Cartography

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
"Mapmaker" redirects here. For other uses, see Mapmaker (disambiguation).
"Cartographer" redirects here. For the album by E.S. Posthumus, see Cartographer (album).

A nautical chart of the Mediterranean Sea from the second quarter of the 14th century. It is the
oldest original cartographic artifact in the Library of Congress.

Cartography (from Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) is the study and practice of
making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise
that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively.

The fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to:[citation needed]

 Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of
map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract,
such as toponyms or political boundaries.
 Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map
projections.
 Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's purpose.
This is the concern of generalization.
 Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern
of generalization.
 Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the
concern of map design.

Modern cartography is closely integrated with geographic information science (GIScience)

and constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems.

Contents
[hide]

 1 History
 2 Technological changes
 3 Map types
o 3.1 General vs thematic cartography
o 3.2 Topographic vs topological
 4 Map design
o 4.1 Map purpose and informations' selection
o 4.2 Naming conventions
o 4.3 Map symbology
o 4.4 Map generalization
 5 Cartographic errors
 6 See also
 7 References
o 7.1 Bibliography
 8 Further reading
 9 External links

[edit] History
Main articles: History of cartography and List of cartographers

Copy (1475) of St. Isidore's TO map of the world.

The earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the definition of "map" is not
sharp and because some artifacts speculated to be maps might actually be something else. A wall
painting, which may depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük (previously known as Catal
Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük), has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE.[1][2] Other known maps
of the ancient world include the Minoan "House of the Admiral" wall painting from c. 1600
BCE, showing a seaside community in an oblique perspective and an engraved map of the holy
Babylonian city of Nippur, from the Kassite period (14th – 12th centuries BCE).[3] The oldest
surviving world maps are the Babylonian world maps from the 9th century BCE.[4] One shows
Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Urartu[5] and
several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged
around it.[6] Another depicts Babylon as being further north from the center of the world.[4]

The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps, beginning at latest with Anaximander in the 6th
century BC.[7] In the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy produced his treatise on cartography, Geographia.
[8]
This contained Ptolemy's world map - the world then known to Western society (Ecumene).
As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the Greek geographers
into Arabic.[9]

In ancient China, geographical literature spans back to the 5th century BC. The oldest extant
Chinese maps come from the State of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BC, during the Warring
States Period. In the book of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist
Su Song, a star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection.[10][11] Although this method of
charting seems to have existed in China even prior to this publication and scientist, the greatest
significance of the star maps by Su Song is that they represent the oldest existent star maps in
printed form.

Early forms of cartography of India included the locations of the Pole star and other
constellations of use.[12] These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the Common Era
for purposes of navigation.[12]

Mappa mundi is the general term used to describe Medieval European maps of the world.
Approximately 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of
these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts and the remainder exist as stand-alone
documents.[13]

The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by Muhammad al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154

The Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana in
1154. He incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East, gathered by
Arab merchants and explorers with the information inherited from the classical geographers to
create the most accurate map of the world up until his time. It remained the most accurate world
map for the next three centuries.[14]
Europa regina in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia", 1570

In the Age of Exploration, from the 15th century to the 17th century, European cartographers
both copied earlier maps (some of which had been passed down for centuries) and drew their
own based on explorers' observations and new surveying techniques. The invention of the
magnetic compass, telescope and sextant enabled increasing accuracy. In 1492, Martin Behaim, a
German cartographer, made the oldest extant globe of the Earth.[15]

Johannes Werner refined and promoted the Werner map projection. In 1507, Martin
Waldseemüller produced a globular world map and a large 12-panel world wall map (Universalis
Cosmographia) bearing the first use of the name "America". Portuguese cartographer Diego
Ribero was the author of the first known planisphere with a graduated Equator (1527). Italian
cartographer Battista Agnese produced at least 71 manuscript atlases of sea charts.

Due to the sheer physical difficulties inherent in cartography, map-makers frequently lifted
material from earlier works without giving credit to the original cartographer. For example, one
of the most famous early maps of North America is unofficially known as the "Beaver Map",
published in 1715 by Herman Moll. This map is an exact reproduction of a 1698 work by
Nicolas de Fer. De Fer in turn had copied images that were first printed in books by Louis
Hennepin, published in 1697, and François Du Creux, in 1664. By the 18th century, map-makers
started to give credit to the original engraver by printing the phrase "After [the original
cartographer]" on the work.[16]

[edit] Technological changes

A pre-Mercator nautical chart of 1571, from Portuguese cartographer Fernão Vaz Dourado (c.
1520–c. 1580). It belongs to the so-called plane chart model, where observed latitudes and
magnetic directions are plotted directly into the plane, with a constant scale, as if the Earth were
plane (Portuguese National Archives of Torre do Tombo, Lisbon).

Mapping can be done with GPS and laser rangefinder directly in the field (for example by Field-
Map technology). Real-time map construction improve productivity and quality of mapping.
Image is showing mapping of forest structure (position of trees, dead wood and canopy).

In cartography, technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new
generations of mapmakers and map users. The first maps were manually constructed with
brushes and parchment; therefore, varied in quality and were limited in distribution. The advent
of magnetic devices, such as the compass and much later, magnetic storage devices, allowed for
the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to store and manipulate them digitally.

Advances in mechanical devices such as the printing press, quadrant and vernier, allowed for the
mass production of maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions from more accurate
data. Optical technology, such as the telescope, sextant and other devices that use telescopes,
allowed for accurate surveying of land and the ability of mapmakers and navigators to find their
latitude by measuring angles to the North Star at night or the sun at noon.

Advances in photochemical technology, such as the lithographic and photochemical processes,

have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details, do not distort in shape and resist
moisture and wear. This also eliminated the need for engraving, which further shortened the time
it takes to make and reproduce maps.
Advances in electronic technology in the 20th century ushered in another revolution in
cartography. Ready availability of computers and peripherals such as monitors, plotters, printers,
scanners (remote and document) and analytic stereo plotters, along with computer programs for
visualization, image processing, spatial analysis, and database management, have democratized
and greatly expanded the making of maps. The ability to superimpose spatially located variables
onto existing maps created new uses for maps and new industries to explore and exploit these
potentials. See also: digital raster graphic.

These days most commercial-quality maps are made using software that falls into one of three
main types: CAD, GIS and specialized illustration software. Spatial information can be stored in
a database, from which it can be extracted on demand. These tools lead to increasingly dynamic,
interactive maps that can be manipulated digitally.

With the field rugged computers, GPS and laser rangefinders, it is possible to perform mapping
directly in the terrain. The construction of the map in real time improve productivity and quality
of the result. Real time mapping is done for example with Field-map technology.

[edit] Map types

[edit] General vs thematic cartography

Small section of an orienteering map.

Topographic map of Easter Island.

Relief map Sierra Nevada

In understanding basic maps, the field of cartography can be divided into two general categories:
general cartography and thematic cartography. General cartography involves those maps that are
constructed for a general audience and thus contain a variety of features. General maps exhibit
many reference and location systems and often are produced in a series. For example, the
1:24,000 scale topographic maps of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are a standard
as compared to the 1:50,000 scale Canadian maps. The government of the UK produces the
classic 1:50,000 (replacing the older 1 inch to 1 mile) "Ordnance Survey" maps of the entire UK
and with a range of correlated larger- and smaller-scale maps of great detail.

Thematic cartography involves maps of specific geographic themes, oriented toward specific
audiences. A couple of examples might be a dot map showing corn production in Indiana or a
shaded area map of Ohio counties, divided into numerical choropleth classes. As the volume of
geographic data has exploded over the last century, thematic cartography has become
increasingly useful and necessary to interpret spatial, cultural and social data.

An orienteering map combines both general and thematic cartography, designed for a very
specific user community. The most prominent thematic element is shading, that indicates degrees
of difficulty of travel due to vegetation. The vegetation itself is not identified, merely classified
by the difficulty ("fight") that it presents.

[edit] Topographic vs topological

A topographic map is primarily concerned with the topographic description of a place, including
(especially in the 20th and 21st centuries) the use of contour lines showing elevation. Terrain or
relief can be shown in a variety of ways (see Cartographic relief depiction).

A topological map is a very general type of map, the kind you might sketch on a napkin. It often
disregards scale and detail in the interest of clarity of communicating specific route or relational
information. Beck's London Underground map is an iconic example. Though the most widely
used map of "The Tube," it preserves little of reality: it varies scale constantly and abruptly, it
straightens curved tracks, and it contorts directions. The only topography on it is the River
Thames, letting the reader know whether a station is north or south of the river. That and the
topology of station order and interchanges between train lines are all that is left of the geographic
space.[17] Yet those are all a typical passenger wishes to know, so the map fulfils its purpose.[18]
[edit] Map design
See also: Map projection

Illustrated map.

[edit] Map purpose and informations' selection

Arthur H. Robinson, an American cartographer influential in thematic cartography, stated that a

map not properly designed "will be a cartographic failure." He also claimed, when considering
all aspects of cartography, that "map design is perhaps the most complex."[19] Robinson codified
the mapmaker's understanding that a map must be designed foremost with consideration to the
audience and its needs.

From the very beginning of mapmaking, maps "have been made for some particular purpose or
set of purposes".[20] The intent of the map should be illustrated in a manner in which the
percipient acknowledges its purpose in a timely fashion. The term percipient refers to the person
receiving information and was coined by Robinson.[21] The principle of figure-ground refers to
this notion of engaging the user by presenting a clear presentation, leaving no confusion
concerning the purpose of the map. This will enhance the user's experience and keep his
attention. If the user is unable to identify what is being demonstrated in a reasonable fashion, the
map may be regarded as useless.

Making a meaningful map is the ultimate goal. Alan MacEachren explains that a well designed
map "is convincing because it implies authenticity" (1994, pp. 9). An interesting map will no
doubt engage a reader. Information richness or a map that is multivariate shows relationships
within the map. Showing several variables allows comparison, which adds to the meaningfulness
of the map. This also generates hypothesis and stimulates ideas and perhaps further research. In
order to convey the message of the map, the creator must design it in a manner which will aid the
reader in the overall understanding of its purpose. The title of a map may provide the "needed
link" necessary for communicating that message, but the overall design of the map fosters the
manner in which the reader interprets it (Monmonier, 1993, pp. 93).

In the 21st century it is possible to find a map of virtually anything from the inner workings of
the human body to the virtual worlds of cyberspace. Therefore there are now a huge variety of
different styles and types of map - for example, one area which has evolved a specific and
recognisable variation are those used by public transport organisations to guide passengers,
namely urban rail and metro maps, many of which are loosely based on 45 degree angles as
originally perfected by Harry Beck and George Dow.

[edit] Naming conventions

Most maps use text to label places and for such things as the map title, legend and other
information. Although maps are often made in one specific language, place names often differ
between languages. So a map made in English may use the name Germany for that country,
while a German map would use Deutschland and a French map Allemagne. A word that
describes a place using a non-native terminology or language is referred to as an exonym.

In some cases the correct name is not clear. For example, the nation of Burma officially changed
its name to Myanmar, but many nations do not recognize the ruling junta and continue to use
Burma. Sometimes an official name change is resisted in other languages and the older name
may remain in common use. Examples include the use of Saigon for Ho Chi Minh City, Bangkok
for Krung Thep and Ivory Coast for Côte d'Ivoire.

Difficulties arise when transliteration or transcription between writing systems is required. Some
well-known places have well-established names in other languages and writing systems, such as
Russia or Rußland for Росси́я, but in other cases a system of transliteration or transcription is
required. Even in the former case, the exclusive use of an exonym may be unhelpful for the map
user. It will not be much use for an English user of a map of Italy to show Livorno only as
"Leghorn" when road signs and railway timetables show it as "Livorno". In transliteration, the
characters in one script are represented by characters in another. For example, the Cyrillic letter
Р is usually written as R in the Latin alphabet, although in many cases it is not as simple as a
one-for-one equivalence. Systems exist for transliteration of Arabic, but the results may vary. For
example, the Yemeni city of Mocha is written variously in English as Mocha, Al Mukha, al-
Mukhā, Mocca and Moka. Transliteration systems are based on relating written symbols to one
another, while transcription is the attempt to spell in one language the phonetic sounds of
another. Chinese writing is now usually converted to the Latin alphabet through the Pinyin
phonetic transcription systems. Other systems were used in the past, such as Wade-Giles,
resulting in the city being spelled Beijing on newer English maps and Peking on older ones.

Further difficulties arise when countries, especially former colonies, do not have a strong
national geographic naming standard. In such cases, cartographers may have to choose between
various phonetic spellings of local names versus older imposed, sometimes resented, colonial
names. Some countries have multiple official languages, resulting in multiple official
placenames. For example, the capital of Belgium is both Brussel and Bruxelles. In Canada,
English and French are official languages and places have names in both languages. British
Columbia is also officially named la Colombie-Britannique. English maps rarely show the
French names outside of Quebec, which itself is spelled Québec in French.[22]

The study of placenames is called toponymy, while that of the origin and historical usage of
placenames as words is etymology.
In order to improve legibility or to aid the illiterate, some maps have been produced using
pictograms to represent places. The iconic example of this practice is Lance Wyman's early plans
for the Mexico City Metro, on which stations were shown simply as stylized logos. Wyman also
prototyped such a map for the Washington Metro, though ultimately the idea was rejected. Other
cities experimenting with such maps are Fukuoka, Guadalajara and Monterrey.[23]

[edit] Map symbology

A map of the southwest coast of Ireland created in the early 18th century. Notice the north arrow
at the bottom of the map. Also, colors are used in the map to distinguish different geographical
areas.

The quality of a map's design affects its reader's ability to extract information and to learn from
the map. Cartographic symbology has been developed in an effort to portray the world accurately
and effectively convey information to the map reader. A legend explains the pictorial language
of the map, known as its symbology. The title indicates the region the map portrays; the map
image portrays the region and so on. Although every map element serves some purpose,
convention only dictates inclusion of some elements, while others are considered optional. A
menu of map elements includes the neatline (border), compass rose or north arrow, overview
map, bar scale, projection and information about the map sources, accuracy and publication.

When examining a landscape, scale can be intuited from trees, houses and cars. Not so with a
map. Even such a simple thing as a north arrow is crucial. It may seem obvious that the top of a
map should point north, but this might not be the case.

Map coloring is also very important. How the cartographer displays the data in different hues can
greatly affect the understanding or feel of the map. Different intensities of hue portray different
objectives the cartographer is attempting to get across to the audience. Today, personal
computers can display up to 16 million distinct colors at a time. This fact allows for a multitude
of color options for even for the most demanding maps. Moreover, computers can easily hatch
patterns in colors to give even more options. This is very beneficial, when symbolizing data in
categories such as quintile and equal interval classifications.

Quantitative symbols give a visual measure of the relative size/importance/number that a symbol
represents and to symbolize this data on a map, there are two major classes of symbols used for
portraying quantitative properties. Proportional symbols change their visual weight according to
a quantitative property. These are appropriate for extensive statistics. Choropleth maps portray
data collection areas, such as counties or census tracts, with color. Using color this way, the
darkness and intensity (or value) of the color is evaluated by the eye as a measure of intensity or
concentration.

[edit] Map generalization

Main article: Cartographic generalization

A good map has to compromise between portraying the items of interest (or themes) in the right
place on the map, and the need to show that item using text or a symbol, which take up space on
the map and might displace some other item of information. The cartographer is thus constantly
making judgements about what to include, what to leave out and what to show in a slightly
incorrect place. This issue assumes more importance as the scale of the map gets smaller (i.e. the
map shows a larger area) because the information shown on the map takes up more space on the
ground. A good example from the late 1980s was the Ordnance Survey's first digital maps,
where the absolute positions of major roads were sometimes a scale distance of hundreds of
metres away from ground truth, when shown on digital maps at scales of 1:250,000 and
1:625,000, because of the overriding need to annotate the features.

[edit] Cartographic errors

Some maps contain deliberate errors or distortions, either as propaganda or as a "watermark" to
help the copyright owner identify infringement if the error appears in competitors' maps. The
latter often come in the form of nonexistent, misnamed, or misspelled "trap streets".[24] Other
names and forms for this are paper townsites, fictitious entries, and copyright easter eggs.[25]

Another motive for deliberate errors is cartographic "vandalism": a mapmaker wishing to leave
his or her mark on the work. Mount Richard, for example, was a fictitious peak on the Rocky
Mountains' continental divide that appeared on a Boulder County, Colorado map in the early
1970s. It is believed to be the work of draftsman Richard Ciacci. The fiction was not discovered
until two years later.

[edit] See also

Atlas portal

Main article: Outline of cartography

 Aerial photography
 Animated mapping
 Cartogram
 Cartographic generalization
 Cartographic propaganda
  Cartographic relief depiction
 City map
 Contour line
 Critical cartography
 Digital Cadastral DataBase
 Fantasy map
 Figure-ground in map design
 Four color theorem
 Gazetteer
 Geocode
 Geographic Information System (GIS)
 Geographic information science (GIScience)
 Geoinformatics
 Geoinformation
 Geomatics
 Geomatics Engineering
 Geovisualization
 Iberian cartography from 1400-1600
 International Map of the World
 Japanese map symbols
 List of cartographers
 Locator map
 Map collection
 Marshall Islands stick chart
 Map projection
 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
 OpenStreetMap
 Orthophoto
 Pictorial maps
 Planetary cartography
 Point of Beginning
 Remote sensing
 Scribing (cartography)
 Sea level
 Tactile graphic
 Terra incognita

[edit] References
1. ^ Robert Kunzig (May 1999). "A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city,
and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past". Discover
Magazine. http://discovermagazine.com/1999/may/archeologist.
2. ^ Stephanie Meece (2006). "A bird's eye view - of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük
'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory". Anatolian
Studies 56: 1–16. JSTOR 20065543.
3. ^ Uchicago.edu The Nippur Expedition
 4. ^ a b Kurt A. Raaflaub & Richard J. A. Talbert (2009). Geography and Ethnography:
Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 147.
ISBN 1405191465.
5. ^ Catherine Delano Smith (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the
World". Imago Mundi 48: 209–211. doi:10.1080/03085699608592846. JSTOR 1151277.
6. ^ Finel, Irving (1995). "A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery". British
Museum Magazine 23: 26–27.
7. ^ "History of Cartography". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
http://www.webcitation.org/5kwQeQNdg.
8. ^ J. L. Berggren, Alexander Jones; Ptolemy's Geography By Ptolemy, Princeton
University Press, 2001 ISBN 0691092591
9. ^ "Geography". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
http://www.webcitation.org/5kwQdtmEV.
10. ^ Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1997). "Projection methods in Chinese, Korean and Japanese star
maps". In Johannes Andersen. Highlights of Astronomy. 11B. Norwell: Kluwer Academic
Publishers. p. 714. ISBN 9780792355564.
11. ^ Needham, Joseph (1971). Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics. Science and
Civilization in China. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 569. ISBN 9780521070607.
12. ^ a b Sircar, D. C. C. (1990). Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India.
Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 330. ISBN 8120806905.
13. ^ Woodward, p. 286[citation needed]
14. ^ S. P. Scott (1904), History of the Moorish Empire, pp. 461-462.
15. ^ Globes and Terrain Models -- Geography and Maps: An Illustrated Guide, Library of
Congress
16. ^ "Map Imitation" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual
museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada
17. ^ Ovenden 2007, p. 22
18. ^ Devlin, Keith (2002). The Millennium Problems. New York, New York: Basic Books.
pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780465017300.
19. ^ Robinson, A.H. (1953). Elements of Cartography. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 0471728055.
20. ^ Robinson, A.H. (1982). Early Thematic Mapping: In the History of Cartography.
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226722856.
21. ^ MacEachren, A.M. (1995). How Maps Work. New York: The Guilford Press.
ISBN 157230040X.
22. ^ This section based on: "Transliteration Systems". Illustrated Atlas of the World. 25.
Rand McNally. 1992. 87–89. Bibcode 1995QuEle..25...87..
doi:10.1070/QE1995v025n01ABEH013084. ISBN 0-528-83492-4.
23. ^ Ovenden 2007, pp. 60, 131, 132, 135
24. ^ Monmonier, Mark (1996). 2nd.. ed. How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press. p. 51. ISBN 0226534219.
25. ^ Openstreetmap.org Copyright Easter Eggs

[edit] Bibliography
  Ovenden, Mark (2007). Transit Maps of the World. New York, New York: Penguin
Books. ISBN 9780143112655.

[edit] Further reading

Map making

 MacEachren, A.M. (1994). Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design.
University Park: The Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 0892912146.
 Bender, B. (1999). "Subverting the Western gaze: mapping alternative worlds". In P.J.
Ucko & R. Layton. The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape: Shaping your
landscape. One World Archaeology. 30. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415117678.
 Monmonier, Mark (1993). Mapping It Out. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 0226534170.
 ESRI. 2004. ESRI Cartography: Capabilities and Trends. Redlands, CA. White Paper
 Jeer, S. (December 13, 1997). "Traditional color coding for land uses" (PDF). American
Planning Association. pp. 4–5.
http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/manual/style/ColorConventions.pdf.
 Kent, A. J. (2005). "Aesthetics: a lost cause in cartographic theory?". The Cartographic
Journal 42 (2): 182–188. doi:10.1179/000870405X61487.
 Kraak, Menno-Jan and Ormeling, Ferjan (2002). Cartography: Visualization of Spatial
Data. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-130-88890-7.
 Imus, D. and Dunlavey, P. 2002. Back to the Drawing Board: Cartography vs the Digital
Workflow. MT. Hood, Oregon.
 Olson, Judy M. (1975). "Experience and the improvement of cartographic
communication". Cartographic Journal 12 (2): 94–108.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/caj/1975/00000012/00000002/art00004.
 Peterson, Michael P. (1995). Interactive and Animated Cartography. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0130791047.
 Slocum, T. (2003). Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-130-35123-7.

History

 Ralph E Ehrenberg (2005, Oct. 11). Mapping the World: An Illustrated History of
Cartography. National Geographic. pp. 256. ISBN 0792265254.
http://www.amazon.com/Mapping-World-Illustrated-History-Cartography/dp/
0792265254/ref=pd_sim_b_4.
 J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1987). The History of Cartography Volume 1:
Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean.
Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5.
 J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1992). The History of Cartography Volume 2,
Book 1: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Chicago and
London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31635-1.
  J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1994). The History of Cartography Volume 2,
Book 2: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies. Chicago and
London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31637-8.
 J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1998). The History of Cartography Volume 2,
Book 3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and
Pacific Societies [Full text of the Introduction by David Woodward and G. Malcolm
Lewis]. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-90728-7.
 J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (2005). The History of Cartography Volume 3
(in press, 2005): Cartography in the European Renaissance. Chicago and London:
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-90733-3.
 J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds) (1987). The History of Cartography Volume 4
(edited by D. Graham Burnett, Matthew Edney, and Mary G. Sponberg Pedley with
Founding Editor David Woodward): Cartography in the European Enlightenment.
Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31633-5.
 Belyea, Barbara (1992). "Amerindian maps: the explorer as translator". Journal of
Historical Geography 18 (3): 267–277. doi:10.1016/0305-7488(92)90203-L.

Meanings

 Monmonier, Mark (1991). How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 0-226-53421-9.
 Wood, Denis (1992). The Power of Maps. New York/London: The Guilford Press.
ISBN 9780898624939.

Others (still to categorize)

 Pickles, John (2003). A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping, and the Geo-
Coded World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-14497-3.
 Wilford, John Noble (2000). The Mapmakers. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-70850-2.
 "Map Imitations" in Detecting the Truth: Fakes, Forgeries and Trickery, a virtual
museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada

[edit] External links

Find more about Cartography on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Images and media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
  International Cartographic Association (ICA), the world body for mapping and
GIScience professionals
 Cartography and Geographic Information Society (CaGIS), USA The
CaGIS(ociety)promotes research, education, and practice to improve the understanding,
creation, analysis, and use of maps and geographic information. The society serves as a
forum for the exchange of original concepts, techniques, approaches, and experiences by
those who design, implement, and use cartography, geographical information systems,
and related geospatial technologies.
 North American Cartographic Information Society (NACIS)
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kartographie (German Cartographic Society)
 British Cartographic Society
 The Canadian Cartographic association (CCA)
 Swiss Society of Cartography
 SSSI Spatial Information & Cartography Commission, Australia
 Comité Français de Cartographie (French Cartographic Society)
 The New Zealand Cartographic Society
 Associazione Italiana di Cartografia (Italian Association of Cartography)
 Japan Cartographers Association
 Society of Cartographers supports the practising cartographer and encourages and
maintains a high standard of cartographic illustration
 National Cartographic Center of Iran (NCC), Tehran
 Mapping History - a learning resource from the British Library
 Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide, by the staff of the US Library of Congress.
 The history of cartography at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St.
Andrews, Scotland
 Antique Maps by Carl Moreland and David Bannister - complete text of the book, with
information both on mapmaking and on mapmakers, including short biographies of many
cartographers
 Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography, Newberry Library
 UPCT : project aimed at creating a world map (a French map to begin) with voluntaries
using GPS
 OpenStreetMap : project aimed squarely at creating and providing free geographic data of
the world.
 GITTA - A webbased open content eLearning course with basic and intermediate
cartography lessons based on the eLML XML framework.
 cartographers on the net SVG, scalable vector graphics: tutorials, examples, widgets and
libraries

See Maps for more links to modern and historical maps; however, most of the largest sites are
listed at the sites linked below.

 Odden's fascinating world of maps and mapping has a huge database of links on maps
and cartography (under "Literature").
 Online map catalogs in North America and Europe lists some good places to search for
online maps.
 A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books,
historical photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar
 UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library, web-site from the UN Environment
Programme with hundreds of examples of thematic maps
 Kartografi-Indonesia A website displaying cartograms of various Indonesian-related data
made by the Dept. Computational Sociology of Bandung Fe Institute.
 Mapping Our World Oxfam's interactive site to help pupils develop geography skills
through activities all about maps, globes and how we view the world