Restrained Beam

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Shek Poi Ngian

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected]
Outline

• Background

• In-plane bending

• Shear

• Deflections
Types of Beams

1. Purlin
2. Rafter
3. Lintel
4. Stringer
Types of Beams

5. Floor Beam
6. Joist
7. Girder
8. Spandrel Beam
 Common Beam
Section
• UKB
• UKC
• Tee Section
• Angle Section
• SHS
• RHS
• CHS
• Channel Section
Other Beam
Section
• Built-up Section
• Compound Section
• Cold-formed section
• Welded Section
Types of Beams (Statically Determinate Beam)

Equation of Equilibrium
(EoE)

Σ𝑀𝑀 = 0
Σ𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
Σ𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0
Simple Construction
Continuous Construction
Restrained Beam
 Design Criteria

• Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

• Shear Resistance (6.2.6)

• Shear Buckling Resistance (6.2.6 (6))

• Moment Resistance (6.2.5)

• Web Bearing and Buckling ( BS EN1993-1-5 Cl. 6.2)

• Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

• Deflection (7.2.1 - Table NA2)

 Shear Resistance

BS EN 1993-1-1, Clause 6.2.6 (pg. 50):

VEd
≤ 1.0
Vc , Rd
Av ( f y / 3 1/2
)
V=
c , Rd V=
pl , Rd
γM0
 Shear Area (cl.6.2.6(3) pg. 51)

a) Rolled I and H section, load parallel to web:

Av =A − 2bt f + ( tw + 2r ) t f
b) Rolled channel sections, load parallel to web:
Av =A − 2bt f + ( tw + r ) t f
c) Rolled T-section, load parallel to web: Av 0.9( A − 2bt f )
=
d) Welded I, H and box section, load parallel to
web:
Av = η ∑ ( hwtw )
e) Welded I, H, channel and box sections, load
Av= A − ∑ ( hwtw )
parallel to flanges:
f) Rolled rectangular hollow section of uniform
thickness:
Load parallel to depth Av = Ah /(b + h)
Load parallel to width Av = Ab /(b + h)
g) Circular hollow sections of uniform thickness: Av = 2A / π
 Definition of terms

A is the cross-sectional area

b is the overall section breadth
h is the overall section depth
hw is the overall web depth (measured between flanges)
r is the root radius
tf is the flange thickness
tw is the web thickness (taken as the minimum value if
the web is not of constant thickness)
η = 1.0 (from M’sia NA)
 Shear Buckling

• Provided in cl. 6.2.6(6), the web should be checked for shear

buckling in accordance with Section 5, EN1993-1-5 when hw/tw
exceeds 72ε/η, where η is referred to Section 5, EN1993-1-5 or
conservatively taken as 1.0.

• No need to check for shear buckling, when:

hw ε
≤ 72 for unstiffened webs
tw η
235
where
= ε = ; η 1.0 ( from M ' sia NA)
fy
 Moment Resistance
Cross-section check
MEd ≤ Mc ,Rd (In-plane bending)

BS EN 1993-1-1. Cl.6.2.5:

W pl f y For class 1 plastic or class 2

M c = M pl , Rd =
γM0 compact sections
Wel ,min f y
M c = M el , Rd = For class 3 semi-compact sections
γM0
Weff ,min f y
Mc = For class 4 slender sections
γM0
Serviceability (7.2.1)
Excessive serviceability deflections may impair the function of a
structure, for example, leading to cracking of plaster, misalignments of
crane rails, causing difficulty in opening doors, etc.

Deflection checks should therefore be performed against suitable

limiting values.

From the M’sia National Annex, deflection checks should be made under
unfactored variable actions Qk.
Support reactions, maximum moment and deflection
 Serviceability
Vertical deflection limits (Table NA2)

Design situation Deflection limit

Cantilevers Length/180

Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360

Other beams (except purlins and sheeting rails) Span/200

Purlins and sheeting rails To suit cladding

 Restrained Beam Example 1
The simply supported 610×229×125 UKB of S275 steel shown below has a
span of 6.0 m. Check moment resistance, shear and deflections.

Dead load = 60 kN/m

Imposed load = 70 kN/m

6.0 m

Beam is fully laterally restrained

 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)

b
z
h = 612.2 mm
b = 229.0 mm
tw tw = 11.9 mm
tf = 19.6 mm
y y
h d r = 12.7 mm
A = 15900 mm2
r Wy,pl = 3676×103 mm3
tf Iy = 986.1×106 mm4
z

610×229×125 UB
 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)

For a nominal material thickness (tf = 19.6 mm and tw = 11.9 mm) less
than 40 mm nominal values of yield strength fy for grade S275 steel
(to EN 10025-2) is 275 N/mm2.

Design UDL, w = (1.35×60) +(1.5×70) = 186 kN/m

MEd = 186×62 / 8 = 837 kNm

VEd = 186×6 / 2 = 558 kN
 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)
Cross-section classification (clause 5.5.2):

ε = 235 / f y = 235 / 275 = 0.92

Outstand flanges (Table 5.2, sheet 2, part subject to compression)

cf / tf = 4.89

Limit for Class 1 flange = 9ε = 8.28 > 4.89

∴ Flange is Class 1
 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)

Web – internal part in bending (Table 5.2, sheet 1, part subject to bending)

cw / tw = 46.0

Limit for Class 1 web = 72 ε = 66.2 > 46.0

∴ Web is Class 1

Overall cross-section classification is therefore Class 1.

 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)
Shear resistance of cross-section (clause 6.2.6):

A v (fy 3)
Vpl,Rd =
γ M0

For a rolled I-section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area Av is
given by:

Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf (but ≥ ηhwtw)

η = 1.0 (from M’sia NA to EN 1993-1-5)

 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)

hw =(h – 2tf) = 612.2 – (2×19.6) = 573.0 mm

Av = 15900 – (2×229×19.6) + (11.9 +[2×12.7])×19.6

= 7654 mm2 (but ≥ 1.0×573.0×11.9 = 6819 mm2)

7654 × (275 / 3 )
∴ Vpl,Rd = = 1215000 N = 1215 kN
1.00
Shear buckling need not be considered provided:

hw ε
≤ 72 for unstiffened webs
tw η
 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)
ε
Limit : 72 = 72 × (0.92 / 1.0) = 66.2
η

Actual hw / t w = 573.0 / 11.9

= 48.2 ≤ 66.2

∴ no shear buckling check required

1215 > 558 kN ∴ Shear resistance is OK.

 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)
Bending resistance of cross-section (clause 6.2.5):

W pl , y f y
M c , y , Rd = for Class 1 and 2 sections
γM0

3676 ×103 × 275

= = 1011×106 Nmm
1.0

= 1011 kNm > 837 kNm

∴ Cross-section resistance in bending is OK.

 Restrained Beam Example 1 (cont.)

Check deflections under unfactored imposed load (M’sia National Annex)

5 wL4 5 × 70 × 6000 4
w= = 6
= 5.70 mm
384 EI 384 × 210000 × 986.1× 10

Assume deflection limit = L/360 = 16.67 mm

∴ Beam OK for bending, shear and deflections.

Web Bearing And Web Buckling

Cases where checking required

Case where no checking required

Web Bearing And Web Buckling

Bearing or crushing failure on web

 Stiff Bearing Length

cl. 6.3 of EN1993-1-5

s s = 2T + t + 2(2 − 2 )r s s = 2T + t + 2(2 − 2 ) s s s = Dc + 2T

s s = t + T + (2 − 2 )r − g s s = 0.5 Dc + t + (2 − 2 ) s − g
 Bearing and Buckling Resistance

Clause 6.2 of EN1993-1-5 (pg. 26):

f yw Leff t w
FRd =
γM0
where,
tw is the thickness of the web;
fyw is the yield strength of the web;
Leff is the effective length for resistance to transverse force
 Bearing and Buckling Resistance

Leff = χ F  y

y is the effective loaded length to ss as obtained in

clause 6.5 (EN1993-1-5)
χF is the reduction factor due to local buckling, as in
clause 6.4 (EN1993-1-5)
 Web Buckling Example 1

The web bearing under intermediate column or point load needs to

be checked as shown in the Figure. Assume that the intermediate
column size is 152 × 152 × 23 UKC (h = 152.4 mm) and the thickness
of base plate is 10 mm.
 Web Buckling Example 1 (cont.)

ss = 152.4 + 2(10) = 172.4 mm

The resistance of web subjected to transverse force:
f yw Leff tw
FRd =
γM0
The force is applied through the flange and
resisted by shear forces in the web, therefore it is
Type (a) as in Figure 6.1 of EN1993-1-5.
s s = Dc + 2T
Ss = 172.4 mm, a = 12000 mm
2 2
h   407 
6 + 2 w  =
kF = 6 + 2  ≈6
 a   12000 
 Web Buckling Example 1 (cont.)
For Type a) the  y is the value calculated from Eq. 6.10, clause 6.5:
(
 y = s s + 2t f 1 + m1 + m2 )
but  y ≤ a (distance between adjacent transverse stiffeners).
Factors m1 and m2:
f yf b f 275(154.4)
m1
= = = 16.08
f ywtw 275(9.6)
2 2
 hw   407 . 6 
m2 = 0.02  = 0.02
t   = 11.49 ; when λ F > 0.5
 f   17 

m2 = 0 ; when λ F ≤ 0.5
 Web Buckling Example 1 (cont.)
Consider m2 = 11.49:
y = ( )
ss + 2t f 1 + m1 + m2 = ( )
172.4 + 2(17) 1 + 16.08 + 11.49 =384.9

From clause 6.4, EN1993-1-5:

tw3  9.63  −3
Fcr 0.9k F E
= = 0.9(6)(210000)   ×=10 2461kN
hw  407.6 
 y tw f yw 384.9(9.6)(275)
λF
= = 3
= 0.64 > 0.5
Fcr 2461× 10
0.5 0.5
χ=
F = = 0.78
λF 0.64
 Web Buckling Example 1 (cont.)

Leff =χ F  y =0.78 × 384.9 =300mm

f yw Leff tw 275(300)(9.6) −3
F=
Rd = ×10= 792kN
γM0 1.0

Since Fv = 50kN < FRd = 792kN, is satisfactory, so no stiffener

is needed.
 Web Buckling Example 2

The beam is connected at the ends as the configuration shown in

the Figure. It is susceptible to local bearing and buckling, thus the
checking is required. Assuming g = 10mm.
 Web Buckling Example 2 (cont.)

Use 150 × 75 × 10L for end bearing. Determine the stiff bearing
length. Minimum gage suggested by section properties table =
6mm. Therefore, g = 10mm > 6mm should be OK.

s s = t + T + (2 − 2 )r − g
= 10 + 10 + 0.59(11) − 10
= 16.4 mm

s s = t + T + (2 − 2 )r − g
 Web Buckling Example 2 (cont.)

The resistance of web subjected to transverse force:

f yw Leff t w Ss = 16.4 mm, c = 0 mm
FRd =
γM0  ss + c   16.4 + 0 
2 + 6
kF = =2 + 6 =2.24 < 6
 hw   407.6 
For Type c) the  y is the smallest value calculated from Eq. 6.11 to
Eq.6.12, clause 6.5:
(
 y = s s + 2t f 1 + m1 + m2 )  y =  e + t f m1 + m2
where

m1   e
2
 k F Etw2
 y = e + t f +  + m2 =
e ≤ ss + c
2  t f 
 2 f yw hw
 Web Buckling Example 2 (cont.)
k F Et w2 2.24(210000)(7.6) 2
e = = = 121.2mm
2 f yw hw 2(275)(407.6)
 e = ss + c = 16.4 + 0 = 16.4mm
k F Et w2
e = ≤ s s + c , thus take  e = ss + c = 16.4mm
2 f yw hw
Factors m1 and m2:
f yf b f 275(152.4)
m1 = = = 20.05
f ywt w 275(7.6)
2 2
 hw   407.6 
=m2 0.02
=   0.02=
  28 ; when λ F > 0.5
t
 f   10.9 

m2 = 0 ; when λ F ≤ 0.5
 Web Buckling Example 2 (cont.)
Consider m2 = 28:

( )
 y = s s + 2t f 1 + m1 + m2 = 16.4 + 2(10.9) 20.05 + 28 = 167.5
2 2
m1   e  20. 05  16 . 4 
 y = e + t f +  + m2 = 16.4 + 10.9 +  + 28 = 85.59
2  t f  2  10.9 


 y =  e + t f m1 + m2 = 16.4 + 10.9 20.05 + 28 = 91.96

 y = min[167.5; 85.6; 92]

From clause 6.4, EN1993-1-5:

tw3  7.63  −3
Fcr 0.9k F E
= = 0.9(2.24)(210000)   ×=10 455.9kN
hw  407.6 
 Web Buckling Example 2 (cont.)
 y t w f yw 85.6(7.6)(275)
λF = = 3
= 0.63 > 0.5
Fcr 455.9 × 10

0.5 0.5
χF = = = 0.79
λF 0.63

Leff = χ F  y = 0.79 × 85.6 = 65.06mm

f yw Leff tw 275(65)(7.6) −3
F=
Rd = ×10= 135.85kN
γM0 1.0

Since Fv = 124.3 < FRd = 135.85kN, is satisfactory, so stiffener

is not needed.
 Restrained Beam

Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Shek Poi Ngian

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor
[email protected]