary memory, computer can instantly follow them.

Bit= binary digit

8 bits= 1 byte (capacity defined in terms of bytes/ words).

Primary/ int storage several small storage locations—cells.

Each cell can store fixed no of bits—word length (1 byte)
Each cell- unique address.

ROM
1. PROM- store program on PROM chip. Once written, unchangeable. Not lost if power off.
EPROM- complete
2. EPROM- rewritable. Erasing- UV light exposure. To reprogram, spl programming facility. But,
EE- partial erase possible
when in use- information can only be read.
3. EEPROM- like EPROM. Erasing- electrical signals. + need not erase completely. Partial
modification possible.
 Memory

Primary memory Secondary

- directly accessible by CPU/ processor - Eg. Hard disk, CD,
- main memory/ internal memory pendrive, floppy,
magne c disk.
- Vola le
- located inside or
- Data storage, retrieval faster than secondary outside the
memory. computer.
- more expensive than secondary.

RAM ROM

- possible to randomly select and - read only. No wri ng/ modifica on.
use any loca on of memory,
- not vola le. Permanent.
directly to store and retrieve
data. -std processing programs supplied by manufacturers.

- read/ write memory.  BIOS (basic i/p o/p system)

- vola le. - examines/ ini alises start up process.

- checks various peripheral devices.

- PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

Cache memory-
 CPU speed >> access time to main memory. Hence CPU speed dec due to slow speed of main
memory. Hence, a small memory chip- b/w CPU and main memory- access time very close to
processing time/ speed of CPU. This is cache memory.
 Accessed faster than RAM.
 Store program/ data currently executed. Or data frequently used by computer.
 Very expensive. Hence used in limited amount.
 Aka CPU memory.
o Integrated directly with CPU chip, or
o Placed separately on motherboard.

Secondary memory

2 things
 Operating speed of primary memory should be should be fast to cope with CPU speed.
o Such devises v. expensive.
 Storage capacity of main memory limited.
Hence, additional memory needed—auxiliary memory, secondary storage.
 Low cost per bit of storage.
  Slower speed
 Huge volume of data, permanent storage.

Primitive secondary storage devices

1. Magnetic tape
a. Large computers like mainframe- large volume of data for long time.
b. Inexpensive.
2. Magnetic disk
a. Like gramophone
b. Data stored on both surfaces of disk.
c. No of concentric circles- tracks- information recorded on tracks in form of tiny magnetic
spots. Presence of spot= 1, absence= 0.
d. Erasable. Rewritable.
3. Floppy disk
a. 3.5 inch in diameter. 3.5” capacity- 1.44 MB
b. Cheaper, portable.
c. Very small storage. Hence obsolete now.
4. Hard disk
a. Most common
b. Generally inside CPU.
c. Set of numerous disks stacked one above
other. Cylindrical spindle in between.
d. Data recorded electromagnetically in form of
concentric circles called tracks. Tracks
divided into blocks.
e. Read/ write head—moves horizontally/
vertically to read/ write data on disks.
5. Optical disk
a. With every application/ software, demand for more memory. Hence optical disk.
b. CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-R/W, DVD
c. CD- ROM (compact disk- read only memory)
i. Reflective metal.
ii. Written while mfg, using high power laser beam.
iii. Storage density high, storage cost low.
iv. Fast access
v. ~4.5” in diameter. Can hold over 600MB.
vi. Read only
d. CD- R (recordable)
i. Used to write data on them, if computer has CD writer- spl laser light to write data on
blank CD. this is called burning- writing data.
ii. Now, this info cannot be modified. New information can be added, but already burnt
parts cannot be edited.
e. CD- R/W (read/write)
i. Both reading and writing
ii. Write erase rewrite.
f. DVD (digital versatile disk)
i. Larger storage.
ii. A single sided DVD—upto 4.7 GB. Hence used to store movies, audio/video files etc.
6. Flash memory/ solid state memory
a. Storage awa data transfer.
b. Evolved over EEPROM. But different bcoz Data erased in flash drive at block level. Hence
writing/ erasing and rewriting data- block level.
c. Mobile phones, USB drives, tablets, digital cameras, etc.
d. Least expensive.
e. Non volatile, use less power.
 f. Very fast access time.
g. Higher resistance to kinetic shock, than HDD.
h. Durable
i. Withstand extreme pressure and temperature.
j. Memory card in phones, dig camera—flash memory.
k. SD card (secure digital card), memory stick, MMC (multimedia card)
l. Pen drive
i. Pen like shape
ii. USB port.
iii. Functions as portable hard drive.
iv. Aka thumb drive.

Memory accessing modes/ addressing mode- how a memory location accessed.

1. Direct/ Random access
a. Direct access. Hance data access in any order. Hence random.
b. Fast and flexible.
c. Any piece of data can be returned in constant time, regardless of physical location or previous
access.
d. The web uses direct memory access mode.
2. Sequential access
a. Data read in sequence.
b. To display 4th record, reading starts from 1st- then
2nd, then 3rd and then 4th.
c. Slow. Esp when data to be read is at the end.
d. Generally magnetic storage.
e. Hard disk, CD ROM.

System Security and Data security

Covers ensuring privacy, prevent unauthorised access awa accidental/ intentional damage.
Encryption, backup, data masking, scrambling etc.

Ports
Monitor, keyboard, printer etc. peripheral devices connected to computer/ CPU through ports.
1. Serial ports- transmits data 1 bit at a time.
a. Single wire- that transmits 8 bits of data.
b. Also, a start byte before each byte of data. And a stop bit after the byte.
c. Aka COM port or RS232C port.
d. 9 pin or 25 pin male connector.
e. Eg. Mouse.
2. Parallel ports
a. 8 bits at a time. All in parallel.
b. 25 pin female connector
c. Printer, scanner, ext HDD.
3. USB port
a. Unviersal serial bus
b. Nowadays almost all peripheral devices, printer, scanner etc.
4. InfraREd port
a. Sends/ receive ray of light of infrared frequency from one device to another.
b. TV remotes.
c. Wireless keyboards, wireless mouse.
5. Bluetooth
a. Short range wireless communication.
b. Telecommunication industry specific. Connect mobile, computer etc
c. Max range= 10m
Classification of computers
1. Analog-
a. cts and physical qty—temperature, voltage etc.
b. less acurate than digital.
c. Engg, scientific applications. Eg BP monitoring m/c.
2. Digital
a. Faster, more accurate than analog.
b. Scientific and business purpose. Digitally programmed watches.
c. Micro-
i. Microprocessor chip used.
ii. Offices, homes, schools etc.
iii. Mobile computers
1. Hand held
2. Limited capability
3. Eg. Smartphone
4. Generally touch screen
iv. Portable personal
1. Laptop, notebook, tablet
2. Larger than mobile computer, but easy to carry.
v. Desktop PC
1. Installed on table/ desk.
2. Large, heavy.
3. Not portable.
d. Mini
i. Faster operating speed, larger storage than micro.
ii. Servers in multiuser envrt.
iii. Support large no of high speed I/O devices.
iv. Many users can simultaneously work.
v. Small biz org with 50-100 members use minicomputer as their server.
e. Mainframe
i. Larger capacity, size.
ii. Huge, expensive
iii. Support 100s of users at a time.
iv. Multi processor system
v. Large organisations like railways—centralised data for entire railway reservation
system is maintained.
f. Supercomputer
i. Most powerful
ii. Multiprocessor system
iii. V high processing speed. Ultrafast.
iv. Weather forecast, space research, molecular modelling.
3. Hybrid
a. Both analog and digital
b. Weather forecast.
Working with Internet and e-mails: Web Browsing & Searching, Downloading & Uploading, Managing
an E-mail Account, e-Banking.

Internet history
1969—ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)—beginning of internet.
 Exclusively for military purpose.
 Could withstand bombing, nuclear attack.
 NCP- national control protocol. Soon replaced by TCP/IP- breaks msg into packets.
o TCP- break, reassemble
o IP- dispatch, addressing, right routing
o TCP/IP allowed multiple n/w, with multiple protocols to connect to ARPANET.
 Soon merged with non govt and academic networks. Eventually became larger, complex.
1979—it came to be called internet.
 Internet is a network of worldwide computer networks.

Getting connected to internet

Requirements
 PC with requisite software including browser.
 Telephone connection/ leased line- modem

Need to contact, sign up with ISP (bsnl, Vodafone etc) to connect to internet/

Types of interent connection

1. Dial up
a. oldest
b. Basic connection available from ISP
c. Using computer, dial a phone no (of ISP), via modem to get connected to server at provider’s
end through which you access internet.
d. Can’t use phone line for phone call as long as connected to internet.
e. Very slow (28-56 kB speed)
f. Benefit- economical for low usage.
2. DSL
a. Digital Subscriber Line
b. No need to dial a phone no to connect. Always on.
c. 2 lines, so that phone is not tied up.
d. Uses a router to transport data
e. Speed: 128kb to 8MBps. Even more too.
f. Most common form of home internet, small businesses.
3. Cable modem broadband connection
a. Connectivity to internet over cable lines.
b. One of the best nowadays for home user.
c. Very fast, reliable.
d. Cable line—high bandwidth, speed upto 20Mbps
4. Wireless (Wifi)-
a. No telephone line or cable.
b. Uses radio frequency
c. Always on.
d. Accessible from anywhere. Speed vary. 5-20 Mbps
e. More expensive than DSL, cable.
5. Satellite
a. Delayed connection compared to cable and DSL. Bcoz signal communication b/w satellite
and receiver
b. Ideal for those who travel a lot, or live in isolate locations- other methods not possible.
c. Most expensive. Not very fast.
d. Speed 512- 2MBps
 6. Cellular
a. Wireless internet through mobile phones.
b. Speed depends on service provider. Generally 3G, 4G.

Working of internet
What happens to a piece of data (eg a web page), when it is transferred over internet.
1. Piece is broken into packets.
2. A header is attached to each packet. This explains where it came from, where it should end up, how
it fits in with other packets.
3. Each packet is then sent over network, until it finds its destination.
4. At destination, packets are examined. If packets are missing/ damaged, a message is sent asking for
those packets. This continues until all packets received intact.
5. Reassembling of packets into original form.
Each computer connected to internet has a software called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)—responsible for receiving/ sending/checking packets.

Internet terminologies/ jargon

1. www (world wide web) or web
a. collection of electronic docs (web pages), linked together. These docs are stored on
computers called servers located around the world.
2. Web page
a. Electronic document, written in HTML language (Hyper text markup language)
b. Unique address- URL- identifies its location on internet.
3. Hyperlinks
a. Identify the URL for easy access.
4. Website
a. One or more webpages. Of a particular company/ organisation/ individual.
b. First page- home page- act as index, indicating the content on site.
c. Hyperlink of other webpages of that particular website.
5. Web server
a. It is a computer
b. Stores webpages.
c. Accepts requests from users, and serves them with web pages.
d. Connected to internet 24x7
e. Eg. IIS (Internet information server), apache
6. Hyperlink
a. An element in electronic doc that links to another place in same document, or entirely new
document. Sometimes to play audio/ video, sometimes download etc.
b. Usually underlined, different colour. Sometimes graphics.
7. HTML
a. Language that contains some keywords- tags- used for writing docs on the web.
8. URL
a. Indicates where a doc is stored on
the web.
b. Every page- unique URL- address.
9. IP (Internet protocol) address
a. Unique address that computing
devices like PC, tab, smartphones
192.192.192.192 use to identify itself, and
255.255.255.255
valid.
communicate with other devices in the IP network.
b. Any device connected to IP n/w- must have unique IP address.
c. Form- xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx  xxx represents 3 digit no- 0 to 255. Eg. 192.100.3.92
d. To view IP address, use IPCONFIG command line tool in command prompt.
i. Open command prompt: start > all programs > Accessories > command prompt
DNS- Domain name system
Every host (computer linked to internet) has a unique host number called IP address.
 4 digit no (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx – 4 digits) of host. Difficult to remember.
 Solution- domain name. It is a std for resolving names to addresses.
 Domain name is a unique name of individual host site on the internet. Phonebook of internet.
 Hence, every computer on internet- both domain name and IP address.
 To connect to any host through domain name, require some mechanism that converts your (user’s)
domain name to IP address.

 Hence DNS mostly used to translate b/w domain names and IP. Like a directory.

Internet Address

Unique
 Domain name or IP address.
Eg. www. nios.ac.in  domain name of host computer
named nios, .ac stands for academic area, .in stands for
geographical domain India.

Highest level/ Rightmost part  .in / .com / .org

etc.  represents type of organisation to which
domain belongs or a country.

Web Browser
1. Software to access www.
2. Aka client software
3. Retrieves data from remote web servers and displays a web page.
4. Through this, user sends request to internet server to access info. Server processes the request and
responds with required information as a web page to the user.

Search engine
1. Software designed to find information, stored on a computer system like www, or a personal
computer.
2. To search exact words in resulting pages- use quotation marks “” around the phrase in search box.
3. Most search engines- ‘AND’ is default operator. Hence, any words you enter in search box- must
exist on resulting page.
4. A hyphen before a word (-abcd)  pages including that word be omitted from search results.
a. Eg. Search for wise -geek  search results include wise, exclude geek.
5. Order of words in search box important. Hence enter important words first.
6. Case (capital or small) is generally irrelevant.
7. Enter maths question. Eg. 33/4. It provides the answer
8. Unit conversions.

E-mail
1. Working
a. E mail passes from one computer (mail server), to another, as it travels over interenet.
b. Once it arrives at destination mail server, it is stored in an electronic mailbox, until the
recipient retrieves it.
c. Just an account on a mail server is needed.
d. To send email
 i. Internet connection
ii. Access to mail server that forwards your mail.
e. Std protocol for sending email- SMTP—simple mail transfer protocol
i. It works in conjunction with POP servers (Post Office Protocol)
ii. When we send email, our computer sends/ routes it to SMTP server. The server looks
at email address, and then forwards it to recipient’s mail server. From here, recipient
retrieves it.
2. Email address- 2 main parts
a. User ID: jokeidst recepient’s mailbox. Followed by ‘@’
b. Host/ domain name gmail  mail server—computer where recipient has e mailbox. Ends
with dot (.). followed by 3/ more letters (.com / .gov)—indicates top level domain.
3. User names
a. Can contain—letters, numbers, periods (.)
b. Cannot- space, more than one period, @#&=_’-+,()<> etc.
c. Limited in length
4. Email msg- 2 parts
a. Header- To/ CC/ BCC/ Subject
i. More than 1 recipient- separated by comma.
b. Footer/ body- main msg

Social networking
Facebook, twitter, linkedin etc

1) Google + / G+
a. Circles- kind of grp
b. Hangout- videochat. 10 max
c. Huddle- communication within a circle only.
d. Instant upload- android phone feature- upload photo/ video to a pvt album- easy sharing later.
e. Sparks- search by content. Eg spark for computer could be created.
2) Linkedin
a. Connect only with frnd of frnd, frnd of frnd of frnd and so on.
3) Instant messaging (IM)
a. Communicate with sb in real time on internet.
b. Kind of online chat. Real time text transmission
c. Sometimes advanced
d. Skype, whatsapp etc.

FTP
Telnet
Discussion groups
Basics of networking and cyber security: Networking devices and protocols, Network and information
security threats (like hacking, virus, worms, Trojan etc.) and preventive measures.

1. Data communication
a. Some std methods. These involve transfer of electrical signals along conductor/ op fibre/
wireless devices using satellites.
2. Basic elements of communication system
a. Sender transmitter channel reciver info receiver
b. Transmitter- convert info to transmissible form
c. Channel- physical medium or communication channel used to send info from transmitter to
receiver.
d. Receiver- receives info
3. Transmission modes
a. 3 ways- simplex, half
duplex, full duplex
b. Simplex-
unidirectional data
transfer. Receiver
only receives data.
Cannot communicate
back to sender.
c. Half duplex- send
data in both directions. But sender can either receive or send the data at one time. Not
simultaneous.
d. Full duplex- bidirectional. Simultaneous.
4. Analog and digital transmission
a. Data transmission through electrical signals- dig or
analog.
b. Analog- cts signal. Transmit voice, data, image, etc.
i. Eg. Telephones- sound vibrations converted to
electrical vibrations of same shape.
c. Digital- discrete states.
i. Eg light bulb- on or off.
ii. Eg digital clock- discrete units of time. Eg 1 minute. No change until next minute.
iii. Signal- simpler than analog.
5. Terms
a. Electromagnetic spectrum-
b. Bandwidth-
i. Range of frequencies that make a signal. 3 major classes
ii. Narrowband
1. Upto 64 kbps
2. Aka DS-0 (digital signal level 0) channel.
3. Fundamental increment on which digital networks were built. This metric of
64kbps was initially derived on basis of understanding of what it takes to carry
voice digitally through a n/w. when these 64kbps channels are combined, we
get wideband transmission rates.
iii. Wideband
1. More than 64 kbps
2. Wider bandwidth than voice channel.
3. Usually contrasted with narrowband.
iv. Broadband
1. Most modern
2. > 2Mbps
3. Carries several data channels over a common wire.
c. Transfer rate
 i. Amt of data transmitted in given time. Usually in a second.
6. Transmission media
a. Guided or unguided
b. Guided
i. Provides physical path b/w transmitter and receiver.
ii. Includes- twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fibre
iii. Twisted pair- 2 insulated copper wires typically 1 mm thick. Twisted together- helical
shape.
1. Local telephone communications use these
iv. Coaxial- a stiff copper wire as core, surrounded by insulating amterial.
1. Higher data rate over long distances
v. Optical fibre- superior data handling and security.
1. Each fibre- inner core of glass or plastic that conducts light.
2. Flexible and transparent fibre made using silica glass and drawn very thin.
3. Usable for communication bcoz flexible and can be bundled as cables.
4. Esp advantageous for long distances. Bcoz light suffers little attenuation
compared to electric signals.
c. Unguided
i. Antenna for transmitting through air, vacuum, water.
ii. Microwave transmission, radio waves, infrared waves, satellite, Bluetooth, Wifi
iii. Microwave
1. Straight line
2. High SNR
3. Accurate alignment of transmitting and receiving antenna.
iv. Radio wave
1. Omnidirectional- can be broadcast in all directions from a given source.
2. Hence accurate physical alignment of transmitter, receiver not required.
v. Infrared
1. Short range
2. Remote control- TV, VCR, Stereos etc
vi. Communication satellite
1. Signal (basically a beam of modulated microwaves) is sent towards satellite.
2. Satellite amplifies the signal. Then send to receiver’s antenna
3. All signal transferring in spaceaka space communication
vii. BluetootH
1. WPAN technology (Wireless personal area network)
2. Accordingly, low power, short range, medium speed of transmission
viii. Wi-fi
1. LAN (local area n/w)
2. ~ 100 m range. Much higher transmission rate
3. Hence much more faster than Bluetooth. Similar to high speed modem.
4. In case of large file transfer, quick internet access—it outperforms Bluetooth
7. Computer N/w
a. Grp of interconnected computers.
b. Eg internet
c. Other shared resources (apart from computer)- printer, file server.
d. Connection
i. Cabling- generally ethernet cables
ii. Wireless- radiowaves
e. Network devices
i. Aka communication devices. Together constitute data communication n/w
ii. Router, switch, hub, LAN card, gateway, modem, hardware firewall, channel service
unit (CSU)/ Data service unit (DSU), ISDN terminals, transceivers.
iii. In an ethernet or WAN network , the data communication cannot be performed
without these devices.
 f. Modem
i. It provides connectivity to internet.
ii. 2 way communication- modulation and
demodulation
iii. DAC awa ADC
g. RJ 45 connector
i. Type of connector commonly used for
ethernet networking.
ii. Looks similar to telephone jack. But
slightly wider.
iii. Etherenet cables have RJ 45 connector on
both ends- hence aka RJ45 cables.
1. RJ- registered jack since it is standardised n/w interface.
2. 45- no of interface std
h. Ethernet card
i. Kind of network adapter. These adapters support the ethernet stds for high speed n/w
connection via cables.
ii. Aka NIC- network interface card
iii. Most commonly used local n/w technology with transmission speed – gigabit range
iv. Most widely installed LAN technology
v. It is a link layer protocol in TCP/IP stack. It describes how networked devices can
format data for transmission to other network devices. And how to put that data out on
network connection
i. Router
i. n/w devices that are used to extend or segment n/w by forwarding packets from one
logical n/w to another. i.e. forwards data packets along N/w
ii. traffic directing functions on internet.
iii. connected to at least 2 n/w. 2 LAN/ 2WAN/ LAN and ISP n/w
iv. located at gateways- place where 2 or more n/w connect.
v. Used in large internet n/w that use TCP/IP protocol suite and for connecting TCP/IP
hosts and LANs to internet using dedicated leased lines.
j. Hub
i. Common connection point
ii. Most basic n/w device that connects multiple computers or other n.w devices together.
iii. Unlike router and switch, it has no routing table or intelligence on where to send
information and broadcasts all n/w data across each connection.
1. All info broadcast to multiple ports—security risks.
iv. Increase chance of collisions due to their design.
v. Can detect basic n/w errors like collision
vi. Connects computers together in a star topology
vii. Operate in physical layer of ISO model.
viii. Today, switches- not much costlier than hub, and better solution for any n.w
ix. Hubs- 2 types- active hubs, passive hubs
1. Active hub- not only function as regenerator, but also provide multiple ports
for several computers to connect.
2. Passive hub- only multiple port
k. Switch
i. Spl type of hub
ii. Additional layer of intelligence to basic physical layer repeater hubs
iii. Does essentially what a hub does but more efficiently.
router- forwards to new network iv. By paying attention to traffic that come across, it can learn where particular addresses
switch- forwards to particular destination, are. Hence intelligent, directing ability.
(not network)
1. It must be able to read MAC address of each frame it receives. This allows
them to repeat incoming data frame only to addressed computer.
2. This learning of location of connected devices- instantaneous
 v. Net result- most n.w traffic goes only where it needs to, not every port.
vi. On busy networks, this can make the networks much faster.
l. Gateways
i. Join together two n.w that use different base protocols.
1. Hence aka protocol converters and translators.
ii. Completely software, completely hardware or combination.
iii. Operate at network layer of OSI model.
iv. In order to communicate with other networks, IP host must be configured with a route
to destination n/w.
m. Bridge
gateway/ router/ switch- connect
bridge- separate i. Device that separates two or more network segments within one logical n/w (eg single
IP subnet)
ii. Usually placed b/w 2 separate grp of computers, that talk with each other (two
networks that talk with each other), but not that much with computers in other grp.
1. (network 1: Comp 1, 2,3); Network 2: com 4,5,6
2. Talk-1 Both n/w 1 and n/w 2 talk to each other. Talk-2 They also talk within
respective n/w (1,2,3 among themselves, 4,5,6 among themselves)
3. But Talk 1 is very less compared to talk 2
iii. Bridge examines the destination of data packet one at a time and decide whether or
not to pass the packet to other side of ethernet segment.
iv. Result- faster, quieter n/w with fewer collisions.
v. Join two n/w segments. It allows computers on either segment to access resources of
other. Also used to divide large n.w to smaller segments.
8. Types of n/w
a. Network is a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communication channels
that facilitate communication and allow sharing of resources and info among interconnected
devices.
b. Local area network (LAN)
i. Confined to small geographical area
ii. V high data transmission rate (faster than tel line)
iii. Same org- computers- connected together.
iv. Not trustworthy from security perspective- an
employee of org can change imp data.
v. Small size- hence one person can administer
it.
vi. LAN, in contrast to WAN (wide area n/w)
1. High data transfer rate
2. Small geographic area
3. No need of leased tel lines
vii. Typically used for single site- where ppl need
to share resources among themselves but not with rest of the outside world.
viii. If wireless- called WLAN- Wireless local area n/w
c. MAN (metropolitan area n/w)
i. Throughout a city/ clg campus or small rgn.
1. Schools, campuses, universities, hospitals,
companies etc.
ii. Larger than LAN
iii. Enable users to share info throughout city
d. WAN- wide area n/w
i. Larger geographical area than LAN, MAN
ii. Eg entire country. Sometimes entire world
 iii. Uses pub tel lines and leased lines
iv. Provides n/w to LAN, MAN.
v. Speedy, expensive
vi. Optical fibre as communication medium
vii. Eg internet- best eg of public WAN
9. N/w topology
a. Schematic description of n/w arrangement, connecting
various nodes (sender and receiver) through lines of
connection.
b. Physical topology- physical layout of nodes, workstations, cables
c. Logical topology- way info flows b/w diff components.
d. Bus topology
i. All computers connected by single
length of cable, with a terminator at
each end.
ii. Simplest, most widely used.
iii. Only one computer at a time can send
msg.
iv. Data transmission- one direction only
v. Cost effective, least amt of cable
needed. Easy to understand
vi. Small n.w
vii. Slow
viii. If main cable fails, entire n.w fails
e. Star topology
i. Connect one or more small computers
or peripheral devices to large host
computer or CPU
ii. Each computer on star communicates
with central hub that resends the msg
to all/ few/ one destination computer.
iii. Few nodes. Low traffic
iv. Easy to troubleshoot, easy to setup
v. Cost of installation- high. Usage also expensive
vi. If host computer fails, entire n/w affected
f. Token ring
i. LAN in which all computers connected in ring or star topology
ii. A bit or token passing scheme is used to prevent collision of data b.w 2 computers
that want to send message at same time.
iii. Token ring protocol was developed by IBM
iv. Access method- token passing
v. Token ring- Computers connected such that signal travels around n/w from one
computer to another in a logical ring.
g. Ring topology
i. Workstations connected in circle using cables.
ii. Each node physically connected to only 2 other nodes
iii. Can function w/o server.
iv. Optimum when system requirements are modest, workstations scattered.
h. Mesh
i. Each computer/ device connected to every other device.
ii. Used in large backbone networks, in which failure of a single switch or router can
result in a large portion of a network going down.
iii. Decentralised. Each node connects to at least two other nodes.
iv. Full mesh or partial mesh
 1. Partial- at least one node connects to every other node. Other nodes connect
with only those nodes with which they exchange data frequently.
2. Full- every node connects to every other node.
i. Tree
i. Aka hierarchial topology
ii. Two or more star n/w connected together. Sometimes combination of bus and star.
iii. Divides n/w into multiple levels of n.w
iv. Root node, intermediate node, ultimate node.
v. Ideal when workstations are located in groups, with each group occupying relatively
small physical region.
1. Eg university campus- each bldg. has own star nw. and all central computers
are linked in campus wide system.
vi. Easy to add/ remover workstn from each star.
10. N/w Protocols
a. A n/w protocol defines rules and conventions for communication b.w n/w devices. It includes
mechanisms for devices to identify and connect with each other.
b. Several
i. FTP- File transfer protocol
1. Most widely used for file transfer over n/w
2. Uses TCP/IP for communication
ii. PPP- point to point protocol
1. Much more developed than SLIP in so far as it transfers additional data, better
sutited to data transmission over internet.
iii. TCP/IP
1. Transmission control protocol and internet protocol
a. 2 diff procedures that are often linked together.
b. Linking bcoz functioning of diff protocols can be complementary so
that together they carry out some complete task.
iv. HTTP- hypertext transfer protocol
1. Hypertext is well organised documentation system that uses hyperlinks to link
the pages in text documents.
2. Works on client server model
v. HTTPS- hypertext transfer protocol secure
1. Secure communication over n.w
vi. SLIP- serial line internet protocol
1. Result of integration of modern protocols prior to the suit of TCP/IP protocols.
2. It is a simple internet link protocol conducting neither address or error control.
Hence becoming obsolete in comparison to PPP.
11. Malwares
a. Malicious software- abbreviated as Malware
b. Single term to refer to virus, spyware, worms.
c. Virus
i. Program- written to enter your computer and damage/ alter files or data.
ii. May corrupt or delete data.
iii. Can replicate
d. Spam (aka electronic junk mails)
i. Flooding internet with copies of same message.
ii. Generally commercial advertisements which are sent as unwanted emails to users.
e. Hacking
i. Practice of modifying hardware of software to accomplish a goal outside the creator’s
orgininal purpose.
ii. Exploits weaknesses in a system or network.
12. Security concept
a. Network devices- routers, firewalls, gateways, switches, hubs etc.  infrastructure of LAN
and internet. Hence securing them is fundamental to protecting the envrt and
communications. Security methods- firewall, antivirus
b. Firewall
i. Hardware device or software application installed on borderline of secured n/w to
examine and control incoming and outgoing n.w communications.
ii. Provide protection from outside attacks.
c. Antivirus
i. Grp of features that are designed to prevent unwanted and potentially malicious files
from entering n/w.
ii. All these features work in diff ways- checking for a file, size, name, type or presence
of a virus or grayware signature.
Software: Windows Operating system including basics of Microsoft Office like MS word, MS Excel and
Power Point etc..

Software- set of instructions required to instruct computer to perform a task are called programs. Set of
programs called software.

Computer system- hardware and software. To perform any calculation/ comparison/ manipulation- hardware
needs instructions. Compelte set of these instructions- software.
Thus, software is set of programs that cause hardware to function in desired manner.
2 types- system software and application software
1. System software
a. General programs written for a computer
b. Set of instructions to machine to interprete, execute application software. Eg translators, OS,
utilities, spl purpose software
c. Prewritten programs and documentation supplied by manufacturer along with computer.
d. Held permanently in machine.
e. Objectivw
i. Enhance efficiency of hardware utilisation
1. Achieved using operating system
ii. Make computers simple to use.

Opertaing system- most imp software. It manages computer’s resources most efficiently, takes care of
scheduling multiple jobs for execution and manages flow of data and instructions b.w I/O devices and
memory.
Eg. Windows, Linux

Acts as interface b/w user’s programs and computer’s components, help in execution of user’s programs.

 First OS- batch processing OS. (for second gen computers)

o executes jobs serially one after another from a batch of jobs submitted for execution.
o CPU is kept busy only during the processing cycle of job but remains idle during I/P and O/P
operations.
o Multi programming OS can handle multiple jobs simultaneously by overlapping I/P, O/P and
processing cycles of various jobs.
 Popular today- multi-processing OS and real time OS
o Multi processing—multiple CPUs to process multiple jobs.
o Real time- interactive OS with strict time limitation. Receiving, processing of data is done
quickly enough to produce O/P, to control, direct or effect the outcome of ongoing activity.
 Eg reservation system of railways, airlines, hotels.
Functions of OS
 User identification and managing of resources used by users. Hence un-authorised users can’t use.
 Sharing of computer resources among many users.
 Multi-programming- simultaneous execution of more than one user program. A mix of programs can
keep whole memory occupied, all devices active, control unit and ALU constantly busy, hence
increasing utilisation of hardware.
 Executive batches (one after other) of program, w/o human intervention.
 Protection of user data.
 Control transfer of data, program b.w main memory and secondary memory and other I/O devices.
 Program to select appt translators.
 Facilities to detect and correct errors in user’s program.
An OS understands a fixed set of commands- called- Job control language (JCL). The JCL commands are
used by computer users to indicate their requirement to OS.

OS used with microcomputer- CP/M (control program for microprocessor)

UNIX- another popular OS- available on variety of machines. (UNIX was developed by Bell laboratories).
Utility software
System software which is often used in development of a program.
 Sort merge programs- sort records in particular manner.
 Normally provided by manufacturer.
 Programmer can develop own utility software and keep it in the secondary memory of
computer.

2. Application software
a. Written to perform a specific task or process.
i. Accounting, payroll etc.
b. Generally written in high level languages.
c. Sources
i. Write it yourself
1. Most satisfactory solution to user.
2. Exact match to needs of biz.
3. Can grow with biz
ii. General purpose package
1. Set of programs, written to perform specific but commonly required tasks.
2. Written such that applicable to large no of users.
3. Advantage- Relatively cheap (cost spread over large no of users)
4. Disad- not likely to fulfil all requirements of prospective user.
iii. Customised software.
1. Match exact needs
2. ADV- fulfil all needs of customer.
3. Disad- high cost
d. Eg
i. Word processor, database processing, spreadsheet calculations, mail merge,
presentation, communication (e-mail) etc.
ii. Prepared such that easy to use
iii. GUI for user friendliness
iv. Readily available in market. One can purchase.

Computer languages
 Machine language- 0 and 1. Language that computer understands.
 Third language- a programming language- understandable to both humans and computer.
o Programming language- set of rules that provides a way to instruct the computer to perform
certain operations.
o Lower or higher- depending on whether closer to computer itself (lower), or to humans
(English like) (higher)
o Lower programming lang- closer to 0 and 1
o Higher programming lang- closer to English
 Programming language- language in which prog written
o Machine lang
 Only binary digits
 Difficult to write or understand.
 Letters of alphabet can also be represented in binary nos. commas, semi colon, spl
characters too in binary nos. Eg A- 1000001
o Assembly lang
 1950s- to reduce programming complexity, provide some standardisation.
 Aka symbolic lang.
 use abbreviations or memonic codes- codes that are more easily memorised to
replace 0,1.
 Eg PACK 210 (8,13), 02B (4,7)
 Does not replace machine lang
  Rather, assembly lang (source program)  converted to m/c lang.
 M/C lang program- object program.
 Ass lang code very similar in form to M/C lang code
 One to one correspondence.
o 15 assembly statements would be translated into15 machine lang
statements.
o Laborious
 However assembly lang instructions, called macro instructions were devised,
which executed batches of one to one instructions.
 Advantages
 More standaradised, easier to use than M/c lang
 Efficient. But not as efficient as M/c lang
 Easier to debug.
 Disad
 Prog long, difficult to debug.
 Less abstract than M/c lang. but still complex
 More standardised than M/c lang but still machine dependent.
o High level lang
 Basic, C, C++, java, perl, COBOL
 Further reduced the no of comp operations details they had to specify, so that they
could concentrate more on logic needed to solve the problem.
 3 types
 Portable.
 Lang often referred to as generations, the idea-
o Machine lang- first gen lang
o Assembly lang- second gen lang
o All lang above assembly- high level lang.
 High level lang- 3 generations
o 3rd gen- procedural oriented languages
 General purpose programming lang. solve general problems.
 Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN
 Designed to express logic, procedure of a problem
 Flexible. Hence able to solve variety of problems.
 Adv over m/c and assembly lang
 Resemble English. Hence easy
o Less time to write a prog for given problem
 Once coded, easy to understand and modify the program
 Machinie independent.
 Disad
 Prog execution slower.
 Use computer resources less efficiently.
o 4th gen- problem oriented lang (application generators)
 Third gen lang require user to instruct computer at every step.
 4th gen lang- solve specific problem or develop specific application by
enabling user to describe what user wants rather than step by step procedure.
 
o 5th gen- natural
 Still in development stage.
 Expected to have profound impact in AI, expert systems.
 Popular lang- LISP, PROLOG

Compilers and Interpreters

To translate high level lang to machine lang.
2 kinds. High level lang- called compiled lang or interpreted lang.
 Compilers
o Compiled lang- a translation prog is run to convert high level lang prog (src code) into m/c
lang code.
 Eg COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN etc.
o Process called compilation
o m/c lang code called object code. Can be saved or run- immediately or later.
o Compiler reads entire prog for compilation. (interpreter- single statement at a time)
 Interpreters
o Interpreted lang- a translation prog converts each prog statement into m.c code just before
prog statement is executed. Translation, execution simultaneous. One after another. One
statement at a time.
o No object code is stored (unlike compiled lang)
o Interpreter reads one statement at a time for interpretation.
o Eg. BASIC
 Compiled better than interpreted lang. bcoz execution faster, more efficient once object code has
been obtained.
o Interpreted lang- no object code. Hence easier to develop and test.
 Operating system-

OS- necessary to run other programs and applications. Interface b/w user and hardware.
OS performs basic tasks- recognise i/p from keyboard/ mouse etc., send o/p to o/p devices, keep track of
files and directories on disk, control peripheral devices like disk drives and printers.

A computer is a machine that needs to be instructed at every step. OS- a software performs this work.
 Convenient envrt to users to execute prog
 Software that manages hardware.
 Controls allocation of resources- memory, processor etc.
 Ensures diff programs and multi users do not interfere with each other.
 Common OS
o Windows- by Microsoft
o Macintosh- by Apple
o UNIX family of OS
 Also many OS for spl purpose application- robotics, real time control etc.
 Also some common/ std services- eg playing music, word processor, games.

1. Process mgmt.
a. Process- a program in execution state.
i. Eg a word processing prog like MS word being run = process
ii. Eg- system task- sending o/p to printer = process
b. Process need resources- CPU time, memory, files, I/O devices. These resources are allocated
at appt time. OS helps in this.
c. Each process- allowed to use CPU for limited time- fraction of second. After that it must give
up control. Hence the process stands suspended until next turn.
d. To maximise CPU utilisation, allow multiple processes to run, process scheduling is
performed by OS.
e. hence OS- creation, deletion, scheduling of process
2. memory mgmt.
a. during execution, prog in RAM.
b. If several processes simultaneously executed, OS keeps track of memory location
3. I/O mgmt.
a. OS requires device driver software to interact with hardware.
4. File and disk mgmt.
 Computer systems have secondary storage devices like magnetic disk, magnetic tape, optical media,
flash drives, etc. for permanent storage of programs and data. The programs and the user data are
stored in files. In general, a file is a sequence of bits, bytes, lines or records. The operating system is
responsible for allocating space for files on secondary storage media. A file, especially a large file,
may or may not be stored in a contiguous location on a physical disk drive. If the file is of large size,
it is fragmented into smaller pieces. The OS then keeps track of the memory location allocated to
each piece of the file on the storage disk.

5. User interface
a. That user uses to input and receive data.
b. Text user interface (TUI)/ Command line interface (CLI)
i. User types commands in a terminal or console window
ii. Eg DOS, UNIX
c. GUI- graphical user interface
i. Uses graphics, along with keyboard, mouse to provide easy interface.
ii. Features like pull down menus, buttons, icons, scrollbars etc.
iii. Eg windows, LINUX, Solaris, Macintosh
iv. Lot of system resources required. Bcoz each component- drivers, mouse, other
devices need to be loaded.

Types of OS
1. MS windows
a. Most popular OS for home PCs.
b. Many versions: win 98, win 2000, win XP, win Vista (2007), win 7 (2009), win 8 (2012), win
10 (2015), win 11(2021- 5 oct)
c. Several programs can be opened together- multiprogramming, multitasking
2. Linux
a. Open src OS
i. Open src- prog code freely available. Src code available to users for modification.
b. Two GUI
i. KDE
ii. GNOME
c. Various distributions- RedHat, SuSE, Ubuntu, Xandros
d. Linux OS- 3 main components
i. Kernel- core part of linux. Major activities of OS
ii. System library- special functions using which application programs access kernel’s
features.
iii. System utility specialised, individual level tasks.
e. Multi user
f. Linux is customizable in a way that windows is not. The user interface while similar in
concept varies in detail for each distribution.
3. UNIX
a. Developed in 1960s
b. Multi user, multi tasking
c. Many versions- most popular- Sun Solaris, MacOS X
d. Flexible OS. Can be installed on diff types of machines- main frames, super computers,
micro computers.
e. Better built in security and permissions than windows.
4. Smartphone OS
a. iOS
i. apple. Runs on apple iPhone, iPad, iPod
ii. multi touch, multi task
iii. respond to user’s touch.
iv. Safari web browser for internet access, itunes application for music, mailApp for
mail.
 v. App store to download apps.
b. Android
i. Open src. Owned by google
ii. Smartphone, android TV, tablet.
c. Windows phone
i. Released in 2010
ii. Home screen resembles start menu of desktp.
iii. Tile based interface.
1. Home screen customisable to add/ remove tiles, resize tiles, move them to
reorganise.
iv. Hubs- aggregator feature- group similar content like photos, music.
v. Comes with internet explorer, Microsoft exchange- secure corp email access.

DOS
 Initially introduced to be used with intel 8088 chip
 MS-Windows (Microsoft- Wide interactive network development for Office Work Solution)

1. Versions
a. Win NT (new technology)-
i. July 1993
ii. Business specific
iii. 32 bit applications
b. Win 95
i. 24 aug 1995
ii. 16 bit/ 32 bit mixed OS
iii. Consumer oriented
iv. Fat 32 FILE SYSTEM, multi display, web TV, internet explorer
c. Win 98
i. 1998
ii. 2 versions (first- many errors later resolved in ver 2)
iii. First OS to use Windows driver model (WDM)
iv. Peripheral devices- USB etc.
d. Win ME (millennium edition)
i. June 2000
ii. Multilingual user interface
iii. Support 8-32 CPU
iv. Storage- 64 MB to 4 GB
e. Win XP
i. For personal computers
ii. 25 oct 2001
iii. Home and professional- 2 versions
f. Win Vista
i. 2007
g. Win 7
i. 2009
ii. 64 bit
iii. Touch, speed, handwriting
recognition
iv. Multiple firewall
h. Win 8
i. 2012
ii. 64bit
iii. 3D graphics support
iv. Internet explorer 10
v. Microsoft’s metro design
language
vi. USB 3.0, cloud computing
i. Win 10
i. July 2015
ii. Game DVR- allow recording of last 30 sec of play

2. Main programs
1. notepad Minimise maximise  close
i) text editor
ii) .txt format
2. Wordpad
i) text editor
ii) complex formatting, pictures etc.
 iii) .rtf (rich text format)
3. paint
i) .png, .jpg, .bmp
4. calculator, games
5. Media player- interface to play digital media files, organise digital media connection, burn CDs
etc.

Files
 Basic unit to store data
 File name + file extension

 ZIP file
o Zone information protocol
o Compression

 Executable file
o When file contains instructions that can be
carried out by computer

Windows library

1. Documents Library
a. Organise and arrange word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentation, other text
related files.
2. Pictures library
a. Organise, arrange pictures
3. Music library
a. Organise, arrange music files
4. Videos lib
 MS-OFFICE

 Developed in 1998
 Collection of software- specific purpose. Mainly used for ofc work.
 5 packages-
o Ms Word- word processing software
o Excel- spreadsheet software
o Power point- presentation software
o Access- database mgmt.
o Outlook- email client

MS-WORD
 first release- 1983- under the name Multi
Tool word for Xenix systems

 Eg. Wordstar, notepad

 Start Run winword. This opens Ms
word
 Title bar
o Name of application, name of file
o 3 control buttons- minimise, restore, close.
 Std toolbar
o Symbols for common use- open, print, save etc.
 Ribbon
o Tools, commands across top of screen. Panel of commands organised under various tabs.
 Tabs- home, insert, pagelayout, references etc.
o Win 11- 11 tabs

Ruler- on top of document window. Horizontal and vertical alignment of text

 2- horizontal and vertical

Indentation- distance of text boundary and page margin. 3 types

 Positive, hanging and negative
Orientation- horizontal or vertical view. Portrait- vertical.
Object linking and embedding- program integrating technology that is used to share information b/w
programs through objects. Objects save entities like charts, equations, pictures etc.
 MS-Office

Use- analyse information for accounting purpose.

Start- Start run excel

Important functions
1. SUM
a. =SUM(A1:A5) or =SUM(A1,A2)
b. Similarly AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, COUNT, PRODUCT
c. No space b/w ‘function name and value bracket’. Other places, space doesn’t matter.
d. Cell name (a1, a2 etc) and function name (sum, average etc) can be upper case or lower case.
2. COUNT
a. Counts no of cells that contain number.
3. SUBTOTAL
a. Syntax: Subtotal(1,(cell range))
i. 1 average =subtotal(1,A1:A4)
ii. 4 maximum
iii. etc
4. MODULUS
a. Returns remainder
b. A2=10
c. Then MOD(A2,3) returns 1
5. POWER
a. Exponential result
b. POWER(A2,3)= 10^3= 1000
6. CEILING
a. Rounds up a number to nearest multiple of significance
b. =CEILING(A3,5)
i. 5—multiple of significance. Therefore a2 rounded off to nearest (highest) multiple of
5
ii. If A3= 5.05 or 6 or 7; result =10. If A3=5, result =5
7. FLOOR
a. Opposite of ceiling. Rounds number to lowest multiple of significance
8. CONCATENATE
a. Merges/ join several text strings into one. Text or numbers. But resultant treated as text. No
mathematical operation could be performed.
b. =concatenate(a25,” ”,a26) or =concatenate(a25,a26). &- could be used in place of comma.
Eg. Concatenate(a25&” “&a26)
c. If a25 = hello, a26= world; these will return—hello world and helloworld respectively
d. “_” to introduce space or any required character.
9. LEN
a. No of characters in a string. =LEN(A7)
10. REPLACE
a. Replace. =replace(a1,1,1,”a2”).
11. Substitute
a. =substitute(a20, “I like”, “he like”). A20: I like to play  becomes He like to play.
b. =substitute (a21, 2010, 2016). A21- present year is 2010. Becomes present year is 2016
12. LEFT, RIGHT, MID
a. Returns characters following fixed position from left/ right/ mid
b. A12= I like to play.
c. =LEFT(A12,4)  first 4—I li
d. =right(a12,4) first 4 from right lay.
e. =mid(a12,4,6) characters from 4th. 6 characters after that ike to
13. UPPER, LOWER, PROPER
a. Upper- convert to upper case.
b. Lower- convert to lowercase
c. Proper- first letter capital others small
14. NOW()
a. Current system data and time
b. =NOW() 22-02-2023 16:16
15. TODAY()
a. =today()
b. Current date
16. DAY()
a. Return day of month from given data
b. =day(now()) or =day(today())
c. Similarly Month(), year()
17. TIME
a. Converts hours, minutes, seconds into excel serial no in time format
b. =time(20,40,30) 8:40:30 pm. Three values- hour, minute, seconds
18. HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND
a. Generates hour/ minute/ second from now() or time() value.
19. DATEDIF
a. Difference b/w two dates- years, months or days
b. A1= 10-12-1993; A2= 22-02-2023
c. =datedif(A1,A2,”y”) or =datedif(a1,a2,”m”) or =datedif(a1,a2,”d”)
i. Returns 29, 350, 10666 respectively
20. VLOOKUP
 a. Vertical lookup
i. Question- dept of stuart
ii. A11- value to be looked for
in 1st column of table (here,
stuart). Stuart is entered in
a11
iii. Table range
iv. 3- required column to be
looked into (of table, not
excel)
v. 0 or 1- true or false
1. True- approx.
(default)
2. False- exact
21. HLOOKUP
a. Similar to vlookup
22. IF FORMULA
a. Checks a condition and returns a value acc to
whether condition is true or false
23. If error
a. Returns a value if expression evaluates to an
error. Otherwise returns the value of
evaluation.
24. INDEX-MATCH
a. Return a value from a
column to left
b. Advantage over vlookup
i. Vlookup evaluates
from column to
right.
ii. Needs more power
from excel. Bcoz
evaluate entire table.
1. Indexmatch=
only lookup
column,
return column
25. Countif
a. Total no of cells in given range that meet given condition
b. Eg. No of times ‘reetika’ is present in table-- =countif(A2:z100, “reetika”)
c. G:G—entire column G
d.
 26. Sumif
a. Adds cells specified by a given condition

Terms
1. Spreadsheet- software to analyse/ calculate/ manipulate data
2. Sheet or worksheet- array of cells
3. No of rows= 1048576; column= 16384 (XFD)

Charts
1. Area chart- magnitude of change over time
2. Column chart- data change over pd of time or comparison among items
3. Barchart- comparison among individual items. Categories- vertical axis; values- horizontal axis
4. LINE CHART= trends in data at equal intervals
5. Pie chart- proportion of items that make up only one data series
6. XY (Scatter) chart- relationship among numerical values in several data series. Compares pairs of
values
7. Components
a. Chart area, plot area, chart title, axis title, data series, grid lines, legend, data label, data table
b. Axis title- names of 3 axis
c. Data series- row or column of nos that is plotted in chart
d. Data label- additional info abt data marker. Eg axis= month. Data label= jan, feb, mar etc.
 MS-POWERPOINT

Slide view tab- thumbnail view of all slides.

Outline view tab- text contained in presentation in outlined format

Power point views

 Normal- main editing vies
 Slide sorter vies- view in thumbnail form.easy to sort, organsie sequence.
 Notes page view- notes pane located just below slide pane.
 Slide show view
 Masterview
o Includes slide view, handout view, notes vies.. they are the main slides that store information
about the presentation, including background colour, font effect, placeholder size, position.

Terms/tools
 Trigger- an object or item that performs on the slide, when clicked.
 Max zoom- 400%
 Add many types of images, sound- gif, bmp, png, giv, wav etc.
 MS-ACCESS
.accdb- access database file
RDBMS- relational database mgmt. system
4 componetns
 Table- data storage
 Query- get info from data stored in table
o 5 types
 Select query- most common
 Reports- printing of data based on querries or tables.
 Forms- make it easy to enter data. Interface for adding/
editing data.

MS-OUTLOOK
Email client and personal information manager that is available with office suite.
Windows mobile services are version of outlook
Data communication and networking

1. Signal= digital, analog, hybrid

2. Communication channel- 3- simplex, half duplex, full duplex
a. Simplex- unidirectional. One device can only send, other can only receive.
i. Radio, tv, keyboared
b. Half duplex- bothway but not simultaneous.
i. Walkie talkie
3. Transmission media
a. Guided/ wired
i. Ethernet/ twisted pair cable- LAN
ii. Coaxial cable- used- multi channel tv signals in cities.
iii. Fibre optic cable
b. Unguided
i. Radio wave
1. Radio frequency
2. Omnidirectional
3.
ii. Microwave
1. 0.3-300GHz
2. Unidirectional
3. Higher frequency than radio
4. Celllar n/w, TV broadcast
iii. Infrarec
1. High freq waves
2. Short range
3. Don’t pass through solid.
4. Tv remote, wireless speakers
iv. Satellite
4. Types of N/W
a. LAN
i. Small, single site
ii. Connectivity tech- generally ethernet or token ring
b. WAN- wide area n/w
i. Geographically dispersed collection of LANs
ii. Router connects LAN to WAN
iii. Mostly not owned by any orgzn. Rather collective/ distributed ownership
iv. Technology- ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), frame relay, X.25
c. MAN- metropolitan area n/w
i. Connects area larger than LAN, but smaller than WAN
ii. Coaxial of fibre optic cable.
iii. Cable TV
d. PAN- personal area n/w
i. Ltd range- rechability of indvl person.
ii. Bluetooth, wireless USB, Z wabe, zig bee
e.