Chapter 2

THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the literature and studies both in foreign and local also, it

presents the synthesis of the reviewed literature and studies. This ideas and insights to

be presented are formulated and shared by both foreign and local authors that help the

researchers in the conceptualization of this recent study.

RELATED LITERATURE

High school is an important period of time in an adolescent’s life. It is the life in

that students are making decisions about their course taking and future educational and

career plans. Every student carries the unique history of their past and this determines

how they view the world. In fact, one of the tasks of high school students is to explore

and plan for their post-secondary career options.

The research of Gerald T. LeTendre, Barbara K. Hofer, and Hidetada Shimizu

talks about how students select their tracks. They also study how these students are

really capable of their selected track. They also examine students from their country to

that how could they pick their track, it shows that the result of this examination more

student is affected through cultural beliefs which it was proven by them.

Researchers observe in their research they have studied how the students select their

track and by which it affects how these students are capable in their chosen track, they

also notice that U.S, Japan and Germany show the same culture of the student.

Students are also affect in values and attitudes in culture

As explained by McQuerrey (2017) in her article entitled “Family factors

influencing “Career Choice”, family members can influence career choices. A number of

factors can shape and influence career paths, starting with how family shapes

perceptions of different employment options. Whether raised with ideas of certain

professionals or looking for a job that fits adult family life, these issues need to be

carefully considered. Especially in the cases of family-owned businesses, where

parents expect their children to take over the company. Still, other parents apply

pressure on their offspring to strive for particular high-profile careers, feeling they are

encouraging their children to reach high.

This literature showed the advantage of parental influence or the family-related

factor and how it affects in choosing the right career. It shows that children in

transnational households are not doing worse than children living with both parents.

With this, we can say that family really affects our decision including their profession

and sources of monthly income.

According to Khare (2015), personality plays an important role in choosing of the

right career. A student’s personality must be self-motivated type, as to investigate

career possibilities from early on in their lives and not the procrastinating type that waits

till they are compelled to decide. Perception of being suitable for particular jobs also has

been found to be influenced by a number of factors including ethnic background, year in

school, level of achievement, choice of subject, attitudes, and difference in job

characteristics.

This literature supports the inference of the researchers that opportunities may

also affect the strand and track choice of the student-respondents. Opportunities are
 11

one of the factors that may shape career choices for students. Opportunity may

influence how students have perceived their future in terms of the reasonable probability

of a future in particular career fields. The issue of poverty has played an important

determining role in the opportunities available to all.

According to the research of Gerald T. Letrendre, Barbara K. Hofer, Hidetada

Shimizu that talks about how students select their track. They also study how these

students are really capable to their selected track. They also examine students from

their country for that how could they pick their it shows that the result of this examination

more student is affected through cultural beliefs by which it was proven by them.

Researchers observe in their research they have study how the study select their

track and by which it affects how these students being capable in their chosen track,

they also notice that U.S, Japan and Germany show the same culture of the student.

Students are also affect in values and attitudes in culture.

According to Mark Catarroja, the Kto12 system in the country aims to develop the

social and economic progress. This progress is being promoted since Jan 20, 2012, by

former president Benigno Aquino signed a contract by which it is approving the Kto12

system this make education system better. The kindergarten education law has been

started successfully the Kto12 system. By which all of the country have this system

expect for the Philippines. Former president want that the education system much

suitable to the new students in which students can have their job when they finish the

Kto12. In the Kto12 system the studies are being enhance. This Kto12 system have

lengthen the year for High School Students it adds 2 more years by which we call the

student in grade 11 to 12 as senior High School and some knows this more likely as
 12

college students. In Kto12 system you have 4 tracks to choose for these are academic,

technical vocational livelihood, sports and arts design track. This RA 10533 Which is to

expand job opportunity by the reducing job skill for High School Graduates.

In this article researchers did have read, how is this Kto12 system apply to the

students and talks about how can you getting a job when you finished this Kto12

system. You can choose different tracks in the Kto12 system by which involve your

skills. This Kto12 system ensures that students that can’t go to college can a decent job

if they graduated from High School. Student that can’t choose their proper track and will

be correct by basing it to their skills.

This is also supported by the study entitled “Factors Affecting the Student Career

Decision-Making of Junior High School Students in Central Taiwan Area’’ published by

International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Su et. Al. (2016)

revealed that student’s career decision-making is most deeply affected by personal

factor, next are group factor and career exploration factor, and school factor has the

lowest affecting level to them.

This study is divided student-related factor affecting career decision-making into

tree aspects: learning motivation, learning attitude, and self-efficacy; among which,

students of large-sized schools with taking household affairs course whose overall

affecting level of personal factors for their career decision-making will be greater than

students od medium-sizes schools with taking industrial and commercial courses;

students of large-sized school with taking household affairs courses whose affecting

level of learning motivation will be greater than students of small-sized schools with

taking commercial courses; female students of medium/large-sized schools with middle-

level education degree parents and taking household affairs courses whose affecting

level of learning attitude will be higher than male students of medium-sized schools with

lower education degree parents and taking industrial and commercial courses; and

students with taking household affairs course whose affecting level of self-efficacy will

be greater than students with taking commercial courses.

Researchers observe in their research they have study how the study select their

tract and by which it affect how these students being capable in their chosen tract, they

also notice that U. S, Japan and Germany show the same culture of the students.

Students are also affect in values and attitudes in culture.

The total number of participants was obtained using Slovin’s formula. From the

entire population of 1,800. The researchers will survey almost 200 students, fifty (50)

per strand. The selection of 200 students were made by listing the total number of

Senior High School students in Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School.

The study were conducted among the selected Senior High School Students of

Juan R. Ligaw Memorial High School-Senior High School. The researchers get the valid

result of the respondent through random sampling. Random sampling is a subject of

individually chosen from a larger set (a population). It is an unbiased surveying

technique and basic type of sampling, since it can be a component of other more

complex sampling methods. The principle of random sampling, is that very object has

the same probability of being chosen. Senior High School students were given

approximately 20 minutes to take the survive.

Edwards and Quintero (2011) in the study Factors influencing Grade 10

students’ career choice in Mauritius. They find the most influential factor for students’

career choices are outcome expectancies, individual variants such as gender, personal,

learning experiences, environmental factors and personal contact. Gender and the

environment are among the least influential ones. Family members affect the students’

career choices.

According to Holland(2006), people who have choose to work in an environment

similar to their personality type are more likely to be successful and satisfied. For

example, Artistic people are more likely to be successful and satisfied if they choose a

job that has an Artistic environment, like choosing to be a dance teacher in a dancing

school – an environment “dominated” by Artistic type people where creative abilities and

expression are highly valued.

According to Ferry(2006) Further asserts that adolescent occupational choice is

influenced by many factors, including the context, personal aptitudes, and educational

attainment. Choosing the right subject combination leading to the right profession can

make the different between enjoying and detecting the career in the future. Dedicating

oneself to career choices that are unattainable leads to frustration.

Korir (2018) stated that A career choice is a complex decision for students since

it determines the kind pf profession that they intend to pursue in life. As students try to

make career, they face problems of matching their abilities and academic performance.

Frank (2017) in his study revealed that Decision-making represents an essential and

continual part of the career development experience, one that influences a variety of
 15

outcomes and dictates how successful and satisfying the overall career experiencewill

be for individual. Given the importance of Decision-making, it is necessary for search

and staffing professionals to possess a reasonable understanding of how it will affect

candidate behavior.

Investigating for career opportunities is well worth taking time As stated by the

(Mind Tools, 2014).By doing this, one can discover opportunities that are perfectly

matching to his/her interests or skill, find out about promotions and job openings before

anyone else, and identify ways of expanding the knowledge and skills needed for that

career.

Opportunities exist for schools to take greater advantage of the fact that their

students are working by integrating employment and school experiences to the benefit

of adolescents’ vocational development. Guidance counselor can play a key role in

spearheading such efforts. Many youth do not see their jobs as connected with their

future work lives or as having any influence on their occupational preferences. Morecan

be done to develop internships and work-school cooperative programs that might

involved workplace visits or job shadowing, Foe example. Through such programs,

youth are exposed to the possibilities of working in particular types of tasks mentioned

by Hamilton(2000) with many extracurricular activities on her/his resume are sales,

junior executive positions, and an educational career.

Work experience has been seen as the way a student demonstrate responsibility

and dependability, Those that are in the position to have the best contract are students

with parents who hold supervisory or executive positions. (Super, 2009) stated that can

be a hard fact to face, sometimes it is not what one does know, but who does he know
 16

schools and employment services have played a huge role, therefore, in the social

mobility of students entering the workforce. Schools and employment agencies have

qualifications of the job to the education level of the career seeker, using computers,

and eliminating barriers of distance quite easily.

Related Studies

There are some factors that influence students in choosing their career track for

senior high school. Career selection is one of the most important decisions that students

will make. This decision will reflect on their lives. It makes a big impact on the student’s

life because it will determine their future career plans and this will help them to get

ready for their college course. An American self-help author Steve Pavlina wrote an

article about The Challenge of Choosing the Right Career. According to him, those

people who are conscious and deliberate in making decisions tend to choose the wrong

According to the data accumulated by Mind Tools (2014), it was stated that

there are many opportunities that wait for every career that one wants to pursue, some

people may stumble upon better occupation opportunities, by the steps to the strategies

and steps that they follow it is a big help. By doing this, one can discover opportunities

that are perfectly matched to his/her interest or skills, find out about promotions and job
 17

openings before anymore else, and identify ways of expanding the knowledge and skills

needed for the career.

According to Peralta, Andaya and Tuguinayo Jr (2014), that all the things here

in these world needs to be planned, Even those people who didn’t want to pick or

choose or interfere in any other things. Because the people have freedom and can

make their own decision, they will be the one to have a liability in their choice and they

will be the one who will be happy with it.

According to Rivera (2008), at some cases the person will work not because

they need to earn money, but because it’s their passion and in thus case, it shows that

this is not a work but there recreation, Recreation wherein they earn money.

According to an investigation of Kaiser Dollaga, career selection is one of many

important choice students will make in determining the future plans. This decision will

impart them throughout their lives. The essence of who the students will revolve around

what the students want to do with their life-long work. Many of them have the idea that

they would be able to work in the public or private establishments as soon as they

complete secondary education.

According to Mark Catarroja, the Kto12 system in the country aims to develop

social and economic progress. This progress is being promoted since Jan 20, 2012, by

former president Benigno Aquino signed a contract by which it is approving the Kto12

system this makes the education system better. The kindergarten education law has

been started successfully the Kto12 system. By which all of the country have this

system expect for the Philippines. former president want that the education system
 18

much suitable to the new students in which students can have their job when they finish

the Kto12. In theKto12 system the studies are being enhance. This Kto12 system have

lengthen the year for high school students it adds 2 more years by which we call the

students in grade 11to12 as senior high school and some known this more likely as

college students. In Kto12 system you have 4 tracks to choose for these are academic,

technical vocational livelihood, sports and arts design track. This RA 10533 Which is to

expand job opportunity by the reducing job skill for high school graduates In this article

researchers did have read, how is thisKto12 system apply to the students and talks

about how can you getting a job when you finished this Kto12 system. You can choose

different tracks in the Kto12 system by which involve your skills. This Kto12 system

ensures that students that can’t go to college can a decent job if they graduated from

high school. Student that can’t choose their proper track and will be correct by basing it

to their skills

The Kto12 system want to secure that all student can have a job. The Kto12

system have lengthen the school year of high school student it adds 2 years. It is not

only the main goal of the Kto12 system for you to have decent job but to improve and

enhancing your skills

According to Saysay (2011), A basis for Career Planning Program reported that

parents usually encourage careers that will not cost much money, but at the same time,

are stable sources of income.

Filayson (2009), mention that Respect for the family is one of the most influential

factors that impact Filipino students’ career decision. It has concurred that “Out of

respect and loyalty, it may not be appropriate to express personal desires; rather, one

may alter -one’s interests to maintain harmony.” As a sign of respect, Filipino children

want to do well for the sake of the family, follow their parents’ advice about choosing a

job or major in college and lastly, make sacrifices. As stated by (Saysay,2011) for family

for practical reasons, is also reported that parents usually encourage careers that will

not cost much money, but at the same time, are stable sources.

Hashim et al; (2015) as adolescents are invariably impressionable, their

decisions could be very much influenced by their parents. Parental effects on the

educational pursuit and attainment of an individual are highly supported and validated in

many studies, namely by the study conducted by who found that parental guidance

exerts effects on the learning achievement of an adolescent, particularly the socio-

economic status of parents. Most parents influence them for choosing their career path

in the future. In the other words, adolescents want to ensure that the track they chose in

the future would suit to their personality, ability, and intellect to be successful.