General

Chemistry 11
2

Quarter 3

LESSON 6

Heating and Cooling Curve

of a Substance
 EXPECTATIONS
This lesson is developed and designed for Senior High School STEM
students. This lesson is about the heating and cooling curve of a substance. Hence,
you are expected to:

1. describe heating and cooling curve of a substance;

2. explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance; and,
3. appreciate the importance of heating and cooling curve in industries.

PRE–TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What do plateaus in a heating and cooling curve of a substance imply?

A. a phase change occurs
B. kinetic energy is speeding
C. temperature is in a constant value
D. all the solid substance is completely melted

2. What does dynamic equilibrium would mean?

A. it is an irreversible process
B. a state of imbalance between the continuing process
C. the temperature where solid/liquid or liquid/gas phases of matter co-
exist
D. the temperature where the solid and liquid phase of water co-exist at
equilibrium

For items 3 to 5, refer to the given heating curve of naphthalene:

3. What is happening in the potential energy during D – E?

A. increasing C. staying the same
B. decreasing D. increases and suddenly drops down

4. Which segment where kinetic energy remains constant?

A. A-B C. E-F
B. C-D D. B – C and D – E

5. What portion of the graph shows that solid and liquid co-exist?
A. B C. B – C
B. E D. B – C and D – E

RECAP
You may find out that some of the questions are not familiar, don’t get
disappointed because this module is designed for you to make the topic easier to
understand.

Let us have a recap first!

Direction: Complete the table below. Write the values needed for the properties of water in
°C.
Physical Properties of Water Values (°C)

Melting point

Boiling point

Freezing point

Condensation point

Did you notice the values are somewhat the same? Why is this so? I guess the next
topic can help us answer this question. Ok, let us now discuss the heating and
cooling curve of a substance.
 L E S S ON
Are you aware of companies around Pasig that could
cater to the service s as shown in the picture below ?

The given picture is somewhat familiar because this is a company around

Pasig where they cater services like ice cubes and ice cream. This company that we
have is Mr. Freeze that started in the year 2005 and still on operation now. Mr.
Freeze is considered to be the top tube ice manufacturing business in the
Philippines having almost 22 years now in its existence. The company is recognized
and received the Meralco Luminary Award under the Small and Medium Enterprise
category back in 2012. This company included a livelihood program set up for
tricycle drivers to market Mr. Freeze`s ice in their communities and other urban
areas. Through the years, Mr. Freeze also helped small ice entrepreneurs to make
their businesses successful by working and growing together.
In chemistry, to unlock our curiosity on how freezing works in that company
of tube ice is a need to know the process of heating and cooling as essential points
in this module. Well, the importance of this topic is essential on how we keep food
fresh and safe. Thanks to companies of tube ice in Pasig City because we will be
able to enjoy beverages as cold and buy ice bags for the party. Ok, let us discuss
these heating and cooling curve of a substance.

Heating Curve of Water

Like many substances, water exists in different phases of matter: liquid, solid, and
gas. As water is heated up at a constant rate, the temperature changes which is
shown in the heating curve of water.

The heating curve of water or any substances can be drawn by plotting the
temperature on the y-axis, while the x-axis represents the heat that is constantly
added over time. There are two main observations on the measured curve; one of
which is the region where the temperature increases as heat is added and plateaus
where the temperature stays constant. What is the significance of plateaus on the
heating curve? It is at plateaus where a phase change occurs.
 Figure 1

Let us analyze the heating curve of water by looking at the graph from left to the
right. There are five important parts of the heating curve these are:

(1) The solid ice is heated until the temperature reaches 0°C where a freezing point
or melting point is reached at point A.
(2) ) The melting period happens in segment A B where the temperature is held
constant.

(3) The temperature of this liquid rises in segment B C.

(4) The temperature will become constant again in segment C D.
(5) At point D, all liquid water has become gaseous water at 1 atm and 100°C.
Let`s have a detailed discussion on these five important parts of the heating curve
of water.
One of which is the solid ice is heated until the temperature reaches 0°C
where a freezing point or melting point is reached at point A. The amount of heat (q)
can be computed using the molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus). Molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus) is
the energy (kJ) required to melt 1 mole of a solid.
The melting period happens for the second distinct part (A B) in the
heating curve of water. The melting point of a solid and freezing point of a liquid is
the temperature where the solid and liquid phase of water co-exist at equilibrium
(dynamic equilibrium) which is shown from the figure as the first flat portion of the
curve (plateaus). In this part, the heat is being absorbed by the system. What can
you say about the temperature? Yes, the temperature remains constant. This heat
helps the molecules to overcome the attractive forces in the solid.

What does this dynamic liquid-solid equilibrium at 0°C and 1 atm would
mean? Can you think of a practical illustration of the dynamic equilibrium of
water? For example, a glass of ice water, wherein ice cubes melt to water and some
of the water in between the ice cubes may freeze. How did we know that there are
freezing water in between? It is the freezing water in between the ice cubes that
joined the cubes together.
However, this is not a good illustration of dynamic equilibrium because the glass is
not kept at 0°C which will let all the ice cubes to melt away. Remember that if we
are talking about the dynamic equilibrium, this will only exist if the reaction is
reversible meaning that the substances transition between reactants and products
are at equal rates ( there is no net change).

A good example of a dynamic equilibrium is shown from the figure where the water
is kept in a vacuum. of dynamic equilibrium because the glass is kept at 0°C which
will let all the liquid water to evaporate completely.

Figure 2

The third important part of the heating curve is after all the solid water has
melted completely at segment (B). What do you think will happen to the
temperature? Correct! The temperature of the liquid begins to increase as the heat
is absorbed by the system. If we say that heat is absorbed we mean that there is an
increase in the average kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and the next thing to
happen now is that the temperature of this liquid rises (B C). This is shown in
figure 2. Take note that the specific heat of liquid water is different from the specific
heat of ice water.
Figure 3
 The fourth important thing to happen is that the liquid will begin to boil and
reaches that temperature of the boiling point of water which is 100°C. The
temperature here will become constant again this is why a plateau is seen on the
graph. This stage is at liquid-vapor equilibrium which is shown in figure 3.
Liquidvapor equilibrium would mean that as the number of vapor increases, these
vapor got strikes once again in the water surface and captured and turned into
liquid phase.

Figure 4

The last important part of the heating curve of the water is at point D shown
in figure 4, where all liquid water has become gaseous water at 1 atm and 100°C.
We use the heat of vaporization to calculate how much heat is absorbed during this
point. The temperature will continue to increase, then the specific heat capacity of
gaseous water is different from that of ice or liquid water.

Let us move on with the cooling curve of water.

Cooling Curve of Water

Figure 5

The cooling curve of water shown in figure 5 starts with the gaseous state
and cools off until it hit the point of condensation. As it hits the point of
condensation, it releasing the heat energy making the temperature lowering down.
But once it reaches point (A), the vapor starts to liquid water which is the
condensation point at 100°C. The plateau part of the graph would mean that the
temperature did not drop wherein the heat of vaporization takes place. In that point
from A B, a mixture of vapor and liquid water is present. At point B, all the
vapor is now condensed into water. As soon as it reaches that point, the liquid
water begins to drop and continue to decrease as it releases more energy
(exothermic) until it reaches its freezing point ( 0°C ) at point (C). Here the liquid
water begins to freeze and then there is no temperature decrease occur. Heat of
fusion takes place between the mixture of water liquid and ice water from point C
D.The energy is being released because the water is turning now into ice. Time will
reach all this liquid water is converted to ice which is in point D.

Use these facts on the heating and cooling curve of water in answering the
following activities.

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1

Direction: Analyze each of the following statements whether it describes the heating
and cooling curve of water. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it’s false,
change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Dynamic equilibrium will only exist if the reaction is irreversible where the
substances transition between reactants and products are at equal rates. 2.
At point B of the cooling curve, all the vapor is now condensed into water.
3. The melting point of a solid and freezing point of a liquid is the temperature
where the solid and liquid phase of water co-exist at equilibrium.
4. Endothermic happens if the liquid water begins to drop and continue to
decrease as it releases more energy until it reaches its freezing point ( 0°C ).
5. Plateaus are significant in the heating and boiling curve because it shows
where a phase change occurs.

Now, use these facts on ‘heating and cooling curve in answering Activity 2.

Activity 2
Direction: Use the heating curve of ethanol to answer the questions below.
Questions:
1. What point where ethanol begins to melt? _________________________
2. What is ethanol`s melting point? ___________________
3. What point where ethanol is all done melting? __________________
4. Between what point where solid and liquid ethanol co-exist? ________________
5. At what point is ethanol is all in its gas phase? _______________
6. Between what point where liquid and gas ethanol co-exist? ________________
7. Between what point where heat of fusion exist? _________________
8. Between what point where heat of vaporization exist? _______________

WRAP–UP
Direction: Label the distinct parts of the heating and cooling curves of water.
 VALUING

Many may not be aware of a “NO FROST”refrigerator and some are aware of a
refrigerator where ice-cold built up in the fridge. Suggest ways to properly defrost a
freezer using hand. State your answer in a bullet form.

Finally, you made it! Take your last step and good luck!

POST TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

For items 1 to 5, refer to the given heating curve of naphthalene:

 1. At what point in the heating curve of naphthalene represents the solid
naphthalene starts to melt?

A. A B. B C. C D. F

2. At what point from the given heating curve of naphthalene represents the liquid
naphthalene starts to boil?

A. B B. C C. D D. E

3. In which segment is the kinetic energy remains constant?

A. A - B B. B - C C. C – D D. E - F

4. Which segment takes the longest to occur?

A. A - B B. B - C C. C - D D. D – E

5. What state (s) of matter is present in segment B – C?

A. liquid B. solid C. solid and liquid D. liquid and gas