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Usability Analysis of Android and iOS Operating Systems

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology Volume 68 Issue 10, 105-111, October 2020
ISSN: 2231 – 5381 /doi:10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V68I10P218 © 2020 Seventh Sense Research Group®

Usability Analysis of Android and iOS Operating

Systems
Ruqiya1, Noman Islam2,3, Athaul Rai4, Noman Khan5
1,4
Sindh Madrassatul Islam University, Karachi
2
Iqra University, Karachi
3
University of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract — An operating system is a code that interfaces inside the Java language freely. These codes employ the
with the end-user and executes the end-user or SDK provide by Google-enabled Java libraries. It is
applications' commands on their behalf. Conventionally, noteworthy to mention that the operating system's
operating systems were used in desktop computers to flexibility also opens for abuse of the system, such as stack
facilitate end-users. During the past few years, tremendous overflow, session hijacking, etc.
advancements have been made in the domain of mobile
operating systems. Many operating systems have evolved, II. INTRODUCTION TO ANDROID
such as Android, iOS, SymbianOS, Firefox OS, etc. This Android is an OS for cell phones that keeps the UNIX
paper discusses Android and IOS operating systems. The framework, and Google owns it. Android is easier to
paper provides quantitative comparisons between them download and provides the source code of the software
based on a comprehensive survey. The paper analyzes the with a mobile phone design. It includes an OS,
data using association rules mining and k-mode clustering. middleware, and the UNIX kernel. Google bought the
It was found that the user interface of the phone heavily Android in 2005, and then Android was officially launched
influences the satisfaction and adoption of a mobile phone. in 2007. [1]. From there, it is kept by the organization with
the improvement in code that is up to now been themed
Keywords — Android, iOS, comparison, user experience, like desserts, running in sequential order request [2]. Fig 1
usability analysis provides a summary of various android versions.
I. INTRODUCTION
A mobile application is a piece of software running on a During the early days, several initial versions of
mobile phone. It could be a framework or a naïve Android were launched. Android authorized open
application that performs various functionalities besides presentation, which is popular in 2008 through Android
making a phone call, and consequently, these capabilities 1.0. It was an organization so old it didn't have an amiable
vary from games to therapeutic capacities. The term nickname. [3] Then comes the cupcake. The Android 1.5
application alludes to a programming framework that cake stage presents a few new choices for clients and
clients may install onto their cell phones. Over the past few designers. It includes user interface refinements,
years, we have seen the emergence of two popular mobile performance enhancements, new options, and
phone systems, i.e., Android and iOS. Both iOS and new APIs and manifest components [22]. The Android 1.6
android mobile contain applications ranging from games, stage presents new decisions on behalf of clients and
books, calculators, and provide options for diverse originators. Improvements include new user decisions,
application gadgets. Each iPhone and Android contain Google performance fill in, and original standard tools
several application alternatives like mike, GPS, or [23].
movement sensors to provide various innovative
applications like guides for area help and GPS to discover Android 2.1 (Éclair) remains an insignificant stage-
cars [42]. Apple's iPhone and Google's Android do not discharge deployable on android-controlled handsets
exclusively contain all the essential features. Every cell beginning in January 2010. This also proposes different
phones have several improvement possibilities through API variations and virus repairs. For architects, the
plugins and apps. Regardless of the ordinary decisions Android 2.1 platform is reachable as a downloadable part
shared by each iPhone and Android phones, there are still for the Android SDK. The downloadable point integrates
assortments inside the two phones' usage. The iPhone was no outer libraries. [24]
launched in 2007, and by Sept 2012, the Apple store
contains approximately 700,000 iOS applications that are The next inline was 1.1.1 Android 2.2 (Froyo). It
altogether downloaded thirty billion times. Normally, focuses on five major aspects, specifically performance
iPhone OS is the iPhone's default operating system and and speed, new undertaking abilities, faster, a ton of
comprises four layers that include the services layer, the ground-breaking programs, arranged most recent APIs and
OS layer, the Cocoa bit layer, and the Media layer. administrations and additions to android market [25]
Android and iOS are based on cutting edge technology and Gingerbread was launched as the next eversion that
has lead to the sudden spikes in demand for the UNIX sophisticated the UI, improves quality, the sensitive
Kernel. Android is programmed in Java language. It is reassure and replica/stick options, and additional assistance
open-sourced and allowed programmers to write programs

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 Ruqiya et al. / IJETT, 68(10), 105-111, 2020

for close to field communication [1]. Android 3.0

(Honeycomb) provisions greater shelter and presents a
couple of new PC program choices, and provisions Fig 1: A summary of Android versions
multicore mainframes and hardware accelerator. [1].
III. INTRODUCTION TO IOS
Icecream Sandwich remains a variation of the Android iOS is the name of the operating system running in
adaptable programming group made by Google. Launched iPhone, iPod contact, and iPad. The inside code is stacked
on October 19th, 2011 [1], Jelly Bean is the name given to on all devices to empower them to run and support various
a couple of significant reasons having some execution applications. While Apple doesn't utilize open code names
upgrades intended to permit the bundle an electric sander for iOS in how the organization accomplishes OS X, it
and extra responsive feel with activity catches and diverse uses inside code names dependent on ski resorts. In
interior changes [1]. general, they're not implied for people because, as it may,
when a form of iOS opens up to the world, they're not hard
KitKat is a type of the Android adaptable to discover [29].
programming structure made by Google [1]. Lollipop is a
version of the Android with a convenient working system The first version of iOS was iOS 1[5]. One year later,
made by Google, with adjustments in the scope of 5.0 and when the iPhone transformed into an extensively more
5.1.1. Uncovered on June 25th, 2014, all through the prominent hit than about anyone foreseen, Apple released
Google I/O conference [1]. Marshmallow can principally iOS a 2.0 (by then known as iPhone OS 2.0) to orchestrate
represent considerable authority in rising the client with the arrival of the iPhone 3G. The most significant
expertise and brought two or three alternatives like an alteration presented during this launch was the app store,
overhauled authorization model inside which applications and it helped local and outsider applications. Around 500
are no longer consequently conceded the entirety of their applications were offered inside the App Store at dispatch
nominative consents at establishment time, Doze power [4].
topic for broadened battery life once the client doesn't
control an apparatus, and local help for unique mark iOS 3 focused on the presentation of the iPhone 3GS.
acknowledgment. [1]. It has new features such as copy and pastes and glue
content from application to application. [6].
Google's 2016 Android Nougat and Oreo are intended
to appeal to as wide a partner degree crowd as possible [3, With iPhone 4's new Retina Display, iOS4 will
26]. Android 9.0 (Pie) is the next in line. Android 10 naturally redraw content and controls for existing
denoted a move for Google. Google reported a rebranding applications to make them get along with the new higher
of the product framework, getting rid of the naming topic, constituent thickness [7]. It was followed by iOS 5 [8].
and rather protrusive with rendition numbers exclusively iOS 6 has more than 200 new extra options and
[28]. improvements to Siri [9]. iOS 7 and 8 were next in line
[11, 12]. iOS 9 has several analysis features. [13]

Macintosh iOS 10 is a framework in its case. With

stickers, movements, and outsider application
reconciliations [14] iOS 11 update includes a great deal of
adaptability with an overhauled focus, new App Store
style, alongside greater availability choices [15]. iOS 12
concentrated a lot on making refinements to regularly used
other options and including wrinkles that improve at any
rate with which individuals use their gadgets [4,16]. iOS
13 is gigantic and garish. It has a smooth dull mode;
hanging updates to applications like apple maps, photos,
and even reminders; and long-late augmentations kind of a
swiping console and UI improvements. [17]

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

There has been a host of studies that analyzes the
features of Android and iOS. A comparison of four mobile
operating systems, i.e., Android, windows mobile phone,
iOS, and Firefox OS, was performed in [35]. A usability
analysis of instant messaging app on iOS and Android was
performed in [37]. A qualitative analysis of the features of
Android and iOS was performed in [38]. Another work
that is based on qualitative comparison was done in [39].
[30] provided the mobile application development

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 Ruqiya et al. / IJETT, 68(10), 105-111, 2020

experience on iOS and Android. [31] I also analyzed the

two platforms from the developer's perspective. The Perceived quality
17. Are you satisfied with your smartphone?
authors analyzed to determine which one is better from 18. What are the factors that influence the purchase of your smartphone?
teaching perspectives. [32] I analyzed the two operating 19. Which one provides a suitable better lifestyle?
systems from security and privacy perspectives. An 20. Considering your complete experience with your smartphone, how
exploratory study was performed with 700 German likely would you be to recommend it to a friend or colleague?
students, and directions for further research were provided. Any comments: ___________________
In another work, the security of the two platforms was
analyzed [33]. [34] I also analyzed the two mobile os from
The target population was all the users in Karachi.
a security perspective. Various factors, such as
Convenience sampling was adopted. The following graphs
provenance, permissions, isolation, and encryption, are
represent the statistics of the responses from end-users.
considered. In [40], a quantitative comparison of
performance parameters of mobile app development
strategies is performed. In a similar direction, mobile A. Demography of the participants
application development tools were analyzed in [41]. It Fig. 2 shows the details of the participants. Almost
was found that PhoneGap consumes less memory, CPU, 70% of the participants were male users. Most of them
and power. A comparison of users of iOS and Android in were young, with age between 20 and 30. All the
the context of smoking cessation app was performed in participants were residents of Karachi.
[36]. Having performed the extensive literature review, it
is found that there is a shortage of quantitative studies on
the usability of mobile phones.

However, it was found that none of the studies

analyzed the two operating systems quantitatively. So, the
objective of the study was to analyze them. The next
section discusses the survey and analysis performed.

V. ANALYSIS OF ANDROID AND IOS

A survey was conducted in which various questions
were asked to smartphone users. The number of
participants was 60. Table 1 shows the questionnaire and
the questions asked to the participants. The first question
was about the particular mobile brand they use. The
second set of questions was about the convenience of the
users in using the mobile phone. The third set asks
questions about the affordability of the mobile phone.
Then several questions were asked about the functionality Fig 2: Gender of the participants
and perceived quality of the mobile phone. Amongst the participants, 45% uses Android, and 40% are
users of iOS. A small percentage of the population was the
Table 1: Questionnaire for an end-users opinion regarding users of both types of handsets.
smartphone
1. Which smartphone are you currently using?

Convenience

2. Which smartphone is easier to use?

3. Which phone's user interface is interactive/friendly?
4. Which one has a better user experience?
5. Which phone works smoothly without any interruption?

Affordability
6. Which one is cost-effective and provide cutting edge technologies?
7. Which one is more suitable for the upper class?
8. Which one is more suitable for the upper-middle-class?

Functionality
9. Which one has the highest battery life?
10. Which one is more speedy (quick response)?
11. Which one provides Apps Security?
12. Which OS has sufficient Apps storage size?
13. Which one has low Apps loading time?
14. Which one provides better performance compatibility?
15. Which one provides Better maintainability?
16. Which one provides forget password recovery? Fig 3: Users statistics of the phone

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 Ruqiya et al. / IJETT, 68(10), 105-111, 2020

B. Convenience D. Functionality
Fig. 4 compares the convenience of mobile phones. As can Fig 6 compares the functionality of the two mobile phones.
be seen, most users think that Android is easier to use and It can be seen that iOS is better in most respects as far as
the user's friendly. Most of the users think that iOS has a functionalities are concerned. This includes battery life,
better user experience and works smoothly without any response time, security, and password compatibility.
interruption.

Fig 4: Convenience of mobile phones

C. Affordability
Fig 5 shows the affordability of mobile phones. It can be
observed that Android phones are affordable compared to
iOS and iOS and are considered a phone suitable for the
upper class.

Fig 6: Functionality of mobile phone

E. Perceived quality
Fig 7 shows the perceived quality of the mobile phone. As
can be seen, most people prefer the size and feature of the
mobile phone before purchase. Hence, people who use
Android are satisfied with it and recommend Android to
other users.

Fig 5: Affordability of mobile phones

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 Ruqiya et al. / IJETT, 68(10), 105-111, 2020

import pandas as pd
from mlxtend.preprocessing import TransactionEncoder
from mlxtend.frequent_patterns import apriori
from mlxtend.frequent_patterns import association_rules

data = pd.read_csv('data.csv', engine='python')

transactions = []
for index, row in data.iterrows():
l=[]
for j in range(0,18):
l.append(str(row[j])+str(data.columns[j]))

data.iloc[index][j]=str(data.iloc[index][j])+str(data.columns[j])
transactions.append(l)
print(data)
te = TransactionEncoder()
te_ary = te.fit(transactions).transform(transactions)
df = pd.DataFrame(te_ary, columns=te.columns_)
frequent_itemsets = apriori(df, min_support=0.5,
use_colnames=True)
Fig 7: Perceived quality of the mobile phone
frequent_itemsets.to_csv("test.csv")
VI. ANALYSIS USING ASSOCIATION RULES association_rules(frequent_itemsets, metric="confidence",
MINING AND CLUSTERING min_threshold=0.9)
To analyze the data further, association rules mining and Fig 8: Association Rules on the dataset
clustering were performed on the data. Fig. 8 and 9 show
the association rules and clustering code. The code has
been implemented in Python using the Anaconda platform.

Table 2: Implementation details import pandas as pd

Association rules FP-Tree data = pd.read_csv('data.csv', engine='python')
mining Algorithm from kmodes.kmodes import KModes
Clustering algorithm k-modes
Support 0.5 km = KModes(n_clusters=2, init='Huang', n_init=5, verbose=1)
Confidence 0.9
Library I extend, k-modes clusters = km.fit_predict(data)
Language Python
# Print the cluster centroids
Number of clusters 2
print(km.cluster_centroids_)
A. Implementation Fig 9: Code for clustering on the data set
There are two popular association rules mining
algorithms widely used. These are Apriori and FP-Tree
algorithms. Because of their simplicity, the paper has used
the Apriori algorithm. The code has been written in Python,
and the pandas' library has been used to extract the data.
The external library extension has been installed. The
values of support and confidence were set to 0.5 and 0.9.
To perform clustering, the kmodes library was used. The
data is clustered into two groups. Table 2 provides the
implementation details.

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 Ruqiya et al. / IJETT, 68(10), 105-111, 2020

Table 3: Results of association rules mining

antecedent consequent
antecedents consequents support confidence lift leverage conviction
support support

0 (Android1) (Android2) 0.661017 0.610169 0.542373 0.820513 1.344729 0.139041 2.171913

1 (Android2) (Android1) 0.610169 0.661017 0.542373 0.888889 1.344729 0.139041 3.050847

2 (Android1) (Android3) 0.661017 0.644068 0.559322 0.846154 1.313765 0.133582 2.313559

3 (Android3) (Android1) 0.644068 0.661017 0.559322 0.868421 1.313765 0.133582 2.576271

4 (Android1) (Android4) 0.661017 0.525424 0.508475 0.769231 1.464020 0.161161 2.056497

5 (Android4) (Android1) 0.525424 0.661017 0.508475 0.967742 1.464020 0.161161 10.508475

6 (Android2) (Android3) 0.610169 0.644068 0.559322 0.916667 1.423246 0.166332 4.271186

7 (Android3) (Android2) 0.644068 0.610169 0.559322 0.868421 1.423246 0.166332 2.962712

(Android1,
8 (Android3) 0.542373 0.644068 0.525424 0.968750 1.504112 0.176099 11.389831
Android2)

(Android1,
9 (Android2) 0.559322 0.610169 0.525424 0.939394 1.539562 0.184142 6.432203
Android3)

(Android2,
10 (Android1) 0.559322 0.661017 0.525424 0.939394 1.421134 0.155702 5.593220
Android3)

(Android2,
11 (Android1) 0.661017 0.559322 0.525424 0.794872 1.421134 0.155702 2.148305
Android3)

(Android1,
12 (Android2) 0.610169 0.559322 0.525424 0.861111 1.539562 0.184142 3.172881
Android3)

(Android1,
13 (Android3) 0.644068 0.542373 0.525424 0.815789 1.504112 0.176099 2.484262
Android2)

Fig 10: Clustering results

VII. CONCLUSION
This research's main objective was to analyze which mobile android. Android is affordable and provides good features,
application is better, and as indicated by the exploration, and is recommended by middle-class people. However, iOS
both iOs and Android provides basic features. Some people provides a good response and a set of easy to use features
are used to a particular operating system and have not tried and is recommended by the upper class.
the alternative. People think that iOS is more secure than

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 Ruqiya et al. / IJETT, 68(10), 105-111, 2020

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