Introduction To C

‘C’ is a
1. High level / middle level programming
language.
2. It is a compiler based programming language.
3. It is a procedure oriented programming
language [POP].
4. It is a general purpose programming language.

Why c is a high level / middle level language?

What is a program?
Set of instructions is called program.
What is a software ?
Set of programs is called software.
Or
As per IT industry software is a digitalized and
automated process.
What is a language?
Generally the human languages like telugu,
English, hindi etc are used to communicate with
humans. To communicate with the machines we
have to write the programs [ software ] .
To develop this software we have use / learn
computer languages like C / C++ / Java / .Net /
Python etc.

Basically the computer languages divided into 3

types.
1. Machine language: Created with binary code [
0, 1] and understandable only to the machine.
Eg: 11100011
2. Low level / assembly languages: Created with
English like shortcuts called MNEMONICS,
which are causing confusion.
Eg: gd mrg, plz, sub, add
Example for low level program:
3. High level languages: Created with simple
English. Hence they are easy to understand
Eg: subject, address,…
Example for high level program:
C is a high level language with low level features.
Hence it is called middle level language.
Due to middle level language features, using C
language we can develop both system software [
o.s, translators, device drivers ]and application
software [ whatsapp, googlepay, irctc,..].
Hence c is a multi-purpose programming language.

What is a translator?
Always the user given instructions are in English,
which is called source code. But the computer
understandable code is binary code. To convert
this source code into binary code we are using the
translators like
1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler
Compiler and interpreter used to convert high
level programs to binary code.
Assembler used to convert low level programs to
binary code.
Compiler converts the total source code at once by
leaving error lines.

Interpreter converts line by line.

Assembler working style is similar to compiler.
In C & C++ we are using compiler as a translator.
Hence they are called compiler based
programming languages.
In java / .net / Python etc we are using compiler
and interpreter. Hence they are called compiler
based interpreted programming languages.
3 types.
1. Machine language: created with binary code
Eg: 0111000
2. Low level or assembly languages: created with
English like shortcuts called MNEMONICS.
Eg: gd evg, sub
 3. High level languages: created with simple
English
Eg: subject

Low level features used to develop system

software like operating systems, device
drivers, translators [ compilers, interpreter,
assembler ]
High level features allows to develop
application software

Why c is a procedure oriented programming

language?
What is programming paradigm? Every
programming languages comes with particular
structure with rules and regulations, which is
called programming paradigm.
C follows – POP
C++, Python – POP & OOP’s – Multi paradigm
programming languages
Java , .Net - OOPs

Before C language, the programming languages are

using Monolithic Programming structure. In this
structure, the entire program designed with single
program. Due to this it is very difficult to find
errors, no reusability and it takes more memory
for execution, which causes the program
performance to low.
Example:
In pop a big program is divided into several small
sub program which are called sub routines /
procedures / functions / modules / structures.
Hence C program is collection of procedures, it is
called procedure oriented programming
languages.
Advantages:
1. Modularity: Dividing big program into small
pieces [ modules ] based on program
requirement.
2. Simplicity: Easy to understand
3. Reusability: Write once, use many times.
4. Efficiency: performance is high.
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Why C is a general purpose language?

Using C language we can develop different type sof
software like
1. Operating system
Eg: windows, unix, linux, android, mac, ios,…
2. Editors
Eg: notepad, wordpad, ms-word,edit,…
3. Translators
Eg: compiler, interpreter, assembler
4. Commercial applications
Eg: hotel / super market / college program etc.
5. Data base
Eg: oracle, my sql, sql server, Sqlite,…

6. Device drivers
Eg: audio / video / usb / printer drivers etc.

7. Embedded applications
 Eg: tv / a/c , mobile, car sensors,……

8. Browsers
Eg: chrome, firefox, internet explorer,…
9. Media players
Eg: vlc, mx-player, windows media player,…

10. PC & Mobile games

11. Any type of standalone applications
Hence C is also called it is a multipurpose
programming language.
HISTORY OF C
Basically C language introduced in 1972 by
DENNIS RITCHIE, Software engineer in AT & T [
American Telephone & Telegraph ] Bell labs,
located at Murray Hills, New Jersy, USA.
Ritchie adopted C language from B language,
designed KEN THOMSON , software engineer in
AT & T Bell labs.
Thomson adopted B language from BCPL [ Basic
Combined Programming Language ], developed
by MARTIN RICHARDS an Assistant professor in
Cambridge University.
In 1989 ANSI [ American National Standards
Institute ] released a new version of C language
with the name “ANSI-C”, familiar with the name
“C-89”.
In 1999 ISO [ International Standard Organization
] released a new version of C language with the
name “C-99”.
Basically C language developed to rewrite UNIX
operating system.

Nowadays we can create and execute a C

program on any machine with any processor. i.e.
we can create and execute a C program on 80386
/ 80486 / 80586 / core 2 duo / dual core / intel
core i3 / i5 / i7 / i9 / AMD processors. Hence C is
called it is a machine independent programming
language.
The languages like 8086 / 8088 are working only
on 8086 / 8088 processors. Hence they are called
machine dependent programming languages.
C is a platform dependent language. When a
application designed with one language for one
operating system is not working on another
operating system is called platform dependent.
For example the C application designed for
windows is not working in unix / linux. Hence c is
a platform [ operating system ] dependent
language. Due to this problem c doesn’t allows to
develop web applications and we can develop
standalone application [ The application which is
installed in our system and can’t be shared ].
Java / .net / python are called platform
independent and machine independent
languages. Hence they are used to develop web
application and they are portable languages.
Hence they are called cross platform
programming languages.
C is a partial portable language because of it is
machine independent but platform dependent.
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