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    7.2 Bio400

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    SHUHADA NUR
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    7.2 Bio400

    Uploaded by

    SHUHADA NUR
    8 views21 pages
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    7.2_BIO400

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    8 views21 pages

    7.2 Bio400

    Uploaded by

    SHUHADA NUR
    notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS AND

    RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
    Learning Outcomes
    At the end of this session, you should be able to:

    ✓Discuss the role of circulatory system and


    respiratory system
    CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

    FUNCTION
    Play roles in maintenance of other body systems by:
    ▪ Transporting hormones and nutrients
    ▪ Taking away waste products
    ▪ Providing all living body cell with a fresh supply of oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
    SYSTEM
    Open circulatory system, closed circulatory system

    COMPONENT
    Heart, blood vessel, blood

    PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY


    Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit

    CARDIAC CYCLE
    Heart beat
    CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
    ❑ Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes
    away carbon dioxide and other wastes.
    CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
    ❑ Some Invertebrates such as cnidarian, planarians
    and echinoderms do not have circulatory system.
    OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

    MOLUSC
    Blood + tissue fluid is pumped into
    tissue spaces (hemocoel)
    As in molusc, arthropods & insects

    INSECTS ARTHROPODS

    ARTHROPODS
    CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
    ANNELIDS

    VERTEBRATES

    Blood is pumped into blood


    vessels
    As in annelids & vertebrates
    Mammalian heart
    Path of blood in the body Blood enters the heart through the vena
    cava. From there, it continues to the:
    1. Right atrium
    2. Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
    3. Right ventricle

    Pulmonary circuit
    4. Pulmonary valve
    5. Pulmunory artery
    6. Lungs
    7. Pulmunory veins
    8. Left atrium
    9. Left atrioventricular (AV) valve
    10. Left ventricle

    Systemic circuit
    11. Aortic semilunar valve
    12. Aorta
    13. To all the cells in the body
    14. Returns to the heart through the
    vena cava
    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
    Cardiac cycle
    Each heartbeat, called the
    cardiac cycle, can be divided
    into three phases

    1. The atria contract (while


    the ventricles relax)

    2. The ventricles contract


    (while the atria relax)

    3. All chambers rest

    The first "lub" is associated


    with the closing of the AV
    valves, and the "dub" is
    associated with the closing
    of the semilunar valves.
    Circulatory system has three types of blood vessels
    1. Arteries (and arterioles) – carry
    blood away from the heart to the
    capillaries
    2. Capillaries – permit exchanges of
    nutrients and wastes between
    blood and tissue fluid
    3. Veins (and venules) – return blood
    from the capillaries to the heart

    O2-rich blood O2-poor blood

    The blood flow is slowest at capillaries which is good for


    exchange of materials
    Blood is a liquid tissue

    Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

    Plasma Formed Elements


    55%
    Type Function Type Number (per mm3 blood)

    Water Maintains blood volume; Red blood cells


    (90–92% of transports molecules (erythrocytes)
    plasma)
    Transport O2 and help
    transport CO2
    Plasma proteins Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH
    (7–8% of plasma) 45% 4 million–6 million
    Globulins Transport; fight infection
    White blood cells Neutrophils Lymphocytes
    Fibrinogen Blood clotting (leukocytes)
    5,000–11,000
    Salts Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH; Fight infection
    (less than 1% of aid metabolism
    plasma) 40–70% 20–45%
    Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
    Gases Cellular respiration
    (O2 and CO2)
    Nutrients Food for cells
    (lipids, glucose, 4–8% 1–4% 0–1%
    and amino acids)
    Platelets
    Wastes End product of metabolism; (thrombocytes)
    (urea and excretion by kidneys
    uric acid) Aid clotting
    Hormones Aid metabolism 150,000–300,000
    Respiratory system

    FUNCTION
    Play roles in maintenance of other body systems by:
    ▪Work in conjunction with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to cells within every
    body system for cellular metabolism
    ▪Remove carbon dioxide
    ▪Helps maintain proper pH levels
    ▪Helps the lymphatic system by trapping pathogens and protecting deeper tissues within

    PROCESS OF BREATHING
    External respiration, Internal respiration

    COMPONENT
    Trachea, lung, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolus

    OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT


    In the lung, In the tissues
    Respiration
    • Respiration
    – Sequence of events
    that results in gas
    exchange between the
    body’s cells and the
    environment

    • In terrestrial vertebrates
    includes:

    ➢ Ventilation – (i.e.,
    breathing) includes
    inspiration (inhalation)
    and expiration
    (exhalation)

    ➢ External respiration refer to gas exchange between the air and the
    blood within the lungs.
    ➢ Internal respiration refer to gas exchange between blood and tissue
    fluid.
    An earthworm’s entire external
    surface functions in external
    GAS EXCHANGE
    respiration

    Insects have a tracheal system that


    delivers oxygen directly to their cells

    Vertebrates such as mammals


    have lungs with a large total
    Fish have gills to assist external
    external respiration surface
    respiration
    Component of human respiratory system

    • Trachea connects the larynx


    to the bronchi.

    • Two bronchi lead to the right


    and left lungs and branch into
    bronchioles.

    • Bronchioles end in alveoli,


    which make up the lungs.

    • When we inhale, air move


    through nose to nasal cavity,
    pharynx, larynx, trachea,
    bronchus, bronchiole and
    alveolus.
    HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT
    Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the lungs…

    1. Oxygen (O2) enters


    blood:

    • Hemoglobin (Hb)
    combines with O2
    forming
    oxyhemoglobin,(HbO2)
    Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the lungs…

    2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)


    exits blood:

    • CO2 is carried as
    bicarbonate ion
    (HCO3).

    • HCO3 combines with


    hydrogen ion (H+) to
    form carbonic acid,
    (H2CO3), which break
    down to water (H2O)
    and CO2 (exit blood).
    Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the tissue…

    3. Oxygen (O2) exits blood:

    • Oxyhemoglobin
    (HbO2) gives up its O2
    which enters tissues
    cells
    Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport In the tissue…

    4. Carbon dioxide (CO2)


    enters blood:

    • After CO2 diffuses


    into the blood, it
    enters red blood cells,
    hemoglobin (Hb) +
    CO2 forming
    carbaminohemoglobin
    (HbCO2)

    • Most of the CO2,


    however, is
    transported in the
    form of the
    bicarbonate ion
    (HCO3-)

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