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1 documentation

datetime — Basic date and time types ¶

Source code: Lib/datetime.py

The datetime module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times.

While date and time arithmetic is supported, the focus of the implementation is on efficient
attribute extraction for output formatting and manipulation.

See also:

Module calendar
General calendar related functions.
Module time
Time access and conversions.
Package dateutil
Third-party library with expanded time zone and parsing support.

Aware and Naive Objects

Date and time objects may be categorized as “aware” or “naive.”

With sufficient knowledge of applicable algorithmic and political time adjustments, such as
time zone and daylight saving time information, an aware object can locate itself relative to
other aware objects. An aware object represents a specific moment in time that is not open to
interpretation. [1]

A naive object does not contain enough information to unambiguously locate itself relative to
other date/time objects. Whether a naive object represents Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC), local time, or time in some other timezone is purely up to the program, just like it is up
to the program whether a particular number represents metres, miles, or mass. Naive objects
are easy to understand and to work with, at the cost of ignoring some aspects of reality.

For applications requiring aware objects, datetime and time objects have an optional time
zone information attribute, tzinfo , that can be set to an instance of a subclass of the abstract
tzinfo class. These tzinfo objects capture information about the offset from UTC time, the
time zone name, and whether daylight saving time is in effect.

Only one concrete tzinfo class, the timezone class, is supplied by the datetime module.
The timezone class can represent simple timezones with fixed offsets from UTC, such as
UTC itself or North American EST and EDT timezones. Supporting timezones at deeper
levels of detail is up to the application. The rules for time adjustment across the world are
more political than rational, change frequently, and there is no standard suitable for every
application aside from UTC.

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Constants
The datetime module exports the following constants:

datetime. MINYEAR
The smallest year number allowed in a date or datetime object. MINYEAR is 1 .

datetime. MAXYEAR
The largest year number allowed in a date or datetime object. MAXYEAR is 9999 .

Available Types
class datetime. date
An idealized naive date, assuming the current Gregorian calendar always was, and
always will be, in effect. Attributes: year , month , and day .

class datetime. time

An idealized time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day has exactly
24*60*60 seconds. (There is no notion of “leap seconds” here.) Attributes: hour , minute ,
second , microsecond , and tzinfo .

class datetime. datetime

A combination of a date and a time. Attributes: year , month , day , hour , minute , second ,
microsecond , and tzinfo .

class datetime. timedelta

A duration expressing the difference between two date , time , or datetime instances to
microsecond resolution.

class datetime. tzinfo

An abstract base class for time zone information objects. These are used by the
datetime and time classes to provide a customizable notion of time adjustment (for
example, to account for time zone and/or daylight saving time).

class datetime. timezone

A class that implements the tzinfo abstract base class as a fixed offset from the UTC.

New in version 3.2.

Objects of these types are immutable.

Subclass relationships:

object
timedelta
tzinfo
timezone
time
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date
datetime

Common Properties

The date , datetime , time , and timezone types share these common features:

Objects of these types are immutable.

Objects of these types are hashable, meaning that they can be used as dictionary keys.
Objects of these types support efficient pickling via the pickle module.

Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive

Objects of the date type are always naive.

An object of type time or datetime may be aware or naive.

A datetime object d is aware if both of the following hold:

1. d.tzinfo is not None

2. d.tzinfo.utcoffset(d) does not return None

Otherwise, d is naive.

A time object t is aware if both of the following hold:

1. t.tzinfo is not None

2. t.tzinfo.utcoffset(None) does not return None .

Otherwise, t is naive.

The distinction between aware and naive doesn’t apply to timedelta objects.

timedelta Objects
A timedelta object represents a duration, the difference between two dates or times.

class datetime. timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0,

minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)
All arguments are optional and default to 0 . Arguments may be integers or floats, and
may be positive or negative.

Only days, seconds and microseconds are stored internally. Arguments are converted to
those units:

A millisecond is converted to 1000 microseconds.

A minute is converted to 60 seconds.
An hour is converted to 3600 seconds.
A week is converted to 7 days.

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and days, seconds and microseconds are then normalized so that the representation is
unique, with

0 <= microseconds < 1000000

0 <= seconds < 3600*24 (the number of seconds in one day)
-999999999 <= days <= 999999999

The following example illustrates how any arguments besides days, seconds and
microseconds are “merged” and normalized into those three resulting attributes:

>>> from datetime import timedelta >>>

>>> delta = timedelta(
... days=50,
... seconds=27,
... microseconds=10,
... milliseconds=29000,
... minutes=5,
... hours=8,
... weeks=2
... )
>>> # Only days, seconds, and microseconds remain
>>> delta
datetime.timedelta(days=64, seconds=29156, microseconds=10)

If any argument is a float and there are fractional microseconds, the fractional
microseconds left over from all arguments are combined and their sum is rounded to the
nearest microsecond using round-half-to-even tiebreaker. If no argument is a float, the
conversion and normalization processes are exact (no information is lost).

If the normalized value of days lies outside the indicated range, OverflowError is raised.

Note that normalization of negative values may be surprising at first. For example:

>>> from datetime import timedelta >>>

>>> d = timedelta(microseconds=-1)
>>> (d.days, d.seconds, d.microseconds)
(-1, 86399, 999999)

Class attributes:

timedelta. min
The most negative timedelta object, timedelta(-999999999) .

timedelta. max
The most positive timedelta object, timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23,
minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999) .

timedelta. resolution
The smallest possible difference between non-equal timedelta objects,
timedelta(microseconds=1) .

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Note that, because of normalization, timedelta.max > -timedelta.min . -timedelta.max is

not representable as a timedelta object.

Instance attributes (read-only):

Attribute Value
Between -999999999 and 999999999
days
inclusive
seconds Between 0 and 86399 inclusive
microseconds Between 0 and 999999 inclusive

Supported operations:

Operation Result
Sum of t2 and t3. Afterwards t1-t2 == t3 and t1-t3 ==
t1 = t2 + t3
t2 are true. (1)
Difference of t2 and t3. Afterwards t1 == t2 - t3 and
t1 = t2 - t3
t2 == t1 + t3 are true. (1)(6)
Delta multiplied by an integer. Afterwards t1 // i == t2
t1 = t2 * i or t1 = i * t2
is true, provided i != 0 .
In general, t1 * i == t1 * (i-1) + t1 is true. (1)
Delta multiplied by a float. The result is rounded to
t1 = t2 * f or t1 = f * t2 the nearest multiple of timedelta.resolution using
round-half-to-even.
Division (3) of overall duration t2 by interval unit t3.
f = t2 / t3
Returns a float object.
Delta divided by a float or an int. The result is
t1 = t2 / f or t1 = t2 / i rounded to the nearest multiple of
timedelta.resolution using round-half-to-even.
The floor is computed and the remainder (if any) is
t1 = t2 // i or t1 = t2 // t3 thrown away. In the second case, an integer is
returned. (3)
The remainder is computed as a timedelta object.
t1 = t2 % t3
(3)
Computes the quotient and the remainder: q = t1
q, r = divmod(t1, t2) // t2 (3) and r = t1 % t2 . q is an integer and r is
a timedelta object.
+t1 Returns a timedelta object with the same value. (2)
equivalent to timedelta (-t1.days, -t1.seconds, -
-t1
t1.microseconds), and to t1* -1. (1)(4)

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Operation Result
equivalent to +t when t.days >= 0 , and to -t when
abs(t)
t.days < 0 . (2)

Returns a string in the form [D day[s], ]

str(t) [H]H:MM:SS[.UUUUUU] , where D is negative for
negative t . (5)
Returns a string representation of the timedelta
repr(t) object as a constructor call with canonical attribute
values.

Notes:

1. This is exact but may overflow.

2. This is exact and cannot overflow.
3. Division by 0 raises ZeroDivisionError .
4. -timedelta.max is not representable as a timedelta object.
5. String representations of timedelta objects are normalized similarly to their internal
representation. This leads to somewhat unusual results for negative timedeltas. For
example:

>>> timedelta(hours=-5) >>>

datetime.timedelta(days=-1, seconds=68400)
>>> print(_)
-1 day, 19:00:00

6. The expression t2 - t3 will always be equal to the expression t2 + (-t3) except

when t3 is equal to timedelta.max ; in that case the former will produce a result while
the latter will overflow.

In addition to the operations listed above, timedelta objects support certain additions and
subtractions with date and datetime objects (see below).

Changed in version 3.2: Floor division and true division of a timedelta object by another
timedelta object are now supported, as are remainder operations and the divmod()
function. True division and multiplication of a timedelta object by a float object are now
supported.

Comparisons of timedelta objects are supported, with some caveats.

The comparisons == or != always return a bool , no matter the type of the compared object:

>>>
>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> delta1 = timedelta(seconds=57)
>>> delta2 = timedelta(hours=25, seconds=2)
>>> delta2 != delta1
True
>>> delta2 == 5
False

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For all other comparisons (such as < and > ), when a timedelta object is compared to an
object of a different type, TypeError is raised:

>>>
>>> delta2 > delta1
True
>>> delta2 > 5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'datetime.timedelta' and 'in

In Boolean contexts, a timedelta object is considered to be true if and only if it isn’t equal to
timedelta(0) .

Instance methods:

timedelta. total_seconds()
Return the total number of seconds contained in the duration. Equivalent to td /
timedelta(seconds=1) . For interval units other than seconds, use the division form
directly (e.g. td / timedelta(microseconds=1) ).

Note that for very large time intervals (greater than 270 years on most platforms) this
method will lose microsecond accuracy.

New in version 3.2.

Examples of usage: timedelta

An additional example of normalization:

>>>
>>> # Components of another_year add up to exactly 365 days
>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> year = timedelta(days=365)
>>> another_year = timedelta(weeks=40, days=84, hours=23,
... minutes=50, seconds=600)
>>> year == another_year
True
>>> year.total_seconds()
31536000.0

Examples of timedelta arithmetic:

>>>
>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> year = timedelta(days=365)
>>> ten_years = 10 * year
>>> ten_years
datetime.timedelta(days=3650)
>>> ten_years.days // 365
10
>>> nine_years = ten_years - year
>>> nine_years
datetime.timedelta(days=3285)

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>>> three_years = nine_years // 3

>>> three_years, three_years.days // 365
(datetime.timedelta(days=1095), 3)

date Objects
A date object represents a date (year, month and day) in an idealized calendar, the current
Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in both directions.

January 1 of year 1 is called day number 1, January 2 of year 1 is called day number 2, and
so on. [2]

class datetime. date(year, month, day)

All arguments are required. Arguments must be integers, in the following ranges:

MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR

1 <= month <= 12
1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year

If an argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

Other constructors, all class methods:

classmethod date. today()

Return the current local date.

This is equivalent to date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) .

classmethod date. fromtimestamp(timestamp)

Return the local date corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is returned by
time.time() .

This may raise OverflowError , if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported
by the platform C localtime() function, and OSError on localtime() failure. It’s
common for this to be restricted to years from 1970 through 2038. Note that on non-
POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion of a timestamp, leap seconds
are ignored by fromtimestamp() .

Changed in version 3.3: Raise OverflowError instead of ValueError if the timestamp is

out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() function. Raise
OSError instead of ValueError on localtime() failure.

classmethod date. fromordinal(ordinal)

Return the date corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1 of year
1 has ordinal 1.

ValueError is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <= date.max.toordinal() . For any date d,
date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d .

classmethod date. fromisoformat(date_string)

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Return a date corresponding to a date_string given in the format YYYY-MM-DD :

>>> from datetime import date >>>

>>> date.fromisoformat('2019-12-04')
datetime.date(2019, 12, 4)

This is the inverse of date.isoformat() . It only supports the format YYYY-MM-DD .

New in version 3.7.

classmethod date. fromisocalendar(year, week, day)

Return a date corresponding to the ISO calendar date specified by year, week and day.
This is the inverse of the function date.isocalendar() .

New in version 3.8.

Class attributes:

date. min
The earliest representable date, date(MINYEAR, 1, 1) .

date. max
The latest representable date, date(MAXYEAR, 12, 31) .

date. resolution
The smallest possible difference between non-equal date objects, timedelta(days=1) .

Instance attributes (read-only):

date. year
Between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

date. month
Between 1 and 12 inclusive.

date. day
Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.

Supported operations:

Operation Result
date2 is timedelta.days days removed from date1.
date2 = date1 + timedelta
(1)
Computes date2 such that date2 + timedelta ==
date2 = date1 - timedelta
date1 . (2)

timedelta = date1 - date2 (3)

date1 is considered less than date2 when date1
date1 < date2
precedes date2 in time. (4)
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Notes:

1. date2 is moved forward in time if timedelta.days > 0 , or backward if timedelta.days

< 0 . Afterward date2 - date1 == timedelta.days . timedelta.seconds and
timedelta.microseconds are ignored. OverflowError is raised if date2.year would
be smaller than MINYEAR or larger than MAXYEAR .
2. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are ignored.
3. This is exact, and cannot overflow. timedelta.seconds and timedelta.microseconds are
0, and date2 + timedelta == date1 after.
4. In other words, date1 < date2 if and only if date1.toordinal() <
date2.toordinal() . Date comparison raises TypeError if the other comparand isn’t
also a date object. However, NotImplemented is returned instead if the other
comparand has a timetuple() attribute. This hook gives other kinds of date objects a
chance at implementing mixed-type comparison. If not, when a date object is compared
to an object of a different type, TypeError is raised unless the comparison is == or != .
The latter cases return False or True , respectively.

In Boolean contexts, all date objects are considered to be true.

Instance methods:

date. replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day)

Return a date with the same value, except for those parameters given new values by
whichever keyword arguments are specified.

Example:

>>> from datetime import date >>>

>>> d = date(2002, 12, 31)
>>> d.replace(day=26)
datetime.date(2002, 12, 26)

date. timetuple()
Return a time.struct_time such as returned by time.localtime() .

The hours, minutes and seconds are 0, and the DST flag is -1.

d.timetuple() is equivalent to:

time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day, 0, 0, 0, d.weekday(), yday, -1))

where yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 is the day

number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st.

date. toordinal()
Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date, where January 1 of year 1 has ordinal
1. For any date object d, date.fromordinal(d.toordinal()) == d .

date. weekday()
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Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6. For
example, date(2002, 12, 4).weekday() == 2 , a Wednesday. See also isoweekday() .

date. isoweekday()
Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. For
example, date(2002, 12, 4).isoweekday() == 3 , a Wednesday. See also weekday() ,
isocalendar() .

date. isocalendar()
Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday).

The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. [3]

The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a Monday and
ends on a Sunday. The first week of an ISO year is the first (Gregorian) calendar week of
a year containing a Thursday. This is called week number 1, and the ISO year of that
Thursday is the same as its Gregorian year.

For example, 2004 begins on a Thursday, so the first week of ISO year 2004 begins on
Monday, 29 Dec 2003 and ends on Sunday, 4 Jan 2004:

>>> from datetime import date >>>

>>> date(2003, 12, 29).isocalendar()
(2004, 1, 1)
>>> date(2004, 1, 4).isocalendar()
(2004, 1, 7)

date. isoformat()
Return a string representing the date in ISO 8601 format, YYYY-MM-DD :

>>> from datetime import date >>>

>>> date(2002, 12, 4).isoformat()
'2002-12-04'

This is the inverse of date.fromisoformat() .

date. __str__()
For a date d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat() .

date. ctime()
Return a string representing the date:

>>> from datetime import date >>>

>>> date(2002, 12, 4).ctime()
'Wed Dec 4 00:00:00 2002'

d.ctime() is equivalent to:

time.ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))

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on platforms where the native C ctime() function (which time.ctime() invokes, but
which date.ctime() does not invoke) conforms to the C standard.

date. strftime(format)
Return a string representing the date, controlled by an explicit format string. Format
codes referring to hours, minutes or seconds will see 0 values. For a complete list of
formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

date. __format__(format)
Same as date.strftime() . This makes it possible to specify a format string for a date
object in formatted string literals and when using str.format() . For a complete list of
formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

Examples of Usage: date

Example of counting days to an event:

>>>
>>> import time
>>> from datetime import date
>>> today = date.today()
>>> today
datetime.date(2007, 12, 5)
>>> today == date.fromtimestamp(time.time())
True
>>> my_birthday = date(today.year, 6, 24)
>>> if my_birthday < today:
... my_birthday = my_birthday.replace(year=today.year + 1)
>>> my_birthday
datetime.date(2008, 6, 24)
>>> time_to_birthday = abs(my_birthday - today)
>>> time_to_birthday.days
202

More examples of working with date :

>>> from datetime import date

>>> d = date.fromordinal(730920) # 730920th day after 1. 1. 0001
>>> d
datetime.date(2002, 3, 11)

>>> # Methods related to formatting string output

>>> d.isoformat()
'2002-03-11'
>>> d.strftime("%d/%m/%y")
'11/03/02'
>>> d.strftime("%A %d. %B %Y")
'Monday 11. March 2002'
>>> d.ctime()
'Mon Mar 11 00:00:00 2002'
>>> 'The {1} is {0:%d}, the {2} is {0:%B}.'.format(d, "day", "month")
'The day is 11, the month is March.'

>>> # Methods for to extracting 'components' under different calendars

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>>> t = d.timetuple()
>>> for i in t:
... print(i)
2002 # year
3 # month
11 # day
0
0
0
0 # weekday (0 = Monday)
70 # 70th day in the year
-1
>>> ic = d.isocalendar()
>>> for i in ic:
... print(i)
2002 # ISO year
11 # ISO week number
1 # ISO day number ( 1 = Monday )

>>> # A date object is immutable; all operations produce a new object

>>> d.replace(year=2005)
datetime.date(2005, 3, 11)

datetime Objects
A datetime object is a single object containing all the information from a date object and a
time object.

Like a date object, datetime assumes the current Gregorian calendar extended in both
directions; like a time object, datetime assumes there are exactly 3600*24 seconds in every
day.

Constructor:

class datetime. datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0,

microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)
The year, month and day arguments are required. tzinfo may be None , or an instance of a
tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments must be integers in the following ranges:

MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR ,

1 <= month <= 12 ,
1 <= day <= number of days in the given month and year ,
0 <= hour < 24 ,
0 <= minute < 60 ,
0 <= second < 60 ,
0 <= microsecond < 1000000 ,
fold in [0, 1] .

If an argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised.

New in version 3.6: Added the fold argument.

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Other constructors, all class methods:

classmethod datetime. today()

Return the current local datetime, with tzinfo None .

Equivalent to:

datetime.fromtimestamp(time.time())

See also now() , fromtimestamp() .

This method is functionally equivalent to now() , but without a tz parameter.

classmethod datetime. now(tz=None)

Return the current local date and time.

If optional argument tz is None or not specified, this is like today() , but, if possible,
supplies more precision than can be gotten from going through a time.time() timestamp
(for example, this may be possible on platforms supplying the C gettimeofday()
function).

If tz is not None , it must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and the current date and
time are converted to tz’s time zone.

This function is preferred over today() and utcnow() .

classmethod datetime. utcnow()

Return the current UTC date and time, with tzinfo None .

This is like now() , but returns the current UTC date and time, as a naive datetime
object. An aware current UTC datetime can be obtained by calling
datetime.now(timezone.utc) . See also now() .

Warning: Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods
as local times, it is preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC. As
such, the recommended way to create an object representing the current time in UTC
is by calling datetime.now(timezone.utc) .

classmethod datetime. fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=None)

Return the local date and time corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, such as is
returned by time.time() . If optional argument tz is None or not specified, the timestamp
is converted to the platform’s local date and time, and the returned datetime object is
naive.

If tz is not None , it must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and the timestamp is

converted to tz’s time zone.

fromtimestamp() may raise OverflowError , if the timestamp is out of the range of

values supported by the platform C localtime() or gmtime() functions, and OSError on

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localtime() or gmtime() failure. It’s common for this to be restricted to years in 1970
through 2038. Note that on non-POSIX systems that include leap seconds in their notion
of a timestamp, leap seconds are ignored by fromtimestamp() , and then it’s possible to
have two timestamps differing by a second that yield identical datetime objects. This
method is preferred over utcfromtimestamp() .

Changed in version 3.3: Raise OverflowError instead of ValueError if the timestamp is

out of the range of values supported by the platform C localtime() or gmtime()
functions. Raise OSError instead of ValueError on localtime() or gmtime() failure.

Changed in version 3.6: fromtimestamp() may return instances with fold set to 1.

classmethod datetime. utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)

Return the UTC datetime corresponding to the POSIX timestamp, with tzinfo None .
(The resulting object is naive.)

This may raise OverflowError , if the timestamp is out of the range of values supported
by the platform C gmtime() function, and OSError on gmtime() failure. It’s common for
this to be restricted to years in 1970 through 2038.

To get an aware datetime object, call fromtimestamp() :

datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, timezone.utc)

On the POSIX compliant platforms, it is equivalent to the following expression:

datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=timestamp)

except the latter formula always supports the full years range: between MINYEAR and
MAXYEAR inclusive.

Warning: Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods
as local times, it is preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC. As
such, the recommended way to create an object representing a specific timestamp in
UTC is by calling datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=timezone.utc) .

Changed in version 3.3: Raise OverflowError instead of ValueError if the timestamp is

out of the range of values supported by the platform C gmtime() function. Raise OSError
instead of ValueError on gmtime() failure.

classmethod datetime. fromordinal(ordinal)

Return the datetime corresponding to the proleptic Gregorian ordinal, where January 1
of year 1 has ordinal 1. ValueError is raised unless 1 <= ordinal <=
datetime.max.toordinal() . The hour, minute, second and microsecond of the result
are all 0, and tzinfo is None .

classmethod datetime. combine(date, time, tzinfo=self.tzinfo)

Return a new datetime object whose date components are equal to the given date
object’s, and whose time components are equal to the given time object’s. If the tzinfo
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argument is provided, its value is used to set the tzinfo attribute of the result, otherwise
the tzinfo attribute of the time argument is used.

For any datetime object d, d == datetime.combine(d.date(), d.time(),

d.tzinfo) . If date is a datetime object, its time components and tzinfo attributes are
ignored.

Changed in version 3.6: Added the tzinfo argument.

classmethod datetime. fromisoformat(date_string)

Return a datetime corresponding to a date_string in one of the formats emitted by
date.isoformat() and datetime.isoformat() .

Specifically, this function supports strings in the format:

YYYY-MM-DD[*HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]][+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]]]

where * can match any single character.

Caution: This does not support parsing arbitrary ISO 8601 strings - it is only intended
as the inverse operation of datetime.isoformat() . A more full-featured ISO 8601
parser, dateutil.parser.isoparse is available in the third-party package dateutil.

Examples:

>>> from datetime import datetime >>>

>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 0)
>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04T00:05:23')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23)
>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04 00:05:23.283')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23, 283000)
>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04 00:05:23.283+00:00')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23, 283000, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.
>>> datetime.fromisoformat('2011-11-04T00:05:23+04:00')
datetime.datetime(2011, 11, 4, 0, 5, 23,
tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=14400)))

New in version 3.7.

classmethod datetime. fromisocalendar(year, week, day)

Return a datetime corresponding to the ISO calendar date specified by year, week and
day. The non-date components of the datetime are populated with their normal default
values. This is the inverse of the function datetime.isocalendar() .

New in version 3.8.

classmethod datetime. strptime(date_string, format)

Return a datetime corresponding to date_string, parsed according to format.

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This is equivalent to:

datetime(*(time.strptime(date_string, format)[0:6]))

ValueError is raised if the date_string and format can’t be parsed by time.strptime()

or if it returns a value which isn’t a time tuple. For a complete list of formatting directives,
see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

Class attributes:

datetime. min
The earliest representable datetime , datetime(MINYEAR, 1, 1, tzinfo=None) .

datetime. max
The latest representable datetime , datetime(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59,
999999, tzinfo=None) .

datetime. resolution
The smallest possible difference between non-equal datetime objects,
timedelta(microseconds=1) .

Instance attributes (read-only):

datetime. year
Between MINYEAR and MAXYEAR inclusive.

datetime. month
Between 1 and 12 inclusive.

datetime. day
Between 1 and the number of days in the given month of the given year.

datetime. hour
In range(24) .

datetime. minute
In range(60) .

datetime. second
In range(60) .

datetime. microsecond
In range(1000000) .

datetime. tzinfo
The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the datetime constructor, or None if none
was passed.

datetime. fold
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In [0, 1] . Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval. (A repeated

interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving time or when the
UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.) The value 0 (1)
represents the earlier (later) of the two moments with the same wall time representation.

New in version 3.6.

Supported operations:

Operation Result
datetime2 = datetime1 + timedelta (1)
datetime2 = datetime1 - timedelta (2)
timedelta = datetime1 - datetime2 (3)
Compares datetime to datetime .
datetime1 < datetime2
(4)

1. datetime2 is a duration of timedelta removed from datetime1, moving forward in time if

timedelta.days > 0, or backward if timedelta.days < 0. The result has the same
tzinfo attribute as the input datetime, and datetime2 - datetime1 == timedelta after.
OverflowError is raised if datetime2.year would be smaller than MINYEAR or larger than
MAXYEAR . Note that no time zone adjustments are done even if the input is an aware
object.
2. Computes the datetime2 such that datetime2 + timedelta == datetime1. As for addition,
the result has the same tzinfo attribute as the input datetime, and no time zone
adjustments are done even if the input is aware.
3. Subtraction of a datetime from a datetime is defined only if both operands are naive,
or if both are aware. If one is aware and the other is naive, TypeError is raised.

If both are naive, or both are aware and have the same tzinfo attribute, the tzinfo
attributes are ignored, and the result is a timedelta object t such that datetime2 + t
== datetime1 . No time zone adjustments are done in this case.

If both are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, a-b acts as if a and b were first
converted to naive UTC datetimes first. The result is (a.replace(tzinfo=None) -
a.utcoffset()) - (b.replace(tzinfo=None) - b.utcoffset()) except that the
implementation never overflows.
4. datetime1 is considered less than datetime2 when datetime1 precedes datetime2 in
time.

If one comparand is naive and the other is aware, TypeError is raised if an order
comparison is attempted. For equality comparisons, naive instances are never equal to
aware instances.

If both comparands are aware, and have the same tzinfo attribute, the common
tzinfo attribute is ignored and the base datetimes are compared. If both comparands
are aware and have different tzinfo attributes, the comparands are first adjusted by
subtracting their UTC offsets (obtained from self.utcoffset() ).

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Changed in version 3.3: Equality comparisons between aware and naive datetime
instances don’t raise TypeError .

Note: In order to stop comparison from falling back to the default scheme of
comparing object addresses, datetime comparison normally raises TypeError if the
other comparand isn’t also a datetime object. However, NotImplemented is returned
instead if the other comparand has a timetuple() attribute. This hook gives other
kinds of date objects a chance at implementing mixed-type comparison. If not, when a
datetime object is compared to an object of a different type, TypeError is raised
unless the comparison is == or != . The latter cases return False or True ,
respectively.

Instance methods:

datetime. date()
Return date object with same year, month and day.

datetime. time()
Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond and fold. tzinfo is
None . See also method timetz() .

Changed in version 3.6: The fold value is copied to the returned time object.

datetime. timetz()
Return time object with same hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold, and tzinfo
attributes. See also method time() .

Changed in version 3.6: The fold value is copied to the returned time object.

datetime. replace(year=self.year, month=self.month, day=self.day,

hour=self.hour, minute=self.minute, second=self.second,
microsecond=self.microsecond, tzinfo=self.tzinfo, * fold=0)
Return a datetime with the same attributes, except for those attributes given new values
by whichever keyword arguments are specified. Note that tzinfo=None can be specified
to create a naive datetime from an aware datetime with no conversion of date and time
data.

New in version 3.6: Added the fold argument.

datetime. astimezone(tz=None)
Return a datetime object with new tzinfo attribute tz, adjusting the date and time data
so the result is the same UTC time as self, but in tz’s local time.

If provided, tz must be an instance of a tzinfo subclass, and its utcoffset() and dst()
methods must not return None . If self is naive, it is presumed to represent time in the
system timezone.

If called without arguments (or with tz=None ) the system local timezone is assumed for
the target timezone. The .tzinfo attribute of the converted datetime instance will be set
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to an instance of timezone with the zone name and offset obtained from the OS.

If self.tzinfo is tz, self.astimezone(tz) is equal to self: no adjustment of date or

time data is performed. Else the result is local time in the timezone tz, representing the
same UTC time as self: after astz = dt.astimezone(tz) , astz - astz.utcoffset()
will have the same date and time data as dt - dt.utcoffset() .

If you merely want to attach a time zone object tz to a datetime dt without adjustment of
date and time data, use dt.replace(tzinfo=tz) . If you merely want to remove the time
zone object from an aware datetime dt without conversion of date and time data, use
dt.replace(tzinfo=None) .

Note that the default tzinfo.fromutc() method can be overridden in a tzinfo subclass
to affect the result returned by astimezone() . Ignoring error cases, astimezone() acts
like:

def astimezone(self, tz):

if self.tzinfo is tz:
return self
# Convert self to UTC, and attach the new time zone object.
utc = (self - self.utcoffset()).replace(tzinfo=tz)
# Convert from UTC to tz's local time.
return tz.fromutc(utc)

Changed in version 3.3: tz now can be omitted.

Changed in version 3.6: The astimezone() method can now be called on naive
instances that are presumed to represent system local time.

datetime. utcoffset()
If tzinfo is None , returns None , else returns self.tzinfo.utcoffset(self) , and raises
an exception if the latter doesn’t return None or a timedelta object with magnitude less
than one day.

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

datetime. dst()
If tzinfo is None , returns None , else returns self.tzinfo.dst(self) , and raises an
exception if the latter doesn’t return None or a timedelta object with magnitude less than
one day.

Changed in version 3.7: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

datetime. tzname()
If tzinfo is None , returns None , else returns self.tzinfo.tzname(self) , raises an
exception if the latter doesn’t return None or a string object,

datetime. timetuple()
Return a time.struct_time such as returned by time.localtime() .

d.timetuple() is equivalent to:

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time.struct_time((d.year, d.month, d.day,

d.hour, d.minute, d.second,
d.weekday(), yday, dst))

where yday = d.toordinal() - date(d.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1 is the day

number within the current year starting with 1 for January 1st. The tm_isdst flag of the
result is set according to the dst() method: tzinfo is None or dst() returns None ,
tm_isdst is set to -1 ; else if dst() returns a non-zero value, tm_isdst is set to 1 ; else
tm_isdst is set to 0 .

datetime. utctimetuple()
If datetime instance d is naive, this is the same as d.timetuple() except that tm_isdst
is forced to 0 regardless of what d.dst() returns. DST is never in effect for a UTC time.

If d is aware, d is normalized to UTC time, by subtracting d.utcoffset() , and a

time.struct_time for the normalized time is returned. tm_isdst is forced to 0. Note that
an OverflowError may be raised if d.year was MINYEAR or MAXYEAR and UTC adjustment
spills over a year boundary.

Warning: Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods
as local times, it is preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC; as a
result, using utcfromtimetuple may give misleading results. If you have a naive
datetime representing UTC, use datetime.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc) to make
it aware, at which point you can use datetime.timetuple() .

datetime. toordinal()
Return the proleptic Gregorian ordinal of the date. The same as
self.date().toordinal() .

datetime. timestamp()
Return POSIX timestamp corresponding to the datetime instance. The return value is a
float similar to that returned by time.time() .

Naive datetime instances are assumed to represent local time and this method relies on
the platform C mktime() function to perform the conversion. Since datetime supports
wider range of values than mktime() on many platforms, this method may raise
OverflowError for times far in the past or far in the future.

For aware datetime instances, the return value is computed as:

(dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)).total_seconds()

New in version 3.3.

Changed in version 3.6: The timestamp() method uses the fold attribute to
disambiguate the times during a repeated interval.

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Note: There is no method to obtain the POSIX timestamp directly from a naive
datetime instance representing UTC time. If your application uses this convention and
your system timezone is not set to UTC, you can obtain the POSIX timestamp by
supplying tzinfo=timezone.utc :

timestamp = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).timestamp()

or by calculating the timestamp directly:

timestamp = (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1)) / timedelta(seconds=1)

datetime. weekday()
Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 0 and Sunday is 6. The same
as self.date().weekday() . See also isoweekday() .

datetime. isoweekday()
Return the day of the week as an integer, where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7. The same
as self.date().isoweekday() . See also weekday() , isocalendar() .

datetime. isocalendar()
Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday). The same as
self.date().isocalendar() .

datetime. isoformat(sep='T', timespec='auto')

Return a string representing the date and time in ISO 8601 format:

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.ffffff , if microsecond is not 0

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS , if microsecond is 0

If utcoffset() does not return None , a string is appended, giving the UTC offset:

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS.ffffff+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]] , if microsecond is not 0

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]] , if microsecond is 0

Examples:

>>> from datetime import datetime, timezone >>>

>>> datetime(2019, 5, 18, 15, 17, 8, 132263).isoformat()
'2019-05-18T15:17:08.132263'
>>> datetime(2019, 5, 18, 15, 17, tzinfo=timezone.utc).isoformat()
'2019-05-18T15:17:00+00:00'

The optional argument sep (default 'T' ) is a one-character separator, placed between
the date and time portions of the result. For example:

>>> from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime >>>

>>> class TZ(tzinfo):
... """A time zone with an arbitrary, constant -06:39 offset."""
... def utcoffset(self, dt):
... return timedelta(hours=-6, minutes=-39)
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...
>>> datetime(2002, 12, 25, tzinfo=TZ()).isoformat(' ')
'2002-12-25 00:00:00-06:39'
>>> datetime(2009, 11, 27, microsecond=100, tzinfo=TZ()).isoformat()
'2009-11-27T00:00:00.000100-06:39'

The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional components of the
time to include (the default is 'auto' ). It can be one of the following:

'auto' : Same as 'seconds' if microsecond is 0, same as 'microseconds'

otherwise.
'hours' : Include the hour in the two-digit HH format.
'minutes' : Include hour and minute in HH:MM format.
'seconds' : Include hour , minute , and second in HH:MM:SS format.
'milliseconds' : Include full time, but truncate fractional second part to
milliseconds. HH:MM:SS.sss format.
'microseconds' : Include full time in HH:MM:SS.ffffff format.

Note: Excluded time components are truncated, not rounded.

ValueError will be raised on an invalid timespec argument:

>>> from datetime import datetime >>>

>>> datetime.now().isoformat(timespec='minutes')
'2002-12-25T00:00'
>>> dt = datetime(2015, 1, 1, 12, 30, 59, 0)
>>> dt.isoformat(timespec='microseconds')
'2015-01-01T12:30:59.000000'

New in version 3.6: Added the timespec argument.

datetime. __str__()
For a datetime instance d, str(d) is equivalent to d.isoformat(' ') .

datetime. ctime()
Return a string representing the date and time:

>>> from datetime import datetime >>>

>>> datetime(2002, 12, 4, 20, 30, 40).ctime()
'Wed Dec 4 20:30:40 2002'

The output string will not include time zone information, regardless of whether the input is
aware or naive.

d.ctime() is equivalent to:

time.ctime(time.mktime(d.timetuple()))

on platforms where the native C ctime() function (which time.ctime() invokes, but
which datetime.ctime() does not invoke) conforms to the C standard.

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datetime. strftime(format)
Return a string representing the date and time, controlled by an explicit format string. For
a complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

datetime. __format__(format)
Same as datetime.strftime() . This makes it possible to specify a format string for a
datetime object in formatted string literals and when using str.format() . For a
complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

Examples of Usage: datetime

Examples of working with datetime objects:

>>> from datetime import datetime, date, time, timezone

>>> # Using datetime.combine()

>>> d = date(2005, 7, 14)
>>> t = time(12, 30)
>>> datetime.combine(d, t)
datetime.datetime(2005, 7, 14, 12, 30)

>>> # Using datetime.now()

>>> datetime.now()
datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 6, 16, 29, 43, 79043) # GMT +1
>>> datetime.now(timezone.utc)
datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 6, 15, 29, 43, 79060, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc

>>> # Using datetime.strptime()

>>> dt = datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M")
>>> dt
datetime.datetime(2006, 11, 21, 16, 30)

>>> # Using datetime.timetuple() to get tuple of all attributes

>>> tt = dt.timetuple()
>>> for it in tt:
... print(it)
...
2006 # year
11 # month
21 # day
16 # hour
30 # minute
0 # second
1 # weekday (0 = Monday)
325 # number of days since 1st January
-1 # dst - method tzinfo.dst() returned None

>>> # Date in ISO format

>>> ic = dt.isocalendar()
>>> for it in ic:
... print(it)
...
2006 # ISO year
47 # ISO week

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2 # ISO weekday

>>> # Formatting a datetime

>>> dt.strftime("%A, %d. %B %Y %I:%M%p")
'Tuesday, 21. November 2006 04:30PM'
>>> 'The {1} is {0:%d}, the {2} is {0:%B}, the {3} is {0:%I:%M%p}.'.format(dt,
'The day is 21, the month is November, the time is 04:30PM.'

The example below defines a tzinfo subclass capturing time zone information for Kabul,
Afghanistan, which used +4 UTC until 1945 and then +4:30 UTC thereafter:

from datetime import timedelta, datetime, tzinfo, timezone

class KabulTz(tzinfo):
# Kabul used +4 until 1945, when they moved to +4:30
UTC_MOVE_DATE = datetime(1944, 12, 31, 20, tzinfo=timezone.utc)

def utcoffset(self, dt):

if dt.year < 1945:
return timedelta(hours=4)
elif (1945, 1, 1, 0, 0) <= dt.timetuple()[:5] < (1945, 1, 1, 0, 30):
# An ambiguous ("imaginary") half-hour range representing
# a 'fold' in time due to the shift from +4 to +4:30.
# If dt falls in the imaginary range, use fold to decide how
# to resolve. See PEP495.
return timedelta(hours=4, minutes=(30 if dt.fold else 0))
else:
return timedelta(hours=4, minutes=30)

def fromutc(self, dt):

# Follow same validations as in datetime.tzinfo
if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
if dt.tzinfo is not self:
raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")

# A custom implementation is required for fromutc as

# the input to this function is a datetime with utc values
# but with a tzinfo set to self.
# See datetime.astimezone or fromtimestamp.
if dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc) >= self.UTC_MOVE_DATE:
return dt + timedelta(hours=4, minutes=30)
else:
return dt + timedelta(hours=4)

def dst(self, dt):

# Kabul does not observe daylight saving time.
return timedelta(0)

def tzname(self, dt):

if dt >= self.UTC_MOVE_DATE:
return "+04:30"
return "+04"

Usage of KabulTz from above:

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>>>
>>> tz1 = KabulTz()

>>> # Datetime before the change

>>> dt1 = datetime(1900, 11, 21, 16, 30, tzinfo=tz1)
>>> print(dt1.utcoffset())
4:00:00

>>> # Datetime after the change

>>> dt2 = datetime(2006, 6, 14, 13, 0, tzinfo=tz1)
>>> print(dt2.utcoffset())
4:30:00

>>> # Convert datetime to another time zone

>>> dt3 = dt2.astimezone(timezone.utc)
>>> dt3
datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 14, 8, 30, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
>>> dt2
datetime.datetime(2006, 6, 14, 13, 0, tzinfo=KabulTz())
>>> dt2 == dt3
True

time Objects
A time object represents a (local) time of day, independent of any particular day, and subject
to adjustment via a tzinfo object.

class datetime. time(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *,

fold=0)
All arguments are optional. tzinfo may be None , or an instance of a tzinfo subclass. The
remaining arguments must be integers in the following ranges:

0 <= hour < 24 ,

0 <= minute < 60 ,
0 <= second < 60 ,
0 <= microsecond < 1000000 ,
fold in [0, 1] .

If an argument outside those ranges is given, ValueError is raised. All default to 0

except tzinfo, which defaults to None .

Class attributes:

time. min
The earliest representable time , time(0, 0, 0, 0) .

time. max
The latest representable time , time(23, 59, 59, 999999) .

time. resolution
The smallest possible difference between non-equal time objects,
timedelta(microseconds=1) , although note that arithmetic on time objects is not
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supported.

Instance attributes (read-only):

time. hour
In range(24) .

time. minute
In range(60) .

time. second
In range(60) .

time. microsecond
In range(1000000) .

time. tzinfo
The object passed as the tzinfo argument to the time constructor, or None if none was
passed.

time. fold
In [0, 1] . Used to disambiguate wall times during a repeated interval. (A repeated
interval occurs when clocks are rolled back at the end of daylight saving time or when the
UTC offset for the current zone is decreased for political reasons.) The value 0 (1)
represents the earlier (later) of the two moments with the same wall time representation.

New in version 3.6.

time objects support comparison of time to time , where a is considered less than b when a
precedes b in time. If one comparand is naive and the other is aware, TypeError is raised if
an order comparison is attempted. For equality comparisons, naive instances are never equal
to aware instances.

If both comparands are aware, and have the same tzinfo attribute, the common tzinfo
attribute is ignored and the base times are compared. If both comparands are aware and
have different tzinfo attributes, the comparands are first adjusted by subtracting their UTC
offsets (obtained from self.utcoffset() ). In order to stop mixed-type comparisons from
falling back to the default comparison by object address, when a time object is compared to
an object of a different type, TypeError is raised unless the comparison is == or != . The
latter cases return False or True , respectively.

Changed in version 3.3: Equality comparisons between aware and naive time instances don’t
raise TypeError .

In Boolean contexts, a time object is always considered to be true.

Changed in version 3.5: Before Python 3.5, a time object was considered to be false if it
represented midnight in UTC. This behavior was considered obscure and error-prone and has
been removed in Python 3.5. See bpo-13936 for full details.

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Other constructor:

classmethod time. fromisoformat(time_string)

Return a time corresponding to a time_string in one of the formats emitted by
time.isoformat() . Specifically, this function supports strings in the format:

HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]][+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]]

Caution: This does not support parsing arbitrary ISO 8601 strings. It is only intended
as the inverse operation of time.isoformat() .

Examples:

>>> from datetime import time >>>

>>> time.fromisoformat('04:23:01')
datetime.time(4, 23, 1)
>>> time.fromisoformat('04:23:01.000384')
datetime.time(4, 23, 1, 384)
>>> time.fromisoformat('04:23:01+04:00')
datetime.time(4, 23, 1, tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(second

New in version 3.7.

Instance methods:

time. replace(hour=self.hour, minute=self.minute, second=self.second,

microsecond=self.microsecond, tzinfo=self.tzinfo, * fold=0)
Return a time with the same value, except for those attributes given new values by
whichever keyword arguments are specified. Note that tzinfo=None can be specified to
create a naive time from an aware time , without conversion of the time data.

New in version 3.6: Added the fold argument.

time. isoformat(timespec='auto')
Return a string representing the time in ISO 8601 format, one of:

HH:MM:SS.ffffff , if microsecond is not 0

HH:MM:SS , if microsecond is 0
HH:MM:SS.ffffff+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]] , if utcoffset() does not return None
HH:MM:SS+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]] , if microsecond is 0 and utcoffset() does not
return None

The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional components of the
time to include (the default is 'auto' ). It can be one of the following:

'auto' : Same as 'seconds' if microsecond is 0, same as 'microseconds'

otherwise.
'hours' : Include the hour in the two-digit HH format.
'minutes' : Include hour and minute in HH:MM format.
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'seconds' : Include hour , minute , and second in HH:MM:SS format.

'milliseconds' : Include full time, but truncate fractional second part to
milliseconds. HH:MM:SS.sss format.
'microseconds' : Include full time in HH:MM:SS.ffffff format.

Note: Excluded time components are truncated, not rounded.

ValueError will be raised on an invalid timespec argument.

Example:

>>> from datetime import time >>>

>>> time(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=123456).isoformat(time
'12:34'
>>> dt = time(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=0)
>>> dt.isoformat(timespec='microseconds')
'12:34:56.000000'
>>> dt.isoformat(timespec='auto')
'12:34:56'

New in version 3.6: Added the timespec argument.

time. __str__()
For a time t, str(t) is equivalent to t.isoformat() .

time. strftime(format)
Return a string representing the time, controlled by an explicit format string. For a
complete list of formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

time. __format__(format)
Same as time.strftime() . This makes it possible to specify a format string for a time
object in formatted string literals and when using str.format() . For a complete list of
formatting directives, see strftime() and strptime() Behavior.

time. utcoffset()
If tzinfo is None , returns None , else returns self.tzinfo.utcoffset(None) , and raises
an exception if the latter doesn’t return None or a timedelta object with magnitude less
than one day.

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

time. dst()
If tzinfo is None , returns None , else returns self.tzinfo.dst(None) , and raises an
exception if the latter doesn’t return None , or a timedelta object with magnitude less
than one day.

Changed in version 3.7: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

time. tzname()
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If tzinfo is None , returns None , else returns self.tzinfo.tzname(None) , or raises an

exception if the latter doesn’t return None or a string object.

Examples of Usage: time

Examples of working with a time object:

>>>
>>> from datetime import time, tzinfo, timedelta
>>> class TZ1(tzinfo):
... def utcoffset(self, dt):
... return timedelta(hours=1)
... def dst(self, dt):
... return timedelta(0)
... def tzname(self,dt):
... return "+01:00"
... def __repr__(self):
... return f"{self.__class__.__name__}()"
...
>>> t = time(12, 10, 30, tzinfo=TZ1())
>>> t
datetime.time(12, 10, 30, tzinfo=TZ1())
>>> t.isoformat()
'12:10:30+01:00'
>>> t.dst()
datetime.timedelta(0)
>>> t.tzname()
'+01:00'
>>> t.strftime("%H:%M:%S %Z")
'12:10:30 +01:00'
>>> 'The {} is {:%H:%M}.'.format("time", t)
'The time is 12:10.'

tzinfo Objects
class datetime. tzinfo
This is an abstract base class, meaning that this class should not be instantiated directly.
Define a subclass of tzinfo to capture information about a particular time zone.

An instance of (a concrete subclass of) tzinfo can be passed to the constructors for
datetime and time objects. The latter objects view their attributes as being in local time,
and the tzinfo object supports methods revealing offset of local time from UTC, the
name of the time zone, and DST offset, all relative to a date or time object passed to
them.

You need to derive a concrete subclass, and (at least) supply implementations of the
standard tzinfo methods needed by the datetime methods you use. The datetime
module provides timezone , a simple concrete subclass of tzinfo which can represent
timezones with fixed offset from UTC such as UTC itself or North American EST and EDT.

Special requirement for pickling: A tzinfo subclass must have an __init__() method
that can be called with no arguments, otherwise it can be pickled but possibly not

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unpickled again. This is a technical requirement that may be relaxed in the future.

A concrete subclass of tzinfo may need to implement the following methods. Exactly
which methods are needed depends on the uses made of aware datetime objects. If in
doubt, simply implement all of them.

tzinfo. utcoffset(dt)
Return offset of local time from UTC, as a timedelta object that is positive east of UTC.
If local time is west of UTC, this should be negative.

This represents the total offset from UTC; for example, if a tzinfo object represents both
time zone and DST adjustments, utcoffset() should return their sum. If the UTC offset
isn’t known, return None . Else the value returned must be a timedelta object strictly
between -timedelta(hours=24) and timedelta(hours=24) (the magnitude of the offset
must be less than one day). Most implementations of utcoffset() will probably look like
one of these two:

return CONSTANT # fixed-offset class

return CONSTANT + self.dst(dt) # daylight-aware class

If utcoffset() does not return None , dst() should not return None either.

The default implementation of utcoffset() raises NotImplementedError .

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

tzinfo. dst(dt)
Return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment, as a timedelta object or None if DST
information isn’t known.

Return timedelta(0) if DST is not in effect. If DST is in effect, return the offset as a
timedelta object (see utcoffset() for details). Note that DST offset, if applicable, has
already been added to the UTC offset returned by utcoffset() , so there’s no need to
consult dst() unless you’re interested in obtaining DST info separately. For example,
datetime.timetuple() calls its tzinfo attribute’s dst() method to determine how the
tm_isdst flag should be set, and tzinfo.fromutc() calls dst() to account for DST
changes when crossing time zones.

An instance tz of a tzinfo subclass that models both standard and daylight times must
be consistent in this sense:

tz.utcoffset(dt) - tz.dst(dt)

must return the same result for every datetime dt with dt.tzinfo == tz For sane
tzinfo subclasses, this expression yields the time zone’s “standard offset”, which should
not depend on the date or the time, but only on geographic location. The implementation
of datetime.astimezone() relies on this, but cannot detect violations; it’s the
programmer’s responsibility to ensure it. If a tzinfo subclass cannot guarantee this, it
may be able to override the default implementation of tzinfo.fromutc() to work
correctly with astimezone() regardless.
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Most implementations of dst() will probably look like one of these two:

def dst(self, dt):

# a fixed-offset class: doesn't account for DST
return timedelta(0)

or:

def dst(self, dt):

# Code to set dston and dstoff to the time zone's DST
# transition times based on the input dt.year, and expressed
# in standard local time.

if dston <= dt.replace(tzinfo=None) < dstoff:

return timedelta(hours=1)
else:
return timedelta(0)

The default implementation of dst() raises NotImplementedError .

Changed in version 3.7: The DST offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

tzinfo. tzname(dt)
Return the time zone name corresponding to the datetime object dt, as a string. Nothing
about string names is defined by the datetime module, and there’s no requirement that it
mean anything in particular. For example, “GMT”, “UTC”, “-500”, “-5:00”, “EDT”,
“US/Eastern”, “America/New York” are all valid replies. Return None if a string name isn’t
known. Note that this is a method rather than a fixed string primarily because some
tzinfo subclasses will wish to return different names depending on the specific value of
dt passed, especially if the tzinfo class is accounting for daylight time.

The default implementation of tzname() raises NotImplementedError .

These methods are called by a datetime or time object, in response to their methods of the
same names. A datetime object passes itself as the argument, and a time object passes
None as the argument. A tzinfo subclass’s methods should therefore be prepared to accept
a dt argument of None , or of class datetime .

When None is passed, it’s up to the class designer to decide the best response. For example,
returning None is appropriate if the class wishes to say that time objects don’t participate in
the tzinfo protocols. It may be more useful for utcoffset(None) to return the standard UTC
offset, as there is no other convention for discovering the standard offset.

When a datetime object is passed in response to a datetime method, dt.tzinfo is the

same object as self. tzinfo methods can rely on this, unless user code calls tzinfo
methods directly. The intent is that the tzinfo methods interpret dt as being in local time, and
not need worry about objects in other timezones.

There is one more tzinfo method that a subclass may wish to override:

tzinfo. fromutc(dt)

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This is called from the default datetime.astimezone() implementation. When called

from that, dt.tzinfo is self, and dt’s date and time data are to be viewed as expressing a
UTC time. The purpose of fromutc() is to adjust the date and time data, returning an
equivalent datetime in self’s local time.

Most tzinfo subclasses should be able to inherit the default fromutc() implementation
without problems. It’s strong enough to handle fixed-offset time zones, and time zones
accounting for both standard and daylight time, and the latter even if the DST transition
times differ in different years. An example of a time zone the default fromutc()
implementation may not handle correctly in all cases is one where the standard offset
(from UTC) depends on the specific date and time passed, which can happen for political
reasons. The default implementations of astimezone() and fromutc() may not produce
the result you want if the result is one of the hours straddling the moment the standard
offset changes.

Skipping code for error cases, the default fromutc() implementation acts like:

def fromutc(self, dt):

# raise ValueError error if dt.tzinfo is not self
dtoff = dt.utcoffset()
dtdst = dt.dst()
# raise ValueError if dtoff is None or dtdst is None
delta = dtoff - dtdst # this is self's standard offset
if delta:
dt += delta # convert to standard local time
dtdst = dt.dst()
# raise ValueError if dtdst is None
if dtdst:
return dt + dtdst
else:
return dt

In the following tzinfo_examples.py file there are some examples of tzinfo classes:

from datetime import tzinfo, timedelta, datetime

ZERO = timedelta(0)
HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
SECOND = timedelta(seconds=1)

# A class capturing the platform's idea of local time.

# (May result in wrong values on historical times in
# timezones where UTC offset and/or the DST rules had
# changed in the past.)
import time as _time

STDOFFSET = timedelta(seconds = -_time.timezone)

if _time.daylight:
DSTOFFSET = timedelta(seconds = -_time.altzone)
else:
DSTOFFSET = STDOFFSET

DSTDIFF = DSTOFFSET - STDOFFSET

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class LocalTimezone(tzinfo):

def fromutc(self, dt):

assert dt.tzinfo is self
stamp = (dt - datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=self)) // SECOND
args = _time.localtime(stamp)[:6]
dst_diff = DSTDIFF // SECOND
# Detect fold
fold = (args == _time.localtime(stamp - dst_diff))
return datetime(*args, microsecond=dt.microsecond,
tzinfo=self, fold=fold)

def utcoffset(self, dt):

if self._isdst(dt):
return DSTOFFSET
else:
return STDOFFSET

def dst(self, dt):

if self._isdst(dt):
return DSTDIFF
else:
return ZERO

def tzname(self, dt):

return _time.tzname[self._isdst(dt)]

def _isdst(self, dt):

tt = (dt.year, dt.month, dt.day,
dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second,
dt.weekday(), 0, 0)
stamp = _time.mktime(tt)
tt = _time.localtime(stamp)
return tt.tm_isdst > 0

Local = LocalTimezone()

# A complete implementation of current DST rules for major US time zones.

def first_sunday_on_or_after(dt):
days_to_go = 6 - dt.weekday()
if days_to_go:
dt += timedelta(days_to_go)
return dt

# US DST Rules
#
# This is a simplified (i.e., wrong for a few cases) set of rules for US
# DST start and end times. For a complete and up-to-date set of DST rules
# and timezone definitions, visit the Olson Database (or try pytz):
# http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm
# http://sourceforge.net/projects/pytz/ (might not be up-to-date)
#
# In the US, since 2007, DST starts at 2am (standard time) on the second
# Sunday in March, which is the first Sunday on or after Mar 8.
DSTSTART_2007 = datetime(1, 3, 8, 2)
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# and ends at 2am (DST time) on the first Sunday of Nov.

DSTEND_2007 = datetime(1, 11, 1, 2)
# From 1987 to 2006, DST used to start at 2am (standard time) on the first
# Sunday in April and to end at 2am (DST time) on the last
# Sunday of October, which is the first Sunday on or after Oct 25.
DSTSTART_1987_2006 = datetime(1, 4, 1, 2)
DSTEND_1987_2006 = datetime(1, 10, 25, 2)
# From 1967 to 1986, DST used to start at 2am (standard time) on the last
# Sunday in April (the one on or after April 24) and to end at 2am (DST time)
# on the last Sunday of October, which is the first Sunday
# on or after Oct 25.
DSTSTART_1967_1986 = datetime(1, 4, 24, 2)
DSTEND_1967_1986 = DSTEND_1987_2006

def us_dst_range(year):
# Find start and end times for US DST. For years before 1967, return
# start = end for no DST.
if 2006 < year:
dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_2007, DSTEND_2007
elif 1986 < year < 2007:
dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_1987_2006, DSTEND_1987_2006
elif 1966 < year < 1987:
dststart, dstend = DSTSTART_1967_1986, DSTEND_1967_1986
else:
return (datetime(year, 1, 1), ) * 2

start = first_sunday_on_or_after(dststart.replace(year=year))
end = first_sunday_on_or_after(dstend.replace(year=year))
return start, end

class USTimeZone(tzinfo):

def __init__(self, hours, reprname, stdname, dstname):

self.stdoffset = timedelta(hours=hours)
self.reprname = reprname
self.stdname = stdname
self.dstname = dstname

def __repr__(self):
return self.reprname

def tzname(self, dt):

if self.dst(dt):
return self.dstname
else:
return self.stdname

def utcoffset(self, dt):

return self.stdoffset + self.dst(dt)

def dst(self, dt):

if dt is None or dt.tzinfo is None:
# An exception may be sensible here, in one or both cases.
# It depends on how you want to treat them. The default
# fromutc() implementation (called by the default astimezone()
# implementation) passes a datetime with dt.tzinfo is self.
return ZERO
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assert dt.tzinfo is self

start, end = us_dst_range(dt.year)
# Can't compare naive to aware objects, so strip the timezone from
# dt first.
dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
if start + HOUR <= dt < end - HOUR:
# DST is in effect.
return HOUR
if end - HOUR <= dt < end:
# Fold (an ambiguous hour): use dt.fold to disambiguate.
return ZERO if dt.fold else HOUR
if start <= dt < start + HOUR:
# Gap (a non-existent hour): reverse the fold rule.
return HOUR if dt.fold else ZERO
# DST is off.
return ZERO

def fromutc(self, dt):

assert dt.tzinfo is self
start, end = us_dst_range(dt.year)
start = start.replace(tzinfo=self)
end = end.replace(tzinfo=self)
std_time = dt + self.stdoffset
dst_time = std_time + HOUR
if end <= dst_time < end + HOUR:
# Repeated hour
return std_time.replace(fold=1)
if std_time < start or dst_time >= end:
# Standard time
return std_time
if start <= std_time < end - HOUR:
# Daylight saving time
return dst_time

Eastern = USTimeZone(-5, "Eastern", "EST", "EDT")

Central = USTimeZone(-6, "Central", "CST", "CDT")
Mountain = USTimeZone(-7, "Mountain", "MST", "MDT")
Pacific = USTimeZone(-8, "Pacific", "PST", "PDT")

Note that there are unavoidable subtleties twice per year in a tzinfo subclass accounting for
both standard and daylight time, at the DST transition points. For concreteness, consider US
Eastern (UTC -0500), where EDT begins the minute after 1:59 (EST) on the second Sunday
in March, and ends the minute after 1:59 (EDT) on the first Sunday in November:

UTC 3:MM 4:MM 5:MM 6:MM 7:MM 8:MM

EST 22:MM 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM
EDT 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM 4:MM

start 22:MM 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 3:MM 4:MM

end 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM

When DST starts (the “start” line), the local wall clock leaps from 1:59 to 3:00. A wall time of
the form 2:MM doesn’t really make sense on that day, so astimezone(Eastern) won’t deliver

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a result with hour == 2 on the day DST begins. For example, at the Spring forward transition
of 2016, we get:

>>>
>>> from datetime import datetime, timezone
>>> from tzinfo_examples import HOUR, Eastern
>>> u0 = datetime(2016, 3, 13, 5, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> for i in range(4):
... u = u0 + i*HOUR
... t = u.astimezone(Eastern)
... print(u.time(), 'UTC =', t.time(), t.tzname())
...
05:00:00 UTC = 00:00:00 EST
06:00:00 UTC = 01:00:00 EST
07:00:00 UTC = 03:00:00 EDT
08:00:00 UTC = 04:00:00 EDT

When DST ends (the “end” line), there’s a potentially worse problem: there’s an hour that
can’t be spelled unambiguously in local wall time: the last hour of daylight time. In Eastern,
that’s times of the form 5:MM UTC on the day daylight time ends. The local wall clock leaps
from 1:59 (daylight time) back to 1:00 (standard time) again. Local times of the form 1:MM are
ambiguous. astimezone() mimics the local clock’s behavior by mapping two adjacent UTC
hours into the same local hour then. In the Eastern example, UTC times of the form 5:MM and
6:MM both map to 1:MM when converted to Eastern, but earlier times have the fold attribute
set to 0 and the later times have it set to 1. For example, at the Fall back transition of 2016,
we get:

>>>
>>> u0 = datetime(2016, 11, 6, 4, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
>>> for i in range(4):
... u = u0 + i*HOUR
... t = u.astimezone(Eastern)
... print(u.time(), 'UTC =', t.time(), t.tzname(), t.fold)
...
04:00:00 UTC = 00:00:00 EDT 0
05:00:00 UTC = 01:00:00 EDT 0
06:00:00 UTC = 01:00:00 EST 1
07:00:00 UTC = 02:00:00 EST 0

Note that the datetime instances that differ only by the value of the fold attribute are
considered equal in comparisons.

Applications that can’t bear wall-time ambiguities should explicitly check the value of the fold
attribute or avoid using hybrid tzinfo subclasses; there are no ambiguities when using
timezone , or any other fixed-offset tzinfo subclass (such as a class representing only EST
(fixed offset -5 hours), or only EDT (fixed offset -4 hours)).

See also:

dateutil.tz
The datetime module has a basic timezone class (for handling arbitrary fixed offsets
from UTC) and its timezone.utc attribute (a UTC timezone instance).

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dateutil.tz library brings the IANA timezone database (also known as the Olson
database) to Python, and its usage is recommended.
IANA timezone database
The Time Zone Database (often called tz, tzdata or zoneinfo) contains code and data
that represent the history of local time for many representative locations around the
globe. It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies to time zone
boundaries, UTC offsets, and daylight-saving rules.

timezone Objects
The timezone class is a subclass of tzinfo , each instance of which represents a timezone
defined by a fixed offset from UTC.

Objects of this class cannot be used to represent timezone information in the locations where
different offsets are used in different days of the year or where historical changes have been
made to civil time.

class datetime. timezone(offset, name=None)

The offset argument must be specified as a timedelta object representing the difference
between the local time and UTC. It must be strictly between -timedelta(hours=24) and
timedelta(hours=24) , otherwise ValueError is raised.

The name argument is optional. If specified it must be a string that will be used as the
value returned by the datetime.tzname() method.

New in version 3.2.

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

timezone. utcoffset(dt)
Return the fixed value specified when the timezone instance is constructed.

The dt argument is ignored. The return value is a timedelta instance equal to the
difference between the local time and UTC.

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

timezone. tzname(dt)
Return the fixed value specified when the timezone instance is constructed.

If name is not provided in the constructor, the name returned by tzname(dt) is generated
from the value of the offset as follows. If offset is timedelta(0) , the name is “UTC”,
otherwise it is a string in the format UTC±HH:MM , where ± is the sign of offset , HH and
MM are two digits of offset.hours and offset.minutes respectively.

Changed in version 3.6: Name generated from offset=timedelta(0) is now plain ‘UTC’,
not 'UTC+00:00' .

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timezone. dst(dt)
Always returns None .

timezone. fromutc(dt)
Return dt + offset . The dt argument must be an aware datetime instance, with
tzinfo set to self .

Class attributes:

timezone. utc
The UTC timezone, timezone(timedelta(0)) .

strftime() and strptime() Behavior

date , datetime , and time objects all support a strftime(format) method, to create a string
representing the time under the control of an explicit format string.

Conversely, the datetime.strptime() class method creates a datetime object from a string
representing a date and time and a corresponding format string.

The table below provides a high-level comparison of strftime() versus strptime() :

strftime strptime

Convert object to a string Parse a string into a datetime object given a

Usage
according to a given format corresponding format
Type of
Instance method Class method
method
Method
date ; datetime ; time datetime
of
Signature strftime(format) strptime(date_string, format)

strftime() and strptime() Format Codes

The following is a list of all the format codes that the 1989 C standard requires, and these
work on all platforms with a standard C implementation.

Directive Meaning Example Notes

Weekday as locale’s abbreviated Sun, Mon, …, Sat (en_US);

%a (1)
name. So, Mo, …, Sa (de_DE)

Sunday, Monday, …,
Saturday (en_US);
%A Weekday as locale’s full name. (1)
Sonntag, Montag, …,
Samstag (de_DE)

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Directive Meaning Example Notes

Weekday as a decimal number, where
%w 0, 1, …, 6
0 is Sunday and 6 is Saturday.
Day of the month as a zero-padded
%d 01, 02, …, 31 (9)
decimal number.

Jan, Feb, …, Dec (en_US);

%b Month as locale’s abbreviated name. (1)
Jan, Feb, …, Dez (de_DE)

January, February, …,
December (en_US);
%B Month as locale’s full name. (1)
Januar, Februar, …,
Dezember (de_DE)

Month as a zero-padded decimal

%m 01, 02, …, 12 (9)
number.
Year without century as a zero-
%y 00, 01, …, 99 (9)
padded decimal number.
Year with century as a decimal 0001, 0002, …, 2013,
%Y (2)
number. 2014, …, 9998, 9999
Hour (24-hour clock) as a zero-
%H 00, 01, …, 23 (9)
padded decimal number.
Hour (12-hour clock) as a zero-
%I 01, 02, …, 12 (9)
padded decimal number.

Locale’s equivalent of either AM or AM, PM (en_US); (1),

%p
PM. am, pm (de_DE) (3)

Minute as a zero-padded decimal

%M 00, 01, …, 59 (9)
number.
Second as a zero-padded decimal (4),
%S 00, 01, …, 59
number. (9)
Microsecond as a decimal number, 000000, 000001, …,
%f (5)
zero-padded on the left. 999999
UTC offset in the form (empty), +0000, -0400,
%z ±HHMM[SS[.ffffff]] (empty string if +1030, +063415, (6)
the object is naive). -030712.345216
Time zone name (empty string if the
%Z (empty), UTC, EST, CST
object is naive).
Day of the year as a zero-padded
%j 001, 002, …, 366 (9)
decimal number.

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Directive Meaning Example Notes

Week number of the year (Sunday as
the first day of the week) as a zero
(7),
%U padded decimal number. All days in a 00, 01, …, 53
(9)
new year preceding the first Sunday
are considered to be in week 0.
Week number of the year (Monday as
the first day of the week) as a decimal
(7),
%W number. All days in a new year 00, 01, …, 53
(9)
preceding the first Monday are
considered to be in week 0.

Tue Aug 16 21:30:00 1988

Locale’s appropriate date and time (en_US);
%c (1)
representation. Di 16 Aug 21:30:00 1988
(de_DE)

Locale’s appropriate date 08/16/88 (None);

%x 08/16/1988 (en_US); (1)
representation. 16.08.1988 (de_DE)

Locale’s appropriate time 21:30:00 (en_US);

%X (1)
representation. 21:30:00 (de_DE)

%% A literal '%' character. %

Several additional directives not required by the C89 standard are included for convenience.
These parameters all correspond to ISO 8601 date values.

Directive Meaning Example Notes

ISO 8601 year with century
0001, 0002, …, 2013,
%G representing the year that contains (8)
2014, …, 9998, 9999
the greater part of the ISO week ( %V ).
ISO 8601 weekday as a decimal
%u 1, 2, …, 7
number where 1 is Monday.
ISO 8601 week as a decimal number
with Monday as the first day of the (8),
%V 01, 02, …, 53
week. Week 01 is the week containing (9)
Jan 4.

These may not be available on all platforms when used with the strftime() method. The
ISO 8601 year and ISO 8601 week directives are not interchangeable with the year and week
number directives above. Calling strptime() with incomplete or ambiguous ISO 8601
directives will raise a ValueError .

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The full set of format codes supported varies across platforms, because Python calls the
platform C library’s strftime() function, and platform variations are common. To see the full
set of format codes supported on your platform, consult the strftime(3) documentation.

New in version 3.6: %G , %u and %V were added.

Technical Detail
Broadly speaking, d.strftime(fmt) acts like the time module’s time.strftime(fmt,
d.timetuple()) although not all objects support a timetuple() method.

For the datetime.strptime() class method, the default value is 1900-01-01T00:00:00.000 :

any components not specified in the format string will be pulled from the default value. [4]

Using datetime.strptime(date_string, format) is equivalent to:

datetime(*(time.strptime(date_string, format)[0:6]))

except when the format includes sub-second components or timezone offset information,
which are supported in datetime.strptime but are discarded by time.strptime .

For time objects, the format codes for year, month, and day should not be used, as time
objects have no such values. If they’re used anyway, 1900 is substituted for the year, and 1
for the month and day.

For date objects, the format codes for hours, minutes, seconds, and microseconds should not
be used, as date objects have no such values. If they’re used anyway, 0 is substituted for
them.

For the same reason, handling of format strings containing Unicode code points that can’t be
represented in the charset of the current locale is also platform-dependent. On some
platforms such code points are preserved intact in the output, while on others strftime may
raise UnicodeError or return an empty string instead.

Notes:

1. Because the format depends on the current locale, care should be taken when making
assumptions about the output value. Field orderings will vary (for example,
“month/day/year” versus “day/month/year”), and the output may contain Unicode
characters encoded using the locale’s default encoding (for example, if the current
locale is ja_JP , the default encoding could be any one of eucJP , SJIS , or utf-8 ; use
locale.getlocale() to determine the current locale’s encoding).
2. The strptime() method can parse years in the full [1, 9999] range, but years < 1000
must be zero-filled to 4-digit width.

Changed in version 3.2: In previous versions, strftime() method was restricted to

years >= 1900.

Changed in version 3.3: In version 3.2, strftime() method was restricted to years >=
1000.
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3. When used with the strptime() method, the %p directive only affects the output hour
field if the %I directive is used to parse the hour.
4. Unlike the time module, the datetime module does not support leap seconds.
5. When used with the strptime() method, the %f directive accepts from one to six digits
and zero pads on the right. %f is an extension to the set of format characters in the C
standard (but implemented separately in datetime objects, and therefore always
available).
6. For a naive object, the %z and %Z format codes are replaced by empty strings.

For an aware object:

%z
utcoffset() is transformed into a string of the form ±HHMM[SS[.ffffff]] , where
HH is a 2-digit string giving the number of UTC offset hours, MM is a 2-digit string
giving the number of UTC offset minutes, SS is a 2-digit string giving the number of
UTC offset seconds and ffffff is a 6-digit string giving the number of UTC offset
microseconds. The ffffff part is omitted when the offset is a whole number of
seconds and both the ffffff and the SS part is omitted when the offset is a whole
number of minutes. For example, if utcoffset() returns timedelta(hours=-3,
minutes=-30) , %z is replaced with the string '-0330' .

Changed in version 3.7: The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes.

Changed in version 3.7: When the %z directive is provided to the strptime() method,
the UTC offsets can have a colon as a separator between hours, minutes and seconds.
For example, '+01:00:00' will be parsed as an offset of one hour. In addition, providing
'Z' is identical to '+00:00' .

%Z
If tzname() returns None , %Z is replaced by an empty string. Otherwise %Z is
replaced by the returned value, which must be a string.

Changed in version 3.2: When the %z directive is provided to the strptime() method,
an aware datetime object will be produced. The tzinfo of the result will be set to a
timezone instance.

7. When used with the strptime() method, %U and %W are only used in calculations when
the day of the week and the calendar year ( %Y ) are specified.
8. Similar to %U and %W , %V is only used in calculations when the day of the week and the
ISO year ( %G ) are specified in a strptime() format string. Also note that %G and %Y are
not interchangeable.
9. When used with the strptime() method, the leading zero is optional for formats %d , %m ,
%H , %I , %M , %S , %J , %U , %W , and %V . Format %y does require a leading zero.

Footnotes

[1] If, that is, we ignore the effects of Relativity

[2]

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This matches the definition of the “proleptic Gregorian” calendar in Dershowitz and
Reingold’s book Calendrical Calculations, where it’s the base calendar for all
computations. See the book for algorithms for converting between proleptic Gregorian
ordinals and many other calendar systems.

[3] See R. H. van Gent’s guide to the mathematics of the ISO 8601 calendar for a good
explanation.

[4] Passing datetime.strptime('Feb 29', '%b %d') will fail since 1900 is not a leap year.

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