X-AI-CH1-STUDENT HANDOUTS

Seth Anandram Jaipuria School, Vasundhara (Gzb.)

Class X (Artificial Intelligence-417)
Student Handouts – Introduction to AI
Some Facts

• The term artificial intelligence was first used in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference
by John Mccarthy.
• In 1950s, Alan Turing developed a test named the "Turing Test". He said that a
machine can be regarded as intelligent if it qualifies the test. The test is defined as:
"Computer (software or algorithm) passes the test if a human after posing
questions cannot tell if the responses came from another human or not".

What is intelligence?

• Ability to interact with the real world

o To perceive, understand and act, Example: Speech Recognition –
Understanding and synthesis, Image Recognition, Ability to take action: to
have an effect
• Reasoning and planning
o Modelling the external world, given input, solving new problems, planning
and making decisions, Ability to deal with unexpected problems,
uncertainties
• Learning and adaptation
o Continuous learning and adapting graph, our internal models are always
being updated. Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognize animals

Types of Intelligence:

• Mathematical Logical Reasoning: A person's ability to regulate, measure, and

understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic.
• Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or
implementation in writing or verbally.
• Spatial Visual Intelligence: It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and
the relationship of one object to another.
• Kineasthetic Intelligence: Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs.
• Musical Intelligence: As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a person's ability
to recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.
• Intrapersonal Intelligence: Describes how high the level of self-awareness someone

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has is. Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings.
• Existential Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and
spiritual awareness.
• Naturalist Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence
relating to the ability to process information on the environment around us.
• Interpersonal intelligence: Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate
with others by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person.
What is Human Intelligence?

• Ability to observe, recognize and understand

• Ability to make ‘smart’ decisions and solve problems
• Ability to learn and increase knowledge

Artificial Intelligence
The term Artificial Intelligence has two parts “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial is
something which is man-made, which does not occur naturally. Machines or Computers are
created by humans hence the intelligence in them is artificial. Machines dont have Brains like
us nor they can sense, feel or express like Humans. Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the
ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem
solving and decision making.

What is Not Artificial Intelligence?

Since we have a lot of different technologies which exist around us in today’s time, it is very
common for us to misunderstand any other technology as AI.

AI vs Automation

• We also get to see a lot of projects which can automate our surroundings with the
help of sensors. Here too, since the bot or the automation machine is not trained with
any data, it does not count as AI.
• Also, it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed as "smart" are
AI-enabled. For example, a TV does not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets
the power of AI when it is able to think and process on its own.
• Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to humanoids and self-driving cars, AI
when merged with Internet of things can give rise to cloud computing of data and
remote access of AI tools, automation along with AI can help in achieving voice
automated homes and so on. Such integrations can help us get the best of both
worlds

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Examples of Automation

• Washing Machine: A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it
requires human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to do the
necessary preparation for it to function correctly before each wash, which makes it an
example of automation, not AI.
• Air Conditioner: An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely with the help of
internet but still needs a human touch. This is an example of Internet of Things (IoT).
Also, every now and then we get to know about robots which might follow a path or
maybe can avoid obstacles but need to be primed accordingly each time.

How to say a machine is AI

• A machine is considered to be AI if it can apply the 3 domains of AI that

are Data, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing.

Decision Making
Decision-making is the process of making choices by identifying a situation, gathering
relevant information, and assessing any alternative resolutions.

• Structured Decisions: Problems related to Structured decisions have an already known

solution and, thus, do not need decision or support. Example of Structured data
includes calculation of tax, names, dates, addresses, geo locations, etc.
• Unstructured Decisions: Problems related to unstructured decisions do not have any
agreed upon solution. They depend on the understanding and choice of the decision-
maker. For example, ordering food in a restaurant can be called an unstructured
decision.
• Semi Structured Decisions:
o Problems related to semi-structured problems depend upon decision support.
They involve a combination of interaction with the user and analytical
methods to create alternatives based on criteria and optimal solutions.
o When we use AI techniques for the development of alternatives, the
consequential system is referred to as an intelligent decision support system
(IDSS).
o A good example of a semi-structured decision would be diagnosing a medical
condition

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AI, Machine and Deep Learning

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human intelligence. It gives
the ability to machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and manipulate objects;
to understand the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-
enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for
intelligently.

Machine Learning (ML)

• It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks with
experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn
by themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.
• It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at tasks with
experience (data).
• The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using
the provided data and make accurate algorithms for Predictions/ Decisions.
• In literal Machine Learning is "Machine" + "Learning".

Deep Learning (DL)

• Deep learning is based on ML but it can work with unstructured data and learns on
its own through reading the data, so it requires large amount of datasets called Big
Data which is drawn from sources like social media, internet search engines, e-
commerce platforms,etc.
• Deep learning is an AI function that mimics the workings of the human brain in
processing data for use in detecting objects, recognizing speech, translating
languages, and making decisions.
• Deep Learning have very complex algorithms and require very large amount of
dataset.
• Deep learning utilizes both structured and unstructured data for training.
• It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In
Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in

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training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop
algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial
Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning which is
intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the concepts and
algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.
• Practical examples of deep learning are Virtual assistants, vision for driverless
cars, money laundering, face recognition and many more.

Machine Learning vs Deep learning

Deep learning is a type of machine learning, which is a subset of artificial intelligence.

Machine Learning Deep Learning

Machine Learning is a superset of Deep Deep Learning is a subset of Machine

Learning Learning

The data represented in Machine Learning is The data representation is used in Deep
quite different as compared to Deep Learning is quite different as it uses neural
Learning as it uses structured data. networks(ANN).

Machine learning consists of thousands of Big Data: Millions of data points.

data points.

Machine Learning is highly used to stay in Deep Learning solves complex machine
the competition and learn new things. learning issues.

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Domains of AI Overview

Data Sciences ( Data )

• Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which
the system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense
out of them.
• Data Science is all about applying mathematical and statistical principles on data.
or In simple words Data Science is the study of Data, This data can be of 3 types
- Audio, Visual and Textual.

Computer Vision
• Computer Vision in simple words is identifying the symbols from the given object
(pictures) and learn the pattern and alert or predict the future object using the
camera.
• Goal of computer vision is to understand the content of digital images.
• Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a
machine to get and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions
about it. The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing,
identifying and extracting information. This extensive processing helps computers to
understand any visual content and act on it accordingly. In computer vision, Input to
machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or infrared sensors,
indicators and different sources.
• Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into descriptions. This
data is then turned into computer-readable language to aid the decision-making
process. The main objective of this domain of AI is to teach machines to collect

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information from pixels.

• Computer Vision was first introduced in 1970s and now its applications are seen by
everyone everywhere

• Examples of CV:
o Facial recognition: A system is a technology which is capable of identifying or
verifying a person from a digital image or a video from a video
source. example: it is used by crime investigation agencies
o Face filters: By using the applications like instagram and snapchat, we can click
photographs of various themes, which are based on the usage of Computer
vision.
o Goggle lens: To search data, Google uses Computer vision for comparing
different features of the input image to the database of images and then give
us the search.
o Retail stores: Newest and the most exciting application of Computer vision is
the 'Amazon Go'. it's an innovative retail store, where there are no cashiers
or checkout stations .it is a partially automated store which is created by
utilizing computer vision, deep learning.
o Automotive: Computer vision is also taking the Automotive industry ,
Companies like Tesla have developed self-driving cars are which are going to
rule the streets in the coming years. Automated cars are equipped with
sensors and the software which can detect the 360 degrees of movements of
pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles, road work.
o Healthcare: Technology is helping the healthcare professionals accurately
classifying the conditions and illness by reducing and eliminating any
inaccurate diagnose and saving patient's lives.
o Google translate App: Google translate is a free multilingual statistical and
neural machine translation service which is provided by Google, to translate
text and websites from one language to other language using the device
camera.

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• Computer vision task

Natural Language Processing

The ability of computer to understand human language (command) as spoken or written and
to give a output by processing it, is called Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is
component of AI. Natural language refersto language that is spoken and written by people,
and natural language processing (NLP) attempts toextract information from the spoken and
written word using algorithms.

COMPONENTS OF NLP
Natural Language Processing has two main components:
Natural Language Understanding (NLU): It is for understanding spoken or written language. It
includes the following:

• Establishing linkage with natural language inputs and what they represent
• Analysing different aspects of the language
Natural Language Generation (NLG): For producing meaningful phrases and sentences in the
form of natural language. It involves the following:

• Text planning: Retrieving relevant text from data stores

• Sentence planning: Deciding on the correct words, linking them into meaningful
phrases, etc.
• Text realisation: Combining phases and words for forming sentences Collecting the
information and understanding it, is called Natural Language Understanding (NLU).

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Applications of AI

• AI in Gaming: Playing games with AI Bots is the usage of Ai in Gaming. Example: AI

game-bots are used in digital games like chess, poker, tic-tac-toe.
• AI in NLP: Two understand naturally spoken language of humans by machines is
known as Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• AI in Decision making: Ai is now inheriting the decision-making capacity of
humans used it in providing explanations and solutions of the problems to its user.
Example: Self-driving cars
• AI in Health-Care: One of the most prominent use of Ai can be seen in the healthcare
industry with the use of AI, our doctors are getting help in various tasks like fast
diagnosis of various diseases. Robotic Surgery: With help of certain machines
surgeons can now perform surgeries from a distance!
• AI in Finance: In finance ai is used as adaptive intelligence to make automating chat-
bots and algorithms.
• AI in Data Security: Companies and government are using Ai to improve the data-
security of applications and huge data-bases. Example: AEG bot and AI2. This ai-bots
can find cyber-bugs in a system and thus help to improve data-security
• AI in Expert System: Integration of special software, machine and special information
obtained from learning algorithms to provide reasoning and advices
• Computer Vision: Using of AI in Computer-Vision means to train the system such that,
it can perform visual tasks such as image Processing, face-recognition
Example: Face-locks of different devices
• Speech Recognition: Extracting the real meaning of sentence by human talk. Example:
Siri, Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortana
• Robotics: Today's robots are based on Ai technologies, which uses different
applications of AI discussed above, depending upon their work.
Today's most advance robot is Erica and Sophia. They can talk and behave like
humans so they are also called as Humanoid.
• AI in E-commerce: AI uses an algorithm and automatically generates the a list of items
based on your search or history. It also handles the service requirements
Example: YouTube's feed, FilpCarts products on the home page, Google ads etc.

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AI Ethics
Ethics is defined as the science of moral duty and ideal human behaviour. It teaches us the
difference right and wrong, and the moral obligations and duties of humans. It’s called AI
ethics.

Ethical concerns of AI
Can AI assure this:

• Unemployment
• Inequality
• Humanity
• Negative Adoption
• Black Box Problem

What is AI bias?
AI Bias means favouring someone or something. AI bias focuses upon training the machines
with unbiased data, when Bias Data is fed to an AI Machine while creating the Model then
the machine will also be bias. The quality of your model is usually a direct result if the quality
and quantity of your data.

What is AI access?
In simple terms AI access means making AI more accessible.
AI Access discusses the gap in society, where only upper-class people who can afford AI-
enabled devices have the opportunity to access it and people below the poverty line don't
have access to it.

What is Data privacy?

Data privacy is defined as ones ability to control how our digital data is being stored,
modified, and exchanged between different parties.
As technology advances Artificial Intelligence becomes more and more integrated with every
aspect of our lives. numerous different industries use it to improve products and services but
because machine learning often uses million of pieces of personae data to train the
algorithms it by strict privacy laws including EU GDPR or the california consumer privacy act.
This means you need to protect your consumers data at all times.

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COMPONENTS OF A GOOD AI POLICY

• An Al system must be transparent.

• An Al must have the right to the data it is collecting.
• Customers have a choice of leaving the Al system.
• The data collected and purpose of the Al must be limited by design.
• Data with the Al system must be deleted upon the request from the consumers.
Intro AI Related Terminologies
1. Autonomous: Autonomy means AI does not need help from humans. E.g., driverless
cars.
2. Algorithm: Algorithms are mathematical formulas and programming commands, they
instruct regular non-intelligent computers on how to solve the problem with AI.
3. Black Box: When we feed data to an AI system, it runs some algorithms, does some
complex mathematics and gives us a result. For humans to understand the algorithms
and complex mathematics and do this process manually is an impossible task and
would take up a lot of time. When such a scenario takes place, it is known as black-
box learning.
4. Neural Networks: Neural network is designed by engineers, in the same manner, a
human nervous system in the brain works. It makes use of levels of learning to
provide AI with the capability to solve severe problems by breaking them down into
different levels of data.
5. Reinforcement Learning: One of the methods through which machines can be taught
is the reinforcement learning. This includes giving the AI a task that has not been
defined with a specific metric, such as asking it to improve efficiency or find solutions.
Rather than searching for one specific answer, the AI system will explore different
scenarios and give results. These results are then evaluated by humans and judged.
The AI system takes feedback and adjusts the next scenario to attain better outputs.
6. Supervised Learning: When we train an AI system using this type of learning method,
we provide the machine with the correct answer in advance. This is the most common
method of training because it produces the most significant amount of data, it defines
patterns among the various questions and answers.
7. Unsupervised Learning: In unsupervised learning, we do not provide the AI with a
predefined answer, instead of searching for patterns like, “why people prefer one
brand to another”, we just input a piece of data in the machine so that it can search
whatever patterns it is efficient for.
8. Transfer Learning: Once the AI system has learned something like, “How to decide if
an image is dog or not”, it can continue to build on its knowledge even if we are not
asking it to learn anything about dogs.
9. Turning Test: Alan Turning is credited with cracking Nazi codes and helping the Allies
win World War II. He is also regarded as the father of modern computing and
designer of the Turning Test.

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