STS Lesson 1 Lesson 3

Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

OFFICE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR BRANCHES AND
EXTENSIONS
MARAGONDON BRANCH
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
IN
GEED 10083
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
Compiled by by: Checked by:
Engr. Rico H. Balderama Assoc. Prof. Ayreenlee E. Resus

Engr. John Richard T. Tapat Faculty Chairman
Faculty Committee on Writing Instructional
Materials
Date: _________________ Date: ___________________
Approved by:
Dr. Agnes Y. Gonzaga Assoc. Prof. Denise A. Abril

Head, Academic Programs Director
Date: _________________ Date: __________________

INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. These instructional materials will help
you become an effective learner and successfully meet the requirements of the course. You will
discover that you can learn in a very challenging way at your own pace. You can learn while
enjoying every activity in this course.
Happy learning!
THE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
VISION
PUP: The National Polytechnic University
MISSION
Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning
opportunities through a re-engineered polytechnic university by committing to:
 provide democratized access to educational opportunities for the holistic development of

individuals with global perspective
 offer industry-oriented curricula that produce highly-skilled professionals with managerial

and technical capabilities and a strong sense of public service for nation building
 embed a culture of research and innovation
 continuously develop faculty and employees with the highest level of professionalism
 engage public and private institutions and other stakeholders for the attainment of social
development goal
 establish a strong presence and impact in the international academic community
PHILOSOPHY
As a state university, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines believes that:
 Education is an instrument for the development of the citizenry and for the enhancement
of nation building; and
 That meaningful growth and transmission of the country are best achieved in an
atmosphere of brotherhood, peace, freedom, justice and nationalist-oriented education
imbued with the spirit of humanist internationalism.
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SUBJECT: GEED 10083 – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RICO H. BALDERAMA AND ENGR. JOHN RICHARD T. TAPAT
TEN PILLARS
Pillar 1: Dynamic, Transformational, and Responsible Leadership

Pillar 2: Responsive and Innovative Curricula and Instruction
Pillar 3: Enabling and Productive Learning Environment
Pillar 4: Holistic Student Development and Engagement
Pillar 5: Empowered Faculty Members and Employees
Pillar 6: Vigorous Research Production and Utilization
Pillar 7: Global Academic Standards and Excellence
Pillar 8: Synergistic, Productive, Strategic Networks and Partnerships
Pillar 9: Active and Sustained Stakeholders’ Engagement
Pillar 10: Sustainable Social Development Programs and Projects
SHARED VALUES AND PRINCIPLES
 Integrity and Accountability

 Nationalism
 Spirituality
 Passion for Learning and Innovation
 Inclusivity
 Respect for Human Rights and The Environment
 Excellence
 Democracy
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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
MARAGONDON BRANCH
GOALS
 Quality and excellent graduates

 Empowered faculty members
 Relevant curricula
 Efficient administration
 Development – oriented researches
 State-of-the-art physical facilities and laboratories
 Profitable income – generating programs
 Innovative instruction
 ICT – driven library
 Strong local and international linkages
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
The College of Engineering aims to:

1. Strengthen the Engineering program consistent with global trends;
2. Develop faculty as competent mentors and quality researchers, through advanced study
and other facets of continuing professional education;
3. Develop critical thinking and communication skills of students, giving emphasis to research
and extension services;
4. Equip graduates with appropriate knowledge and technical skills, imbued with desirable work
attitude and moral values through enhanced teaching/learning process by using multi-media
facilities on top of traditional methods;
5. Create a conducive teaching and learning atmosphere with emphasis to faculty and
students’ growth and academic freedom;
6. Establish network with educational institution industry, GO’s and NGO’s, local and
international which could serve as:
a. funding sources and/or partners of researches;
b. sources of new techniques;
c. centers for faculty and student exchange program and On the Job Training; and
d. grantees of scholarship/additional facilities
7. Continuously conduct action researches on the needs of laboratory and other facilities that
could be locally produce or innovated using local materials and adapted technolog
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GEED 10083
Science, Technology and Society
COURSE DESCRIPTION
COURSE TITLE : Science, Technology and Society

COURSE CODE : GEED 10083
COURSE CREDIT : 3 units
PRE-REQUISITE : NONE
The course deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political,
and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013) This
interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and
technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of
our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological
development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and
philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the
students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of
scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate
change and environmental awareness.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
Knowledge
1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society
2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in
nation-building
3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical
ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society
4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine
society in general
Values
1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment
and the development of the Filipino nation
2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the
student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life
3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of
society and the environment
Skills
1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society
2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative
and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards
3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their
understanding of climate change
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Institutional Program Outcomes Course Outcomes
Learning Outcomes
1. Creative and The Bachelor of Science in Explain and illustrate the
Critical Thinking Electrical Engineering program different current theories,
provides combined technical concepts, principles, and
knowledge and skills among practices relevant to electrical
students in the field of electricity. engineering practices
2. Effective Effectively communicate orally Present and interpret accurate,
Communication and in writing using the English precise, reliable, relevant and
language updated principles in the creation
of new self that could affect our
relationship to others, to ensure
the establishment of good
rapport with other people
3. Strong Service Demonstrate strong commitment Apply critical thinking in the
Orientation to competence, professionalism, analysis of one’s self in relation
independence, integrity and to our business dealings to our
objectivity, good corporate and clientele.
social responsibility and ethical
practices in performing functions.
4. Passion to Life- Engage in life-long learning and Be able to prepare specific plan
Long Learning an understanding of the need to and technical knowhow in
keep current of the solving problems.
developments in the specific
fields of practice. e.g. Continuing
Professional Education.
5. Sense of BSEE graduates should possess Understanding the techniques
Nationalism and general knowledge in gaining used and adapted in local and
Global and understanding of the international practices.
Responsiveness different cultures in the world and
developing an international
objective
6. Community Describe how knowledge and Be involved in community
Engagement learning from the academic extension services and practice
study/disciplines relates to one’s voluntarism to contribute in
participation in community community and human
service, civic, politics and development.
government.
7. Adeptness in the Use the techniques, skills and Develop software applications
Responsible Use modern engineering tools and engineering tool necessary.
of Technology necessary for engineering
practice
8. High Level of Demonstrate attributes of Exercise empowered leadership
Leadership and persuasiveness, open-minded, and teamwork in addressing
Organizational and confident leader. Manage technical problems that may
Skills time and resources effectively. arise.
9. Sense of Personal Perform services with highest Observe the code of ethics and
and Professional standard of professionalism and diligence in practicing the
Ethics in accordance with ethical profession.
requirements.
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COURSE REQUIREMENTS
The course requirements are as follows:
1. Students are encouraged to attend the class sessions (online students0 and complete all
the requirements (online and offline students).
2. The course is expected to have a minimum of four (4) quizzes and two (2) major
examinations (Midterm and Final Examination).
3. Other requirements such as written outputs, exercises, assignments and the likes will be
given throughout the sessions. These shall be submitted on the due dates set by the
teacher.
Note: Some activities will be rated using the Rubrics.
GRADING SYSTEM
The grading system will determine if the student passed or failed the course. There will be two
grading periods: Midterm and Final Period. Each period has components of: 70% Class Standing
+ 30% Major Examination. Final Grade will be the average of the two periodical grades.
Midterm Finals
Class Standing 70% Class Standing 70%
 Quizzes  Quizzes
 Activities  Activities
Mid-term Examination 30%  Project
Final Examination 30%
FINAL GRADE = (Midterm + Finals) /2
RUBRICS:
Unsatisfactory Satisfactory Very Good Work Excellent Work
Work Work
1.0 1.5 - 2.5 3.0 - 4.0 4.5 - 5.0
Homework The student didn't The student do The student do The student do all of
do any some homework. most of the the homework.
homework. homework.
Activities Students did not Students attempt Students attempt Students attempt to
attempt to to participate in to participate in participate in all of
participate in any an activity but most of the given the given activity.
activity. incomplete. activity.
COURSE GUIDE
Week Topic Learning Outcomes Methodology Resources Assessment

1-3 Orientation of Discussion of the Orientation PUP None
University’s vision, mission, vision, goals and Student
and objectives of the Discussion. Handbook
vii
mission, goals and University; course Course
objectives. overview and Syllabus
requirements.
Course Overview
Classroom policies
Lesson 1  Discuss the Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
Historical interactions netween Discussion research Recitation
antecedents in which S&T and society studies in
social considerations throughout history the internet
changed the course  Discuss how google
of science and scientific and
technology: technological
-In the world: developments affect
Ancient,Middle and society and the
Modern ages environment
-In the Philippines  Identify the
paradigm shifts in
history
4 Lesson 2  Articulate ways by Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
Intellectual which society is Discussion research Recitation
revolutions that transformed by studies in
defined society; science and the internet
a. Copernican technology google
b. Darwinian
c. Freudian
d. information
e. Meso-American
f. Asian
g. Middle East
h. African
Lesson 3  Discuss the role of Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
5-6 Science and Science and Discussion research Recitation
Technology and Technology in studies in
Nation Building Philippine nation the internet
a. The Philippine building google
Government S & T  Evaluate
Agenda Major government policies
b. Major pertaining to science
development and technology in
programs and terms of their
personalities in S&T contributions to
in the Philippines nation building
c. Science Education  Identify actual
in the Philippines d. science and
Selected indigenous technology policies
science and of the government
technologies and appraise their
impact on the
development of the
Filipino nation
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7 Lesson 4  Analyze the human Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
The Human Person condition in order to Discussion research Recitation
flourishing in terms of deeply reflect and studies in
science and express the internet
technology philosophical google
ramifications that are
meaningful to the
Technology as a student as a part of
Way of Revealing society
8 Lesson 5  Critique human Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
Human flourishing flourishing vis-àvis Discussion research Recitation
the progress of studies in
science and the internet
technology so that
the suident can google
define for
himself/herself the
meaning of the good
life
Lesson 6  Examine shared Lecture Articles and Reflection
9 The Good Life concerns that make Discussion research Essay
up the good life in studies in
order to come up the internet
with innovative, google
creative solutions to
contemporary issues
guided by ethical
standards
10 Lesson 7  Examine human Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
When technology rights in order to Discussion research Recitation
and humanity cross uphold such rights in studies in
technological ethical the internet
dilemmas google
11 Lesson 8  Evaluate Lecture Articles and 20 items quiz
Why does the future contemporary Discussion research Recitation
not need us? human experience in studies in
order to strengthen the internet
and enlighten the google
human person
functioning in society
12 MIDTERM EXAMINATION
13 Lesson 9  Link learned Lecture Articles and 20 items
The information concepts to the Discussion research studies quiz
Age (Gutenberg development of the in the internet Recitation
to Social media) information age and
its impact on society google
 Illustrate how the
social media and the
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information age have
impacted our lives
14 Lesson 10  Determine the Lecture Articles and 20 items
Biodiversity and interrelatedness of Discussion research studies quiz
the Healthy society, in the internet Recitation
Society environment, and
health google
Genetically  Discuss the ethics
Modified and implications of
Organisms: GMOs and potential
Science, Health, future impacts
and Politics
15 The Nano World  Discuss the major Lecture Articles and 20 items
impacts (both Discussion research studies quiz
potential and in the internet Recitation
realized} of
nanotechnology on google
society
 Analyze the issue
through the
conceptual STS
lenses
 Critique the issue
on its costs and
benefits to society
16 Lesson 11  Describe gene Lecture Articles and 20 items
Gene therapy therapy and its Discussion research studies quiz
(stem Cells) various forms in the internet Recitation
 Assess the issue’s
potential benefits google
and detriments to
global health
17 Lesson 12  Identify the causes Lecture Articles and 20 items
Mandated of climate change Discussion research studies quiz
Topics:  Assess the various in the internet Recitation
1. Climate impacts of climate
Change and the change including google
Energy Crisis economic,
geopolitical,
2. biological,
Environmental meteorological, etc.
Awareness  Apply STS
Other Topics: concepts to the issue
Alternative of climate change
Energy
Resources ( e.g.
O-tech Ocean
Thermal Energy
Conversion)
18 Final Examination
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Page
Course Description
Lesson 1 Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the 1

course of science and technology:
Unit 1: In the world: Ancient, Middle and Modern ages
Unit 2: In the Philippines
Lesson 2 Intellectual revolutions that defined society; 12

- Copernican
- Darwinian
- Freudian
- Information
- Meso-American
- Asian
- Middle East
- African
Lesson 3 Science and Technology and Nation Building 16

Unit 1: The Philippine Government S & T Agenda Major
Unit 2: Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the
Philippines
Unit 3: Science Education in the Philippines
Unit 4: Selected indigenous science and technologies
Lesson 4 The Human Person flourishing in terms of Science and Technology; 22

Technology as a Way of Revealing
Lesson 5 Human Flourishing 26
Lesson 6 The Good Life 29
Lesson 7 When Technology and Humanity cross 34
Lesson 8 Why does the future not need us? 42
Lesson 9 The information Age (Gutenberg to Social media) 44
Lesson 10 Biodiversity and the Healthy Society 52

Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and Politics
Lesson 11 The Nano World 67
Lesson 12 Gene therapy (stem Cells) 82
Lesson 13 Mandated Topics: 92

Unit 1: Climate Change and the Energy Crisis
Unit 2: Environmental Awareness
References 99
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Lesson 1 – Historical Antecedents in which social considerations
changed the course of Science and Technology
Overview:
This lesson will give the students the history on how the science and technology developed on
our society.
Learning Objectives:
After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Know the interactions between Science, Technology and Society throughout history
2. Determine how scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment
3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history
Course Materials:
“If we lived on a planet where nothing ever changed, there would be little to do. There would
be nothing to figure out. There would be no impetus for science. And if we lived in an unpredictable
world, where things change in random or very complex ways, we would not be able to figure things
out. But we live in an in-between universe where things change but according to patterns, rules, or
as we call them, laws of nature. If I throw a stick up into the air, it always falls down. If the sun sets
in the west, it always rises again the next morning in the east. And so it becomes possible to figure
things out. We can do science, and with it we can improve our lives.” (Carl Edward Sagan).
From the beginning of time, man has tried to improve his way and quality of life. The
caveman discovered how to make and used tools, developed a logical sequence of activities, and
evolved processes that added value to his life. The totality of the use and the application of his
knowledge, skills, tools, and materials, constitute what we today describe as “technology”.
What is science?
 concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural
world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of
that understanding.
 done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries
to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.
Science: knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through
experiments and observation.
Technology: science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools.
How is science used in technology?
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 Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic
observation and experiments. Through science, we develop new technologies.
 Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical purpose.
 Scientists use technology in all their experiments.
What is technology?
Technology concerns itself with understanding how knowledge is creatively applied to organised
tasks involving people and machines that meet sustainable goals. There are three important
aspects to this definition:
1. Technology is about taking action to meet a human need rather than merely understanding the
workings of the natural world, which is the goal of science. The invention of the microscope was
driven by a need to explore the world of the small, beyond our unaided vision. This technological
solution to a long standing problem has in turn enabled us to understand more the workings of
the world which in turn has led to the development of more technologies.
2. It uses much more than scientific knowledge and includes values as much as facts, practical
craft knowledge as much as theoretical knowledge. The iPod is an example of where the physics
of making a small device carry so much music is married with creative design to make an iconic
must have accessory.
3. It involves organized ways of doing things. It covers the intended and unintended interactions
between products (machines, devices, artifacts) and the people and systems who make them,
use them or are affected by them through various processes. Many people like to drink coffee,
often in a coffee shop. That coffee may have come from trees which have been bred specifically
for increased yields that support a small farmer and his family but that requires pesticides that
were developed and manufactured in another country. The harvested coffee beans will
themselves be transported around the world, to be processed and placed in packages which are
are distributed to shops that then make the cup of coffee in a polystyrene cup that was
manufactured for the purpose but which then needs to disposed of and so on. Every choice we
make relies on, and feeds, a highly interdependent and far reaching way of life where some have
much and some have little.
Technology is a hands on, can do profession where people have to be skilled in many of the
following: engineering, communicating, designing, developing, innovating, managing,
manufacturing, modelling, and systems thinking. But technology also gives us various products
which can be used for good or ill or where the benefits are disputed and similarly the processes
involved in producing and using technology means that we should all take an interest in whether
it provides us and eveyone else with a sustainable future.
The Role of Science and Technology
1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on
economic development.
2. key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin
economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure.
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based
on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology. Products are
transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access
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to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and
applications arising when these technologies converge.
4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing and
developing their economies, and those that are not.
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering
What is society?
 The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in
to figure things out and to make things
 a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group
sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations.
What does science, technology and society mean?

Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the
study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation,
and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES
 STS is a relatively recent discipline, originating in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn’s The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
 STS was the result of a “sociological turn” in science studies.
 STS makes the assumption that science and technology are essentially intertwined and
that they are each profoundly social and profoundly political
How science and technology affect society?

1. Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing.
2. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as
ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions.
3. Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and
the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about
themselves, others, and the environment. The effect of science on society is neither entirely
beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
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How science can have an effect on society?
1. Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific knowledge and
the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals in society think about
themselves, others, and the environment.
2. The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
What is the relationship between science and society?

 The impact of science and technology on society is evident. But society also influences
science.
 There are social influences on the direction and emphasis of scientific and technological
development, through pressure groups on specific issues, and through generally accepted
social views, values and priorities
Unit 1: In the world: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages
From the beginning of time, man has strived to improve his way and quality of life. The
caveman discovered how to make and use tools, developed a logical sequence for activities,
and evolved processes that added value to his life.
The shift from nomadic life to farming led to the development of cities:
 Network of transportations
 Specialized labor
 Government and religion
 Social class
Nineteenth Century Invention of textile manufacturing machines Division of labor Increase

in production Crowded cities Unsafe and unhealthy working conditions
Twentieth Century Invention of automobiles Status symbol Harsh, crowded city conditions
HEALTH
Penicillin – Alexander Fleming - Friday, September 28, 1928 - Penicillium notatum - The challenge
of mass- producing this drug was daunting. On March 14, 1942, the first patient was treated for
streptococcal septicemia with US-made penicillin produced by Merck & Co
Major influence on Society
Egypt – papyrus and hieroglyphics papyrus - a thick type of paper made from the pith of the
papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus. Papyrus can also refer to a document written on sheets of
papyrus joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.
Papyrus  was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the 4TH millennium BCE  The earliest
archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient
Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. These documents date from 2560–2550 BCE
(end of the reign of Khufu).  The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the Great
Pyramid of Giza.  In the first centuries BCE and CE, papyrus scrolls gained a rival as a writing
surface in the form of parchment, which was prepared from animal skins. Early Christian writers
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soon adopted the codex form, and in the Greco- Roman world, it became common to cut sheets
from papyrus rolls to form codices
Hieroglyphs - a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system a formal writing system used
by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements Egyptians used
cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood Early hieroglyphs date back to
somewhere between 3,400 and 3,200 BCE and continued to be used up until about 400 CE, when
non-Christian temples were closed and their monumental use was no longer necessary
Ancient Babylonia – cuneiform  one of the earliest systems of writing, distinguished by its
wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt stylus ( tool for writing)  This
was in use for more than three millennia, through several stages of development, from the 34th
century BC down to the second century CE
Ancient Greece – public speaking, persuasive rhetoric, drama, and philosophy Rhetoric - an art
that aims to improve the capability of writers or speakers to inform, most likely to persuade, or
motivate particular audiences in specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive
civic practice, rhetoric has played a central role in the European tradition
the study of rhetoric continued to be central to the study of the verbal arts; but the study of the
verbal arts went into decline for several centuries, followed eventually by a gradual rise in formal
education, culminating in the rise of medieval universities Late medieval rhetorical writings
include those of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225?–1274) 
17TH CENTURY 
FRANCIS BACON (1561–1626) - contributed to the field in his writings  One of the concerns of
the age was to find a suitable style for the discussion of scientific topics, which needed above all
a clear exposition of facts and arguments, rather than the ornate style favored at the time  “The
Advancement of Learning” criticized those who are preoccupied with style rather than "the weight
of matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment."  On
matters of style, he proposed that the style conform to the subject matter and to the audience,
that simple words be employed whenever possible, and that the style should be agreeable
Roman alphabet, is a writing system originally used to write the Latin Language  The Greek
alphabet has descended from the Phoenician abjad while the Phoenician alphabet is derived from
Egyptian hieroglyphics  The Etruscans who ruled early Rome adopted and modified the
Cumaean Greek alphabet.  The Etruscan alphabet was in turn adopted and further modified by
the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
ANCIENT ROMEIt was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨W⟩ (originally a ligature of two
⟨V⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which
did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨I⟩
and ⟨U⟩ as vowels, and ⟨J⟩ and ⟨V⟩ as consonants, become established the style of writing
changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing
press
MODERN EUROPE – THE PRINTING PRESS  one of the most influential events in the second
millennium revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and
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ushering in the period of modernity  invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440
 By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more
than twenty million volumes  In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their
output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies  In Renaissance Europe, the arrival
of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication which
permanently altered the structure of society
Wine Press paper codex of the acclaimed 42- line Bible, Gutenberg's major work
The Printing Revolution The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing
press facilitated the wide circulation of information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change"
through the societies that it reached In the period from 1518 to 1524, the publication of books in
Germany alone skyrocketed sevenfold; between 1518 and 1520, Luther's tracts were distributed
in 300,000 printed copies The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall
in unit costs, led to the issuing of the first newspapers, which opened up an entirely new field for
conveying up-to-date information to the public
Tim Berners-Lee's vision of a global hyperlinked information system became a possibility by the
second half of the 1980s (“mesh”) By 1985, the global Internet began to proliferate in Europe
hypertext enthusiast, Robert Cailliau, published a more formal proposal on 12 November 1990
to build a "Hypertext project" called "WorldWideWeb" as a "web" of "hypertext documents" to be
viewed by browsers using a client-server architecture MODERN WORLD – WORLD WIDE WEB
Unit 2: History Of Science And Technology In The Philippines

Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth as
well as long periods of stagnation. The main managing agency responsible for science and
technology is the Department of Science and Technology.
Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe

del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy, Gavino
Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food technology and
many more
PRE-SPANISH ERA
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of the
archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology.
Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the
methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar.
Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by pre- Spanish
era Filipinos.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

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The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the
archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the oldest
existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.
Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big
profits.
Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.
The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony and
some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the rapid development of
scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
AMERICAN PERIOD
The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American rule of the
islands.
On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories
which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio
Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study
of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of
Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the Philippines was
established.
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance
given to science grew.
Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting
scientific research and invention was acknowledged.
In 1974, a science development program was included in the government's Four-Year

Development Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978.
Funding for science was also increased. The National Science Development Board was replaced
by the National Science and Technology Authority under Executive Order No. 784. A Scientific
Career in the civil service was introduced in 1983.
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AMERICAN PERIOD
Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry,
medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology
due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards
agriculture and trade.
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by the US
Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which was
necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget
for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during
the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958
which established the National Science Development
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology Authority
was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.
Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and
technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted.
During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science and
technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the government towards an
economic recovery.
In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal
of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status by the year 2000.
The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and technology. The
Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the committees that handles the least
amount of bills for deliberation.
Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget allocation
for science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the previous year's
464 million pesos.
However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and 1991 were
trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation were increased to 1.7
billion pesos in 1992
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
Paradigm is a typical example or pattern of something. It is a distinct set of concepts or thought

patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes
legitimate contributions to a field.
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WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?
 a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.

 a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn
 a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific
discipline. Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPORTANT?
Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within belief systems.
Within philosophy of science this concept is sometimes considered important and is sometimes
given great attention within education.
KUHN'S PARADIGM
THOMAS SAMUEL KUHN Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/kuːn/; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an
American physicist, historian and philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles,
The Structure Of Scientific Revolutions is a book about the history of science by the philosopher
Thomas S. Kuhn. Its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology
of scientific knowledge.
The Kuhn Cycle

 a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
 In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was that it
was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas.
KUHN’S PARADIGM
Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong.
Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new knowledge, each
revolution triggered by introduction of new ways of thought so large they must be called new
paradigms.
Kuhn argues that paradigms change in scientific revolutions. Scientists go through a crisis and
transition to a new paradigm, a new way of seeing the world. It is not possible to compare
paradigms and it is not possible to say whether one is more right than the other.
Kuhn argues that science is not moved by a rational process but more by a social unity. In contrast
with Popper then Kuhn presents a descriptive theory in which Kuhn try to observe the factual
scientific fields in order to understand how they function in practice.
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The Steps Of The Kuhn Cycle
PRE-SCIENCE also called the pre- paradigm stage, the pre-step to the main Kuhn Cycle. In
Prescience there is not yet a model of understanding (the field's paradigm) mature enough to
solve the field's main problems. The field has no workable paradigm to successfully guide its
work.
NORMAL SCIENCE is identified and elaborated on by Thomas Samuel Kuhn in The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions, is the regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and experimenting
within a settled paradigm or explanatory framework. It is where the field has a scientifically based
model of understanding (a paradigm) that works.
MODEL DRIFT -The model of understanding starts to drift, due to accumulation of anomalies,
and phenomenon, the model cannot explain. The Model Drift becomes so excessive the model is
broken. It can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving. Attempts to patch the model
up to make it work fail. The field is in anguish.
MODEL CRISIS is the most important step of them all in the Kuhn Cycle.
MODEL REVOLUTION begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge. It's a revolution
because the new model is so radically different from the old one. A field's model of understanding
is undergoing revolutionary change. The old model failed, which caused the Model Crisis step.
The Model Revolution step begins when one or more competing new models emerge from the
crisis.
PARADIGM CHANGE also called a paradigm shift. Earlier steps have created the new model of
understanding (the new paradigm). In the Paradigm Change step the new paradigm is taught to
newcomers to the field, as well as to those already in it. When the new paradigm becomes the
generally accepted guide to one's work, the step is complete. The field is now back to the Normal
Science step and a Kuhn Cycle is complete.
Historical Examples Of Paradigms
SOCIETY / ETHICS
 Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being unacceptable
 Role of Children in Society - Child labor was, now is not acceptable
 Male Superiority - Beating wives was, now is not acceptable
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Reading and the Control over information - Invention of the printing press (& other major
inventions) allowed for the elites control over reading / writing to end.
 The Reformation- broke monopoly of Catholic Church and Christian's "relationship" with
God.
NATURAL SCIENCES
 Darwin’s theory of evolution
 Plate Tectonics— create a physical model of the Earth's structure
 Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or objective— subject to observer’s state of motion
relative to other object.
HUMAN SCIENCES
 Psychology: Sigmund Freud—we are not fully in control of our behavior—a subconscious
part operate
 Economics— government intervention in economy is now accepted.
THE ARTS
 The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art is to copy reality.
 Shakespeare's impact on drama / theater
 Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
References: http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/articles/kuhn _paradigm.htm o

https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/Kuhn.html o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Re
volutions#/media/File:Structure-of-scientific-rev o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm o
http://noteshelf.org/thomas-kuhn-paradigm-theory/ o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/Pre-science.htm o
http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/KuhnCycle.htm o http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ModelCrisis.htm o
http://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/ModelRevolution.htm https://www.slideshare.net/memijecruz/historical-antecedents-of-
science-and-technology-152541982
https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-and-technology/technology/what-technology
https://www.slideshare.net/MerlynH/science-technology-and-society-66057613
Activities/Assessments:
Answer the following questions briefly:

1. Give the connection of science, technology and society using the Venn diagram.
2. Is the paradigm shift in history has a positive effect nowadays? Explain your answer.
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Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society
Overview:
The Intellectual revolution pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the
scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people (Hintay, 2018).
 Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.

Course Materials:
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
COPERNICAN-This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar
system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth
revolving around it.)
DARWINIAN-This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This
revolution provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started
when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that emphasizes that humans
are the result of an evolution.
FREUDIAN-This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes
the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her
personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a
human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
INFORMATION-This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known
as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how are we living today.
MESO-AMERICAN-It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The temples and
pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of it.
ASIAN-The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood
along the improvement brought by it internally.
MIDDLE EAST-The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the development and growth
of individual nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern
societies, and to push the declining power of the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
AFRICAN-The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa.
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The Three Revolutions That Defined The Society
1. Ideas of known intellectuals
2. Information Revolution
3. Cradles of Early Science
IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that the
Earth is the center of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the people at that
time.
NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the
Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun.
The change from the belief of geocentric to heliocentric happened through the
contributions of other important persons such as:
 Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia

 Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
 Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
 Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion, physics,
and philosophy.
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
UNITED KINGDOM
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 that presented evidence on how
species evolved over time and “The Descent of Man (1871)” that introduced the idea of all organic
life under the realm of revolutionary thinking.
Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms change
overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that allow
an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring
There are 2 main points in his theory:

1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other
2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven
by natural selection
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Natural Selection- survival of the fittest
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Freud founded psychoanalysis. He described that the brain can be segmented into
compartments. He developed an observational method to study human's inner life mainly focuses
on human sexuality and evil nature of man.
The Freudian revolution greatly affected or gave rise to the Literature, Visual Arts and
Music.
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
The Information Revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs, which is the earliest
writing system. Then comes the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press 1455. There emerged the
use of typewriter and telegraph. Today, technologies are used widely which became easier with
the help of internet to communicate and disseminate and store information.
THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
MESOAMERICAN
Mesoamerican Civilizations
 Mayan
 Inca
 Aztec
Contributions of the Mesoamericans
The Aztecs had established a great military force.

The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular area of fertile land to grow crops on
the shallow lake beds.
 The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli.
 They used cocoa beans as a currency.
 The Maya developed an accurate calendar, also known as the Mayan Calendar.
 The Quipos are used by the Incan for book-keeping
 The Mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes for in road and
bridge construction, in cultivation of corn and textile production
MIDDLE EAST
Contributions in the Middle East:
 The Arab applied the romans principles and improve the watermill known as noria.
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 The middle East is known for their machine designed for the improvement of irrigation,
industrial work and for war. The windmill and watermill are used for crushing sugarcanes,
grinding grain, and pumping water.
 The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water clocks,
water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.
 The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explained steam power
and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.
ASIA
Major contributions in Asia
 Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced

 Four great inventions in china: Compass, gunpowder, papermaking, printing
 Other: alchemy, which is a Taoist chemistry
AFRICAN
Contributions from Africa:
 Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts are mostly
found in West Africa and is the basis of cola drink).
 Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then throughout
the world
 Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea (Kaopectate).
 They are also highly advanced in medicine such operating autopsies and caesarian.
 The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders,
desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they already mastered making
steels.
References:
Hintay, K. J. (2018, February 6). INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS. Retrieved November 13, 2019, from
https://prezi.com/2ak2vqch_apz/intellectual-revolutions/.
Kahulugan, J. (2018). Week 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society. Retrieved November 13, 2019,
from https://quizlet.com/322543864/week-2-intellectual-revolutions-that-defined-society-flash-cards/.
Essay writing:
Choose one revolution that you think serves as a big help in today’s life. Explain your
answer. Provide evidences that this revolution really helps the society.
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Lesson 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building
Overview:
Science and Technology hold the key to the progress and development of any nation.
Technology plays a Fundamental role in wealth creation, improvement of the quality of life and
real economic growth and transformation in any society.
 Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.
Course Materials:
The role that science and technology has played in improving the life conditions across
the globe is vivid, but the benefit has to been harvested maximum by all countries. Science and
technology has made life a lot easier and also a lot better with the advancement of medicines and
analysis on diseases. Apart from the medical side, there has been remarkable development in
education, communication, agriculture, industry etc. the global economic output has increased 17
folds in the 20th century. In spite of the advancements in almost all sectors, still the world is not
free from hunger, disease, pollution, illiteracy and poverty. The gap between the rich and the poor
has widened. By the 21st century, with the right applications of research, development, and
implications of science and technology a major difference could be brought about.
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY
Planting crops that provide them food Building houses
Taking care of animals Irrigations
Food production Developing tools
Interpret the movements of heavenly Musical instruments
bodies to predict seasons and climates
Medicinal uses of plants
Unit 1: The Philippines Government S&T Agenda Major

• introduced and implemented programs, projects and policies to boost science and technology.
GOAL: prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven
world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
• In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the DOST, has sought
the expertise of the NRCP to consult various sectors in the society to study how the Philippines
can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals.
• The NRCP clustered these policies into four:

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
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2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance

 Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
 Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
 Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
 Local food security
2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
 Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
 Outright grants for peer monitoring
 Review of RA 9184
 Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards
by full implementation of the FDA
 Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services
and care
 Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of
information
 Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
 Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
 Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws
 Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
 Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation
 Formulation of common food and safety standards
Role of science and technology for future development
1. To ensure national security and social stability

2. To sustain the growth of the national economy and to improve its efficiency
3. To prepare for a smooth transition to an information society
4. To improve the quality of life
5. To create a new culture suitable for the new society
There is no doubt that science and technology, has led to the development of our great country
and indeed the whole world.In order to understand the contribution of science to national
development, I will like to define science and technology.
What is science? Science is the study of knowledge which can be made into a system and
ussually depends on seeing and testing facts and stating general laws.Technology on the other
hand is the practical application of scientific knowledge or inventions to the solving of everyday
problems or facilitating tedious human activities.
The product of science and technology has contributed to the development of countries such as,
America, Japan, and China and to an extent in some African countries.
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Through this application, scientific knowledge, professionals have been able to invent equipments
and machines being used in industries and even in our homes, in addition to this science
and?technology has helped in easing stress,brought by the movement of goods and people from
one place to another,by inventing easy transportational?equipments like automobiles,aircrafts
and so on.
Furthermore, science and technology has helped in the area of medicine.Some natural herbs
converted to drugs with the aid of modern equipment and these drugs are used in our hospitals
and pharmacies.
Moreover, rural communities are transformed to urban settlements through science and
technology. This is made possible through the availability of electricity, pipe borne water, good
road, schools, hospitals and other social amenities.which makes these places developed, by an
increased population.
Equally important is the fact that science and technology has helped in? making work more eaiser
for people to do through the invention of computers and?household machinaries, it has also made
communication faster, through the use of mobile phones,televisions,radio,uesd in communication.
Science and technology has aided so many sectors of the economy such as the advertising
sector, sports and fitness (weight loss), transportation, and so on.
In conclusion, science and technology, has played an important and vital role, in the development
of this great nation and the wide-world.
Unit 2: Major Development progams and personalities in S&T in the Philippines
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Science and technology in the Philippines describes scientific and technological progress
made by the Philippines and analyses related policy issues. The main agency responsible for
managing science and technology (S&T) is the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
There are also sectoral councils for Forestry, Agriculture and Aquaculture, the Metal Industry,
Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorology, Volcanology and Seismology.
Harmonized Agenda, 2002-2020
The Department of Science and Technology is the key government institution for science and
technology, with policy development being co-ordinated by a series of sectorial councils. Within
the framework of the current National Science and Technology Plan, 2002–2020 (NSTP), the
strategic focus is on building technological self-reliance. The Harmonized Agenda for Science
and Technology, 2002–2020 reflects this focus in its approach to problem-solving related to
inclusive growth and disaster risk reduction. The Harmonized Agenda was presented to the
President in August 2014. Although science and technology are guided by the NSTP, the
Harmonized Agenda attempts to provide more detail of how the country can become
technologically self-reliant to sustain science and technology beyond the mandate of the
administration in power at the time of the Agenda's adoption.
The Harmonized Agenda focuses on the development of critical technologies such as remote
sensing, LiDAR processing, testing and metrology facilities, advanced climate change and
weather modelling, advanced manufacturing and high-performance computing. Five centres of
excellence are being established or upgraded by 2020 in biotechnology, nanotechnology,
29
genomics, semiconductors and electronic design. The five centres of excellence are all
government-funded:
 the Centre for Nanotechnology Application in Agriculture, Forestry and Industry (est. 2014)
is based at the University of the Philippines Los Baños;
 the Biotech Pilot Plant (est. 2012 and since upgraded) is housed at the University of the
Philippines Los Baños;
 the Philippine Genome Centre (est. 2009) is hosted by the University of the Philippines
Diliman; it operates two core facilities in DNA sequencing and bioinformatics;
 the Advanced Device and Materials Testing Laboratory is located in the Department of
Science and Technology's compound in Bicutan in Taguig City and has been operational
since 2013; it houses three laboratories in surface analysis, thermal, chemical and
metallurgical analysis; n the Electronic Product Development Centre will also be located
in the Department of Science and Technology's compound in Bicutan in Taguig City; it will
provide state-of-the-art design, prototyping and testing facilities for printed circuit boards.
The government policies outlined above are seeking to create and fund infrastructure to support
the development of ‘core technologies', in order to solve pressing problems. This approach
reinforces the economic rationale for government intervention in the science system to address
market failures and make markets work within the purview of good governance. A key challenge
will be to build sufficiently solid infrastructure to sustain current efforts. One example of the virtues
of sustained support for research is the International Rice Research Institute based in the city of
Los Baños.
8 Outstanding Filipino Scientists
1. Lucille Abad
Senior science research specialist and chief of the Chemistry Research Section, Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
She developed a plant vitamin – an effective plant growth promoter using irradiated
seaweeds. This research has also been recognized by the Japan-based Forum for Nuclear
Cooperation in Asia.
2. Phillip Alviola
Curator at the Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines (UP) Los Baños
Alviola helped develop methods to monitor biodiversity in protected areas. He's been
studying mammals, the diversity of cave-dwelling bats, and bat viruses, which earned him the
moniker "Bat Man."
3. Nathaniel Hermosa II
Associate professor at the National Institute of Physics, UP Diliman
Physicist Hermosa's breakthrough research "twisted" light and "slowed" it down.
4. Mario Antonio Jiz II

Senior science research specialist, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)
Jiz significantly contributed to the study of schistosomiasis and the development of a
vaccine against this disease. Schistosomiasis is a chronic disease caused by parasitic worms.
5. Lanndon Ocampo
Associate professor, Cebu Technological University
30
Ocampo developed guidelines for strategic sustainable practices in manufacturing
companies. He significantly contributed to how industries could help address climate change.
6. Jeffrey Perez
Supervising science research specialist, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(Phivolcs)
"Faultfinder" Perez contributed largely to the better understanding of fault lines and
earthquakes in the Philippines.
7. Rogel Mari Sese

Program leader, National Space Development Program
Sese is an astrophysicist and an advocate of space research and development. He is
spearheading what could be the Philippines' space research agency.
8. Aletta Concepcion Yñiguez

Assistant professor at the Marine Science Institute, UP Diliman
Yñiguez's studies contributed significantly to improving the Philippine sardine industry and
managing red tide.
Unit 3: Science Education in the Philippines
Challenges and Prospects
In the Philippines, recent efforts have been directed to improving science education, both at the
basic and teacher education levels. Research shows that the quality of science education in
schools is greatly influenced by the quality of science teachers. Students’ interest in science is
directly linked to the quality of teaching as well as learning interactions provided by their science
teachers. Interviews with students who excelled in science reveal that they were greatly inspired
by science teachers who engaged them in tasks that enabled them to inquire and solve problems.
Science has a rapidly changing knowledge base and expanding relevance to society. Teachers
must pursue opportunities to build their understanding of how students with varied interests,
abilities, and experiences can be supported and guided. Subsequently, students may be able to
make sense clearly out of scientific ideas. These ideas can be linked to real-life situations.
Furthermore, science teachers must have the chance to conduct research in regard to science
teaching and learning, and to share the results of their studies with their colleagues.
Science teachers who manage to develop students’ skills in searching for answers to questions
about materials and phenomena in the environment, and those who empower their students to
grow to become informed decision makers in society, are considered effective teachers. These
teachers are also able to evaluate their own practice and use these insights to develop challenging
learner-centered experiences. In effect, a committed science teacher should be reflective,
collaborative, and a lifelong learner.
There are many constraints facing science education in Philippine schools: shortage of qualified
science teachers, lack of quality textbooks, inadequate equipment, large classes, lack of support
from administrators, and many others. However, the Core and Technical Working Groups for this
31
project decided that the framework for science teacher education should pay attention to problems
that will address ways to improve or raise the quality of teaching practices, and personal attributes.
Unit 4: Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
The indigenous knowledge system is embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, indigenous,
or local communities. It is orally passed and evident in stories, poems, and songs. Indigenous
science is important that it helped the people in understanding the natural environment and in
coping with everyday life.
Here are the examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practice by indigenous
people;
 prediction of weather
 using herbal medicine
 preserving of foods
 classifying plants and animals into families
 selecting good seeds for planting
 using indigenous technology
 building local irrigation
 classifying different type of soil for planting
 producing wines from tropical fruits
 keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables
According to Johnston (2000), indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values namely;
1. motivating attitudes
2. cooperating attitudes
3. practical attitudes
4. reflective attitudes
Refererences:
https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/138723/technology/science_and_technology_in_national_development.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines
http://www.sei.dost.gov.ph/images/downloads/publ/sei_sciteach.pdf
https://prezi.com/dejrmc4xbvhd/indigenous-science-and-technology-in-the-ph/
Answer the questions:

1. Who are the indigenous people in the Philippines? And what are indigenous beliefs that they
are practicing until today?
2. What do you think are the reasons why science and technology is a big help in building one
nation?
32

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Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Compiled by by: Checked by:

Engr. Rico H. Balderama Assoc. Prof. Ayreenlee E. Resus

Date: _________________ Date: ___________________

Dr. Agnes Y. Gonzaga Assoc. Prof. Denise A. Abril

Date: _________________ Date: __________________

THE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PUP: The National Polytechnic University

 provide democratized access to educational opportunities for the holistic development of

 offer industry-oriented curricula that produce highly-skilled professionals with managerial

 embed a culture of research and innovation

 establish a strong presence and impact in the international academic community

As a state university, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines believes that:

Pillar 1: Dynamic, Transformational, and Responsible Leadership

SHARED VALUES AND PRINCIPLES

 Integrity and Accountability

 Quality and excellent graduates

The College of Engineering aims to:

COURSE TITLE : Science, Technology and Society

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

The course requirements are as follows:

Note: Some activities will be rated using the Rubrics.

Week Topic Learning Outcomes Methodology Resources Assessment

Lesson 1 Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the 1

Lesson 2 Intellectual revolutions that defined society; 12

Lesson 3 Science and Technology and Nation Building 16

Lesson 4 The Human Person flourishing in terms of Science and Technology; 22

Lesson 7 When Technology and Humanity cross 34

Lesson 8 Why does the future not need us? 42

Lesson 9 The information Age (Gutenberg to Social media) 44

Lesson 10 Biodiversity and the Healthy Society 52

Lesson 13 Mandated Topics: 92

After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

How is science used in technology?

What does science, technology and society mean?

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES

 STS was the result of a “sociological turn” in science studies.

How science and technology affect society?

What is the relationship between science and society?

Unit 1: In the world: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages

Nineteenth Century Invention of textile manufacturing machines Division of labor Increase

Major influence on Society

Unit 2: History Of Science And Technology In The Philippines

Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.

The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.

In 1974, a science development program was included in the government's Four-Year

PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY

Paradigm is a typical example or pattern of something. It is a distinct set of concepts or thought

 a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.

WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPORTANT?

The Kuhn Cycle

Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong.

Historical Examples Of Paradigms

References: http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/articles/kuhn _paradigm.htm o

Answer the following questions briefly:

After successful completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

Date: _ Date: ___

Date: _ Date: __