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5 Chapter 4

This chapter discusses reactions in aqueous solutions, including oxidation-reduction reactions. It covers topics such as combination reactions, decomposition reactions, and combustion reactions. It also discusses concepts like concentration of solutions, molarity, preparing solutions, and diluting solutions. The document provides examples and practice exercises for various concepts in aqueous chemistry and reaction types.

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51 views15 pages

5 Chapter 4

This chapter discusses reactions in aqueous solutions, including oxidation-reduction reactions. It covers topics such as combination reactions, decomposition reactions, and combustion reactions. It also discusses concepts like concentration of solutions, molarity, preparing solutions, and diluting solutions. The document provides examples and practice exercises for various concepts in aqueous chemistry and reaction types.

Uploaded by

aziz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry, Raymond Chang

10th edition, 2010


McGraw-Hill

Chapter 4
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Ahmad Aqel Ifseisi
Assistant Professor of Analytical Chemistry
College of Science, Department of Chemistry
King Saud University
P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
Building: 05, Office: 2A/149 & AA/53
Tel. 014674198, Fax: 014675992
Web site: http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/aifseisi
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
4.4
Oxidation-reduction
reactions
Reaction Types
(some simple patterns of chemical reactivity)
Precipitation reactions
Acid-base reactions
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
- Combination reactions
- Decomposition reactions
- Combustion reactions
- Displacement reactions
- Disproportionation reactions

Only …
- Combination Reactions
- Decomposition Reactions
- Combustion Reactions
Combination Reactions
-In this type of reaction two or more substances combine to form one product.
A+B C
-A combination reaction between a metal and a nonmetal produce ionic solid.

Sulfur burning in air to form Sodium burning in chlorine to Aluminum reacting with bromine
sulfur dioxide form sodium chloride to form aluminum bromide

Examples:
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2 MgO (s)
C (s) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g)
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)
CaO (s) + H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (s)
C3H6 (g) + Br2 (l)  C3H6Br2 (l)
Decomposition Reactions
-Decomposition reactions are the opposite of combination reactions; one substance
breaks down into two or more substances. A B+C
-Many compounds undergo
decomposition reactions when
heated.

On heating, mercury(II) oxide (HgO) Heating potassium chlorate (KClO3)


decomposes to form mercury and produces oxygen, which supports
Examples: oxygen the combustion of the wood splint

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)


2 KClO3 (s)  2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
Cu(OH)2 (s)  CuO (s) + H2O (l)
PbCO3 (s)  PbO (s) + CO2 (g)
2 NaN3 (s)  2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
Combustion Reactions
-A reaction in which a substance reacts
with oxygen, usually with the release of
heat and light to produce a flame.
-These are generally rapid reactions
that produce a flame.
-Most often involve hydrocarbons
reacting with oxygen in the air.
-Hydrocarbon compounds contain only
Carbons (C) and Hydrogen (H).

Examples:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)
C2H5OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g)
S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
4.5
Concentration of solutions
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a
given amount of solvent, or a given amount of solution.

The concentration of a solution can be expressed in many different ways.

Molarity (M), or molar concentration, which is the number of moles of


solute per liter of solution.

where;
n: denotes the number of moles of solute
V: is the volume of the solution in liters.

A 1.46 molar glucose (C6H12O6) solution, written as 1.46 M C6H12O6;


contains 1.46 moles of the solute (C6H12O6) in 1 L of the solution.
Molarity refers only to the amount of solute originally dissolved in water and does
not take into account any subsequent processes, such as the dissociation of a
salt or the ionization of an acid.

Consider what happens when a sample of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in


enough water to make a 1 M solution:

Because KCl is a strong electrolyte, it undergoes complete dissociation in


solution. Thus, a 1 M KCl solution contains 1 mole of K+ ions and 1 mole of Cl- ions,
and no KCl units are present.

The concentrations of the ions can be expressed as [K+] = 1 M and [Cl-] = 1 M.

Similarly, in a 1 M barium nitrate [Ba(NO3)2] solution

we have [Ba2+] = 1 M and [NO−


3 ] = 2 M and no Ba(NO3)2 units at all.
Preparing a Solution
(1) (2) (3) (4)

Procedure for preparation of 250 mL of 1.00 M solution of CuSO4 (𝓜 =159.5 g/mol).

0.25 mole of CuSO4 (39.9 g) is weighed out and placed in the volumetric flask.
Water is added to dissolve the salt, and the resultant solution is diluted to a total
volume of 0.250 L. The molarity of the solution is:
M = (0.250 mol CuSO4) / (0.250 L soln) = 1.00 M
EXAMPLE

How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare a


250-mL solution whose concentration is 2.16 M ?

moles of solute = molarity x V soln. (L)

The molar mass of K2Cr2O7 is 294.2 g, so

Practice Exercise
What is the molarity of an 85.0-mL ethanol (C2H5OH) solution containing 1.77 g of
ethanol?
EXAMPLE
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose to a reaction
mixture. Calculate the volume in milliliters of a 2.53 M glucose solution she should
use for the addition.

The molar mass of C6H12O6 is 180.2 g, so

Practice Exercise

What volume (in milliliters) of a 0.315 M NaOH solution contains 6.22 g of NaOH?
Dilution of Solutions
Concentrated solutions are often stored in the laboratory
for use as needed; “stock” solutions are frequently diluted
before working with them.

Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less


concentrated solution from a more concentrated one. Two potassium permanganate
(KMnO4) solutions of different
concentrations

moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution

where Mi and Mf are the initial and final concentrations of the solution in molarity and Vi and Vf
are the initial and final volumes of the solution, respectively.
The units of Vi and Vf must be the same (mL or L) for the calculation to work.
Mi > Mf and Vf > Vi
EXAMPLE
Describe how you would prepare 5.00 x 102 mL of a 1.75 M H2SO4 solution, starting
with an 8.61 M stock solution of H2SO4.

Thus, we must dilute 102 mL of the 8.61 M H2SO4 solution with sufficient water to give a final
volume of 5.00 x 102 mL in a 500-mL volumetric flask to obtain the desired concentration.

Practice Exercise

How would you prepare 2.00 x 102 mL of a 0.866 M NaOH solution, starting with a
5.07 M stock solution?

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