4 Thesisrevision

Republic of the Philippines
Central Philippines State University

College of Teacher Education
Sipalay Campus
Brgy. Gil Montilla, Sipalay City, Negros Occidental
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CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Golden Apple Snails is one of the most invasive species that have continued to
destroy lowland rice production in the Philippines. Since the introduction of this mollusks to the
Philippines in 1982, approximately 40% of planting regions in Philippines have been adversely
affected by the snail according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation
(FAO-UN). (Pastorino, et.al, 2012). Golden apple snails could consume young rice seedlings in a
whole field overnight and the obvious signs of severe damaged are characterized by missing hills
and floating fragments of rice plants.(Rosdiyani,et.al., 2015). It was originally introduced to the
Philippines as a new possible food source for the Filipinos as it is rich in protein, however it
became a major pest in the Philippine rice fields as it eats young rice seedlings. (Fabrano, et.al.,
2016)
Plants extracts can provide a viable alternative to controlling many crop pests. (Fabiano,
et.al., 2018). One of the sources of organic pesticides is the plant that has pesticidal properties. The plants
will be used in this study are, tubli (Derris elliptica benth) roots, kasla (Jatropha curcas) and atis (Annona
squamosa) leaves. A wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as alkaloids, coumarins,
tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and saponins were found to present in the
leaves of A. squamosa (Nguyen et.al., 2020) and Kasla (Jatropha curcas) leaves in a phytochemical analysis
identified the presence of flavonoids, steroids, saponnins, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates in
leaves, in ethanolic extracts B-stigmasterol and phytol were identified (Ahirrao, et., al, 2011). Utilization of
the available resources for farming can be practiced only if farmers know the importance and uses of this
indigenous botanical pesticide (Sola et al.,2014). Concern with the negative impact of synthetic
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pesticide on environment and human health, numerous studies investigating botanical
molluscicides have been carried out in order to find alternative methods of pest control.
The purpose of the study is to produce a potential molluscicides against golden apple
snails utilizing the leaves of kasla, atis and tubli roots. Thus, helping the local farmers in
improving their harvest of rice production.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to determine the Molluscicidal potential of Tubli
(Derris elliptica Benth) roots, Kasla (Jatropha curcas L.) and Atis (Anona Squamosa L.) Leaves
crude extracts against golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculated). Specifically this study aims to
answer the following objectives:
1. To determine the mortality rate of the golden apple snail in the different concentration
of tubli roots, atis and kasla leaves crude extracts.
2. To determine the significant difference of the mortality of golden apple snail in
different concentration levels of tubli roots, atis and kasla leaves crude extracts
HYPOTHESIS
Based on the given problems, the hypothesis below is derived:

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Ha: There is no significant difference between the mortality of different concentration of
tubli roots (Derris Ellitica Benth), atis (Annona Squamosa L.) and kasla leaves (Jatropha Curcas
L.) crude extracts in the mortality of the golden apple snail (Pomacea Canaculata).
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study hopes to benefit the following;
Local Farmers. This study will help in reducing the infestation of mollusks
which will lead to the major destruction on rice fields, also to lessen their problem and the money
spent on molluscicides and the continuous efforts to reduce the numbers look of this species was
basically for the Filipino farmers as they needed an improved molluscicide to effectively kill the
invasive snails as well as protect them from harmful chemicals that would inflict their health.
City Environment and Natural Resource Office. The result of this study will help
our LGU find ways to better support local farmers in the use of eco-friendly and natural ways of
getting rid of farm pests using local products or resources. This can also be a local business and a
source of good investment.
Department of Agriculture. The result of the study will help the Department of
Agriculture to identify, recognize and explore more ecofriendly and natural ways of getting rid of
farm pests. It also help them give a source of knowledge in conducting seminar about organic
molluscicides.
Future researchers. This study is significant for future researchers as they could extend
this research to develop a more efficient molluscicides made from rarely-noticed and unusual
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plants. This research also suggests further exploration among plants which could be used for the
decimation of invasive species. It also served as a baseline information for the future studies and
give insight to future researchers finding for other alternative ways of making organic
molluscicides. The study also provides reliable data which could be used for other researchers with
similar topics.
This study of the Molluscicidal effects of the concentration variation of the different
extracts in controlling Golden Apple Snail will be conducted not only to fulfill the requirements
but also to provide information to individual, farmers and community to build confidence for those
who may be interested in this kind of study.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study will be conducted from the months of October and November, 2021 at Sitio
Tambo, Barangay Inayauan, Cauayan, Negros Occidental. The purpose of this study is to create
potential bio-molluscicide utilizing the different plants extracts which are also available in the
community. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of the different concentration
levels of Tubli roots, Kasla and Atis leaves extracts in the mortality of the Golden Apple snail.
This study will utilize the experimental design specifically the complete randomized
design as its experimental layout. Mortality of the Golden Apple snail will be the main indicator or
the main parameter to determine the effects of the said extracts. Mean with standard deviation and
one-way analysis of variance are the statistical tools will be used.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the clarity and convenience of the readers the following terms will be defined
conceptually and operationally.
Crude Extract. To remove part of a mixture with a solvent (Farlex Partner Medical
Dictionary, 2012).
In this study it refers to the concentrated liquid extracted from the roots of Tubli (derris
elliptica benth), Kasla (Jatropha curcas), and Atis ( Annona squamosa) by means of squeezing.
Golden Apple Snail. It is a species of large freshwater snail with gills and an operculum,
an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariid will be used in this study.
(Wickramasinghi, 2016).
In this study it refers to a mollusk which can be used as a variable for experimentation to
measure the molluscicidal potential crude extract of Tubli roots, Kasla and Atis leaves as
Molluscicides against Golden apple snail.
Mortality. It is demographic measures used to describe the number of deaths that occur in
a given population relative to the size of that population (Utz, et.al., 2015)
In this study it refers to the measurement of deaths in the Golden apple snails by using
various treatments.
Molluscicide. It is a pesticide which kills mollusks which includes octopus, squids, snails
and slugs. (Boyd, 2015)

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In this study it refers to the bio pesticides derived from natural plants such as Tubli
(Derris elliptica benth) roots, Kasla (Jatropha curcas) and Atis (Annona squamosa) leaves as an
output of the study.
CHAPTER II
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REVIEW RELATED OF LITERATURE
This chapter discuss the review of related literature and studies. These includes
information's in molluscicides, Tubli, Kasla, Atis, and Golden apple snail.
Molluscicides
Molluscicides are chemical substances which developed specifically destroying
mollusks. According to Boyd, 2015 molluscicides are pesticides which kill mollusks, or used to
control mollusks, an animal phylum of tens of thousands of invertebrate creatures. Mollusks
include octopi and squid, as well as snails and slugs, which are usually targeted by molluscicides.
Molluscicides, sometimes referred to as bait, are touched or ingested by the slug or snail, then the
chemicals manipulate the water balance of the animal. By affecting the amount of water in the
mollusks body, the molluscicides put the slugs or snails on the path to organ failure and inhibit
healthy body functions.
The use of molluscicides in the control of schistosomiasis is a highly specialized field.
Synthetic chemical molluscicides are nowadays primarily restricted to one compound, niclosamide
and, although other chemicals lethal to snails exist, their practical use is minimal. Although many
molluscicides of plant origin are known, isolation, characterization, toxicological screening, large-
scale production and distribution of their active ingredients for use in endemic countries has not
yet proven a viable alternative. (Bustinduy, et al, 2014)
During the last two decades it has been shown that a wide range of phytochemicals
exhibit molluscicidal activity. However, before a plant, shown to possess molluscicidal activity in
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laboratory tests, can be utilized on a large scale a number of other, fairly obvious, criteria need to
be satisfied. Thus, the plant material must be available in sufficient quantity and, if necessary,
capable of easy propagation in the region where required; the active constituents should be water-
soluble and easily extractable from the plant source; the molluscicidal activity should be high and
the toxicity towards other organisms, including humans, low. Few plants as yet examined appear to
have satisfied all of these requirements (Evans,et al, 2011).
The search for efficient, organic, and environment-friendly molluscicide that could
minimize the spread of the invasive Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in the Philippines
is still on going. The invasive and widespread golden apple snail (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata) is a
harmful crop pest in many parts of Asia. The heavy use of molluscicides to control GAS could
result in soil and water pollution as well as in loss of biodiversity. A sustainable and pollution-free
control method is urgently needed to counteract this invasion(Wang, et.al., 2020). Integration of
organic and inorganic molluscicides is an example of sustainable agricultural practices that
minimize and protects the environment, develop the Earth's natural resource base and improve soil
fertility system.
There are a lot of synthetic pesticides that can prevent and control pests even in a
large farm area (Schreinemachers et al., 2011), however, rampant use of synthetic pesticides
alone can adversely affect the environment and health, and even reduce income. ( Edwards,
2013). The overuse of synthetic pesticides could deplete soil fertility and yield. Hence, Sparagano
et al. (2016) suggested that the use of synthetic pesticides must be reduced to prevent
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deterioration of soil and income. Organic pesticides can be fused into an inorganic pesticide. This
contributes to the sustainability of agriculture because it has no adverse effects on the
environment and human. Crop production is the art of producing crops at increasing productivity
and quality of products to maximize the monetary returns while eliminating the negative
impact on the environment (Basra et al., 2018).
Tubli (Derris Elliptica Benth)
Tubli is a leguminous plant that originated in Southern Asia and the Southwest Pacific
islands. It is also known as tuba in Indonesia . Its crude extracts had been discovered and used as a
pesticide by some of the farmers and researchers in various countries including the Philippines
(Devi, 2016). It had been also used by the students in their laboratory exercises and experiments in
various Universities. Botanical pesticide derived from tubli plants is also sold to some of the
pesticide marketing outlets all over the world (Sola et al., 2014).The use of a botanical pesticide
like tubli plant crude extractsis one of the practical methods for those farmers who are not capable
to incur the expensive commercial pesticides. Besides, this is the best input in attaining sustainable
agriculture. Utilization of the available resources for farming can be practiced only if farmers
know the importance and uses of this indigenous botanical pesticide ( Sola et al., 2014).
Pesticidal Properties of Tubli (Derris Elliptica Benth)

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This review article introduces the characteristics of tubli plant also as the assesses its
efficacy as an organic pesticide. The most strong, effective and intended in pesticidal property of
tubli plant is rotenone that controlled various pests. This had been cultivated and used as an
organic pesticide throughout and all over the world. Some studies revealed that the application of
tubli plants enhanced farmers’ productivity of farms and the profitability of their income. Tubli
plant is adapted to be one of the inputs toward sustainable agriculture. (Biñas, 2021).
Rotenone
Tubli sap contains rotenone, a chemical that is toxic to insects and fish. It can be pounded
from the stem, leaves, and most especially from the roots. Most of the lianas plants that belong
to the family Fabaceae possess rotenone. The rotenone-containing plants were discovered to
be the best alternative bioinsecticide for killing caterpillar and poisoning fishes. French botanist
Emmanuel Geoffrroy isolated the active chemical component in 1895. He called it
nicoulinefor it got from the Robinianicou specimen which is now called Lonchocarpusnicou.
The efficacies of plants belong to the family Fabaceae were introduced in many thesis research
studies and published posthumously in 1895 after his death. The rotenone compound was
named and also isolated by the Japanese chemical engineer Kazuo Nagai. The word rotenone
comes from the Japanese word ―roten‖. Because of the discoveries, the nicouline and
rotenone were finally established to be useful in farming by 1930 . The government agencies of
the United States used already the tubli as a source of rotenone for many purposes in fishing
and farming (Schmidt, 2014).
Biopesticidal
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As the rotenone has been long discovered as a biopesticide it was found out that it is
more effective in a form of emulsifiable concentrate than in water-dispersible granules in
controlling Spodopteralitura. The root of tubli can be isolated as an alkaloid from a methanol
extract with a concentration of 0.1%. This can act as a biopesticide agent that controls
Scotinopharacoartata E.
Rotenoids
Rotenoids are compounds that occurred naturally. These chemicals areconsidered the
cousins of rotenone. They are necessary for the inhibition of the complex I of the electron
transport chain. They are in the extracts that contain rotenone because of the synthesis
happened (Daroff,et.al.,2014). Rotenoids also contains a cis-fused tertrahydrochromeno [3,4-
b]chromenenucleus Tubli plants was studied to be yielded with seven rotenoids: (1) 7′-hydroxy-
6a, 12a-dehydrodeguelin, (2) 6-hydroxy-6a, 12a-dehydrodeguelin, (3) (6aR, 12aR, 4′R, 5′S)-4′,
5′-dihydro-4′, 5′-dihydroxytephrosin, (4) 6′-hydroxy-6a, 12a-dehydrorotenone, (5) (-)-rotoic
acid, (6) (-)-deguoic acid, and (7) 12-deoxo-12α-acetoxyelliptone.(Lu et al., 2018)
Evaluation for Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity
The tubli was evaluated for its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using Vitotox assay.
It was found that tubli is not genotoxic nor cytotoxic (Chichioco-Hernandez et al., 2011).
Alternative Green Additive to Increase Rotenone Yield / Roots
Rotenone extraction from tubli roots was conducted using alcohol-based DES or deep
eutic solvents as a medium of extraction. It was found out that the combination of the DES with
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selective organic solvent has similar potential and efficacy as ILs in extracting bioactive
constituents in the phytochemical extraction process (Othman et al., 2015)
Extraction Kinetic / Normal Soaking Extraction Method / Effect of Exposure / Roots
The rotenone was found to be sensitive to light and heat. It cannot be exposed to extreme
environments with an improper extraction system. There is a tendency that the major bioactive
compounds will be lost and its effectiveness of insecticidal action will have deteriorated (Zubairi et
al., 2014).
Sustainability in Agriculture
The use of indigenous botanical pesticides is one of the contributors to sustainable
agriculture (Ignacimuthu and Vendan, 2018). It has been implemented to be practiced by the
farmers. This practice is still encouraged to be maintained all over the world (Dixon et al., 2014).
Many botanical pesticides including tubli crude extracts are already recommended to achieve and
maintain the concept of sustainable agriculture (Dimetry, 2012). Tubli is the most promising
botanical pesticide that promotes a balanced and self-regulated agricultural system (Indigenous
Plants as Natural Pesticides, 2017). Aside from conserving the soil fertility and the environment,
the application of botanical pesticides like tubli crude extracts can increase the monetary returns of
the farmers and sustain the productivity and profitability of their farms and income, respectively
(Agri-Green, 2011). Aside from conserving the soil fertility and the environment, the application
of botanical pesticides like tubli crude extracts can increase the monetary returns of the farmers
and sustain the productivity and profitability of their farms and income, respectively.(Binas, 2021)
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KASLA (Jatropha curcas)
Kasla (Jatropha curcas) is a common plant found all over the world that until today it is
cultivated in almost tropical countries as protection hedges around gardens and fields. In the local
community, it is utilized for medicinal purposes. The sap, oil, twig, wood and leaves are all
reportedly being used externally for healing wounds, bleeding, rheumatism and skin diseases.
Other medicinal uses include: laxative, cough remedy, antidote for poisoning, cure for toothache,
treatment of gonorrhea and syphilis and healing agent for sprains. The extract of kasla (Jatropha
curcas) leaves it contains active compound which is alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins
(Manzano, et.al., 2014)
Botanical Description of Kasla ( Jatropha curcas)
It is a small tree or shrub with smooth gray bark, which exudes white colored, watery
latex when cut. Normally, it grows between three and five meters in height, but can attain a height
of up to eight or ten meters under favorable conditions
Leaves of Kasla (Jatropha curcas)
It has large green to pale-green leaves, alternate to sub-opposite, three-to five-lobed with
a spiral phyllotaxis. The poisonous property of the plant is mainly due to presence of toxalbumin
called curcin, ricin, and cyanic acid, related to ricinoleic acid. Ricin has been shown to exhibit
many cardiotoxic and hemolytic effects. Though all parts of the plant are poisonous. Studies
shows, the adverse effects following consumption of seeds including vomiting,diarrhea, abdominal
pain and burning sensation of throat.(Kosam, et.al., 2014)

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Possible Bioactive Components found in Leaves of Kasla (Jatropha curcas)
The Bioactive Components found in leaves of kasla are hydrogen cyanide which it is
also called formonitrile (HCN), a highly volatile, colourless, and extremely poisonous liquid
(boiling point 26° C [79° F], freezing point -14° C [7° F]).Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is highly
volatile and among the most toxic substances.(Meinwald,2017). Also alkaloids, tannins,
terpenoids, cyanogenic glycosides, and sapponin which are a class of chemical compounds found
in particular abundance in various plant species. More specifically, they are amphipathicglycosides
grouped phenomenologically by the soap-like foaming they produce when shaken in aqueous
solutions, and structurally by having one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a
lipophilic triterpenederivative. Saponins are glycosides with a distinctive foaming characteristic.
(Burcio, 2017)
Main Toxin found in Kasla (Jatropha curcas) leaf extract
Jatrophine
Jatrophine is an intensely bitter amorphous alkaloid which is similar to quinine
properties. The toxicity of J. curcas latex can be attributed to this compound which has a
poisoning mode of action.
Curcin
Jatropha curcas also contains a toxic protein, called curcin. Curcin is similar to ricin, the
toxic protein to castorbean (Ricinus communis) which is fatally toxic.
ATIS (A.squamosa)
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Pest management is one of the essential components of the crop production in the
agriculture. Pests can have a detrimental effect on horticultural operations by affecting quantity,
quality and ultimately, marketability of the crops grown. Control of microbes and pathogens using
ecofriendly approaches has become a growing trend in agriculture for researchers who prioritize
safety to environment and non-target organisms. The negative after-effects of synthetic chemicals
used as pesticides are well-known. Discovery of plant derived compounds and their application as
pesticide is undoubtedly an efficient way to check the pest population without disturbing the
ecological balance (Chengala, et.al., 2017). Many plant extracts have been found to possess
antimicrobial properties that are related to their antimicrobial constituents, including alkaloids,
terpenes, polysaccharides, esters, ketones, and quinones (Lengai, et.al., 2018). Effective
compounds extracted from plants have shown promising potential for this purpose due to their
high efficacy, low toxicity, and selective characteristics (Nawaz, et al.,2016). Various botanical
pesticides have been developed that contain active ingredients like nicotine (from tobacco),
rotenone (from Derrissps., Tephrosiasps.) pyrethrum (from Chrysanthemumsps.), azadirachtin
(from neem) and other similar compounds. The plant family, Annonaceae is one of those potent
botanicals that needs to be exploited more. This is a large plant family composed of approximately
130 genera and 2300 species, and is well developed in the Old and New Worlds, and members are
mostly confined to tropical regions. The Annonaceae family has drawn a lot of attention since the
1980s, due to the presence of acetogenins, a new class of long-chain fatty acid derivatives with a
broad range of biological activities. Annona squamosa, commonly known as ‘Aata’ in Bengali,
‘Seetaphal’ in Hindi and ‘Custard apple’ or ‘Sugar apple’ in English, has also been extensively
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used as traditional medicine in various culture among which insecticidal activity becomes one of
the most promising one (Hidalgo, et.al., 2018). The genus name, ‘Annona’ is from the Latin word
‘Anon’, meaning ‘Yearly produce’, referring to the production of fruits of the various species in
this genus. A. squamosa has been named botanically from Jamaica (Saha, 2011).
Constituents of Atis Leaves
The leaves yield or source of alkaloid, chloroplatinate, contain saponin and are
suppurative and insecticidal. They are used for treatment of ringworm (Taenia
versicolor) ,destroying lice, proctoptitis in children and skin diseases, and as a poultice to produce
suppuration. It is also used as an anthelmintic, pediculicide, scabicide, and anti-
inflammatory.According to the study "Organic Pesticide from Atis (Anona squamosa) Leaves
Extract as an Alternative to Commercial Synthetic Pesticide"Thus, the organic pesticide from
Anona squamosa leaves extract could be an alternative to commercial synthetic pesticide
(Arabit,et.al, 2011).
Plant Morphology and Traditional
Annona squamosa Linn. is a small tropical branched semideciduous tree or shrub,
cultivated in many places because of its edible nature. The taxonomy suggests that it is a
dicotyledonous flowering plant . It grows up to height of 8 meters, trunks short, not buttressed at
base. Traditionally, bark decoction is used to stop diarrhea, while the root is used in the treatment
of dysentery. The leaves are thin and oblong, while the flowers are greenish - yellow. A decoction
of the leaves is used as a cold remedy and to clarify urine and in the treatment of hysteria. The
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fruits are generally conical or round in shape and will take around 3 to 4 months to ripen (Gawali
et al. 2017).
The leaves are abortifacient and insecticidal and are useful in destroying lice in the hair.
Scientific investigations have shown that the crude extract possesses miticidal, antifeedant,
insecticidal, antidiabetic, anti-tumor, anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral activities (Gupta et al.
2011).
Ecology and Distribution
Annona squamosa is native to the tropical Americas and West Indies, but the exact origin
is unknown. It is now the most widely cultivated species of Annona, being grown for its fruit
throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics, such as Indonesia, Thailand, and Taiwan. It was
introduced to southern Asia before 1590. A. squamosa has the reputation, particularly in India, of
being a hardy, drought-resistant crop. This is only partly correct. Although the rest period and leaf
fall enable the tree to bridge a severe dry season, it requires adequate moisture during the growing
season, responding well to supplementary irrigation. The importance of moisture is borne out by
the fact that in India as well as Southeast Asia, fruit set is largely limited to the onset of the rains,
notwithstanding the prolonged flowering season. Like most species of Annona, it requires a
tropical or subtropical climate with summer temperatures from 25 °C (77 °F) to 41 °C (106 °F),
and mean winter temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F). It is sensitive to cold and frost, being
defoliated below 10 °C (50 °F) and killed by temperatures of a couple of degrees below freezing. It
is only moderately drought-tolerant, requiring at least 700 mm of annual rainfall, and will not
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produce fruit well during droughts. It will grow from sea level to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) and does
well in hot dry climates, differing in its tolerance of lowland tropics from many of the other fruit
bearers in the Annona family. (Anon, 2012).
Atis (Annona squamosa) is potentially leaves as botanical insecticides as it is more
environmentally friendly.The lethal concentration of leaves extract Annona squamosa is (Ld50) to
the experimentation, according to the study.(Kesetyaningsih, 2012).
GOLDEN APPLE SNAILS
In other Latin American countries, P. canaliculata has been a danger to rice crops
since 2005 particularly the lowland regions of the Ecuadorian provinces of Guayas and Los Rios.
Surveyed farmers noted that even with heavy use of the molluscicides, endosuﬂan and
metaldehyde, snail rice crop damage remained high, especially during the rainy season. (Rodriguez
et al., 2015). However, the predatory snail kite also increased, leading to an expansion of the snail
kite’s range which had been contracting since the 1970s (Horgan et al., 2014). Its spread into
Mexico can be traced to the release of GAS into tributaries of the Colorado River by aquarists in
the City of Yuma, Arizona, from which they dispersed down-stream into Mexican portions of the
Colorado River drainage system (Campos et al., 2013).
Golden apple snails (P.canaliculata) could consume young rice seedlings in a whole field
overnight and the obvious signs of severe damage are characterized by missing hills and
floating fragments of rice plants (Rosdiyani, et.al., 2015). Current strategies for controlling
golden apple snail in paddy fields relied heavily on using synthetic molluscicides, however,
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excessive use of synthetic molluscicides have been found to have numerous drawbacks on
the environment hazard and human health (Cowie, et.al, 2012). The hazardous nature of
synthetic molluscicides has prompted scientists to determine the least disruptive options of
pest control technologies (Rosdiyani, et.al., 2015).
Although a great number of sustainable control methods is recommended which do not
involve the use of pesticides, it is uncertain whether these are taken up by farmers. Probably, the
easiest way to control GAS, is the application of synthetic ‘instant kill’ molluscicides, which can
have detrimental effects on the environment, non-target species, and health. (Schneikera,
et.al.,2016), but botanical molluscicides obtained naturally from plant-based compounds are found
to be an effective alternative to conventional molluscicides.
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS AS PESTICIDES (MOLLUSCICIDES)
According to (Rejesus et,al., 2012), eighty-six indigenous plants in the Philippines were
evaluated for molluscicidal activity against golden snail (Pomacea spp.) by using the volatile oil,
aqueous and organic extracts of the plants. Forty-eight plants exhibited molluscicidal activity at a
highest concentration of 10,000 ppm, causing 100 percent mortality at 24 hours after treatment
(HAT). Twenty-three plants were considered promising causing 100 percent mortality at a
concentration below 10,000 ppm. Parts of the plant showed toxicity to the snails causing 100
percent mortality at 24 HAT are the roots (500-8,000 ppm) of Derris elliptica, D. polyantha and
Gliricidia sepium; seeds (1,000-8,000 ppm) of Antidesma bunius, Tephrosia purpurea, Cassia
occidentalis; T. vogelli, Azadirachta indica, Swietenia mahogani, Syzigium malaccense, Piper

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nigrum, Jatropha curcas, and Syzigium cumini; leaves (4,000-8,000 ppm) of Jatropha multifida,
Parosela glandulosa, Tinospora rumphii, Eucalyptus tereticornis and P. nigrum; fruits (4,000-8,000
ppm) of Cassia fistula, Acacia concinna and S. mahogani; rhizomes (8,000-10,000 ppm) of Costus
speciosus and Curcuma longa; bark (80-100 ppm) and vine (600-1,000 ppm) of Desmodium
umbellatum and volatile oil (40-300 ppm) of A. indica; kernel, C. longa and Coleus amboinicus.
Of the most active molluscicidal plants, ten belong to Leguminosae (Papilionaceae,
Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae), three Euphorbiaceae, two Neertaceae and two Zingerberaceae
family.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
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This chapter vividly shows the discussion on the experimental design, the subjects of
the study, sampling technique, research instruments, data gathering procedures and data
analysis regarding the study about exploring the molluscicidal potential of tubli roots, kasla
and atis leaves against golden apple snail. The researchers explains how the necessary data and
information to address the research objectives and questions will be collected and presented.
Research Design
The research was conducted through using experimental method. The researchers
investigated for the effectiveness of using the Kasla (Jatrophacurcas Linn), Atis (Annona
Squamosa) leaves and Tubli (Derris Elliptica Benth) roots on Golden apple snails (Pomacea
canaliculata) as a potential molluscicides by means of experimental research which tells that try
something new and systematically observe what is happening.
Time and Place of the Study

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This study of the Molluscicidal Potential of Tubli (Derris Elliptica Benth)roots , Kasla
(Jatrophacurcas Linn), and Atis (Annona Squamosa) Leaves Crude Extracts” was conducted the
months of May 19th 2022 at Sitio Tambo, Barangay Inayauan, Cauayan, Negros Occidental.
Materials, Tools and Equipment
In making of crude extracts from the roots of tubli, leaves of kasla and atis, as
molluscicide against Golden Apple snail have the following materials, tools, and equipments are
needed;
Table 1:
MATERIALS QUANTITY PURPOSES/USES

Golden Apple Snails 810 snails Pest that will be used
in the study
Kasla leaves extract For molluscicides in
5ml, 10ml, 15ml golden apple snail
Atis leaves extract 5ml, 10ml, 15 ml For molluscicides in

golden apple snail
Tubli roots extract For molluscicides in
5ml, 10ml, 15 ml golden apple snail
Bottle Sprayer 9 pcs Use for spraying

golden apple snails
Safety googles 2 pcs For eye safety
Disposable masks 10 pcs For nose covering and
for safety health
Syringe 3 pcs For measuring the
level of crude extracts
Microwaveable 81 pcs Serves as snail’s
Tupperware hatchery
Strainer 3 pcs For straining the
extracted molluscicides
Stirring rod 3 pcs For stirring the
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mixtures
Marker 1 pc For labeling extracted
concentration of molluscicides
Basin 3 pcs Serve as container of
triturated leaves and roots
Disposable plastic 50 pairs Use for covering
Gloves hands in handling tools,
extracted and others
Caliper 1 pc Use to measure of
Golden Apple Snail in mm.
Mortar and pestle 1 pc Used to smash the atis and
kasla leaves and tubli roots.
Unsharpened sticks 9 pcs Used to detect of the
mortality of snails.
Scissors 3 pcs Used to cut the roots and
leaves .
Experimental Design and Lay out
A Factorial Complete Randomized Design (FCRD) was used in the study. There
are three (3) treatments replicated three (3) times with 10 mollusks per treatment combination
making a total of 360 mollusks.
The different extracted molluscicides and level of extracted molluscicides was used
in the study: Combined Crude Extracts (factor A) are A (Extract 1 (tubli) + Extract 2 (kasla), B
Extract 3 (atis) + Extract 1 (tubli). C (Extract 3 (atis) + Extract 3 (kasla), Concentration levels
(Factor B) are X (5% + 15%), Y (10% + 10%ml) and Z (15% + 5%).

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Table 1. Treatment Combination
Concentration Levels
Extracts
X Y Z
5% + 15% 10% + 10% 15% + 5%
A. Tubli+Kasla AX AY AZ
B-Atis +Tubli BX BY BZ
C.Atis+Kasla CX CY CZ
Total 60% 60% 60%
FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT IN COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN
LEGEND:
FACTOR A FACTOR B
(Combined Crude Extracts from Varying Plants) (Concentration levels)
A-Extract 1 (Tubli) + Extract 2 ( Kasla) X- 5% + 15%
B-Extract 2 (Atis) + Extract 1 ( Tubli) Y-10% + 10%
C-Extract 3 (Atis) + Extract 2 (Kasla) Z- 15% + 5%

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Table 2. Randomization and distribution of treatment combination
Replication I Replication II Replication III
Experimental Procedure
A. Collection and selection of viable snails
The researcher was collected the golden apple snails in the muddy field of Sitio Tambo,
Brgy.Inayauan, Cauayan, Negros Occidental. It was properly placed in a basket and used caliper
for measuring the height of the snails, respectively. Based from the study of Picardal (2018),
wherein only those snails with a height ranging from 25mm–35mm was subjected to an
experiment. These weight and height dimensions are considered viable for biological assay
because these are the most commonly found snails in the locality.
Collection and Preparation of Molluscicides
B. Collection of plant materials
Among the many possible plant molluscicide was the plants that were chosen by the
researchers which are tubli (Derris elliptica benth) roots, kasla (Jatropha curcas) and atis (Annona
squamosa)leaves. The following plants were readily available around the locale of the study, that
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is why the plant materials needed were gathered individually, carefully inspecting the
condition of the plant material that is used. Leaves was freshly picked from a healthy plants
starting from bud until mature parts of the leaves because leaf buds contains more phenolic
compounds and old leaves contain flavonoids compounds (Chang, et.al.,2018) thus the old leaves
are more sensitive to stand density than that the young ones (Di, et.al.,2018).
C. Preparation of Leaves and Roots
Tubli roots, kasla and atis leaves was gathered at Sitio Tambo, Brgy. Inayauan,
Cauayan, Negros Occidental prior to the experiment. The researchers placed all the things for the
experimentation in a table. The stem was separated from its leaves manually. The roots and leaves
washed with running water, to eliminate surface dirt and contaminants that may affects the result
of the study, then do air-dry. The leaves and roots was cut into smaller pieces using scissors.
D. Preparation of snails
The subjects, golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata), caliper was used to measure
the millimeter. Prior to the application of treatment, the snails was checked and ensured they are
all alive and moving.
F. Preparation of equipment and tools
Since the experiment was conducted only at home, the tools and equipment was used are
the following; syringe, microwaveable tupperware, bottle sprayer, mortar and pestle, scissors,
basin and other tools were sanitized before the usage. Running was used to rinse the tools and
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equipment to lessen the presence of contaminants, thus deducting other factors that affects the
experiment. It was also a necessary precaution to ensure the accurateness of data gathered.
G. Container Preparation
Microwaveable tub was prepared and served as container for the Golden Apple Snail for
every treatments and replications. In the actual experimentation, 81 transparent containers (i.e. 3
replicates per treatment, 81 total container) were all labeled. Ten golden apple snails were
distributed randomly to every container, with a total of 810 golden apple snails used during the
experimentation for the three trials. The mortality of the snails was continuously observed for the
succeeding 5 hours. Bottle sprayer served as a material for spraying the mollusk.
H. Tubli roots extracts
The tubli roots was collected at Sitio Tambo, Brgy. Inayauan, Cauayan, Negros
Occidental. Preparation of tubli roots extract done one (1) day before it was sprayed to the
treatment area. Tubli roots cut by scissors into pieces and pounded used of mortar and pestle for
easily to get the extracts. A 360 ml of tubli crude extracts were sat aside.
I. Atis and Kasla leaves extracts
The atis and kasla leaves extracts was collected from the random plants around the said Barangay.
The amount of individual leaves materials was gathered are no less than 10 kilograms since sufficient
amount of extract are needed for experiments which done in 3 replications for the actual experimentation.
It separated from the leaves to its stem. Individually, were cut into pieces, pounded used mortar and pestle
while carefully put in their respective container.

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J. Extraction Process
The leaves and roots that used in the study was washed thoroughly to avoid
contaminants. After that, the researchers made sure that the variables are ready for the
experimentation, the roots and leaves cut into pieces, after pounded put in a clean basin. All the
mixtures was filtered using cheesecloth and measured accurately, then transfered to a spraying
bottle according to the amount of extract needed for the study and was labeled accordingly.
K. Measuring process
The crude extracts of leaves and roots individually measured properly with the used of
measuring equipment was ensured accurately with the desired measures of extracts that were used
for the experiment and transfer into their respective bottles for the treatments.
L. Application Process
In a microwaveable tupperware, the researchers randomly put a 10 golden apple snails for
their respective treatments. Using goggle for eyes protection, mask for covering the nose and
gloves for covering the hands is advised when spraying. Avoid mixing the three different extracted
molluscicides to avoid contamination. When spraying the mollusks the distance was near and
sprayed directly to the mollusks to avoid affecting the next container, and it sprayed spirally.
M. Confirmatory test for mortality

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After 5 hours, a mortality confirmation test was conducted, wherein all the snails were
gently poked by the unsharpened sticks. A snail was considered dead if it did not exhibit any
muscular contractions. An unsharpened stick was also used as stimulus to induce painful sensation
and to initiate response from the snails head section.(Picardal, et. al,.2018)
There are three concentrations per combining plant molluscicides (5%,10%,15%) tested.
For the actual experimentation, 81 transparent containers (3 replicates per treatment) were labeled
(e.g. T1 TKCE = treatment 1 (5% + 15%) TKCE (Tubli and Kasla Crude Extracts), trial 1. Ten
golden apple snail was distributed randomly to every container with a total of 810 was used during
the actual experimentation. The treatment groups namely, treatment A (Tubli+Kasla Crude
extracts), treatment B (Atis+Tubli Crude extracts) and treatment C (Atis+Kasla Crude extracts)
applied to the snails all together. The researchers asked a friends to help sprayed and was made
that the crude extracts equally spread to its treatment.
Experimental designs for the final experiment
This research employed Complete Randomized Design (CRD), with equal replications (Table 1).
Here, the experimental subjects (i.e. the test organism, P. canaliculata) were randomly assigned
to treatments and were subjected to three (3) experimental trials. Each trial consists of seven
treatments (9 experimental group) in triplicates (Table 1). Each replicate contain 10 snails as
sample, with a total of 30 snails for every treatment.
DATA ANALYSIS
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To analyze the gathered data, the statistical mean of the collected data after three (3)
replications will be computed. To ensure the reliability and accuracy of the data gathered. From
that, mean percentage reduction was computed. Additionally, statistical treatments under
inferential statistics was used. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also used to statistically
examine the data for the multiple experimental groups since the study aimed to determine if
there is a significant difference between the different treatment groups. Duncan’s multiple ranges
test was to determine the p-value and the significant difference.
1. To determine the mortality of the golden apple snail in the different concentration of tubli
roots, atis and kasla leaves crude extracts.
2. To determine the significant difference of the mortality of golden apple snail in different
concentration levels of tubli roots, atis and kasla leaves crude extracts, ANOVA and Duncan’s
multiple ranges test was used.
CHAPTER IV
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the data gathered and observations of results of the experiment on
the effectiveness of Tubli roots, Kasla and Atis leaves crudes extracts as molluscicides. The data
gathered were taken from the three trials of experiment to ensure consistency of results.
Table 1. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with equal replications per trial
Treatments Replicates Sample per Total number of snails per treatment
replications
AX-TKCE (5%+15%) 3 10 30
AY- TKCE (10%+10%) 3 10 30
AZ- TKCE (15%+5%) 3 10 30
BX- ATCE (5%+15%) 3 10 30
BY- ATCE (10%+10 3 10 30
BZ- ATCE (15%+5%) 3 10 30
CX- AKCE (5%+15%) 3 10 30
CY- AKCE (10%+10%) 3 10 30
CZ- AKCE (15%+5%) 3 10 30
*For each trial, 270 snails were used. For the three trials, the grand total of the snails used are
810.
*TKCE (Tubli-Kasla Crude Extracts), ATCE (Atis-Tubli Crude Extracts), AKCE (Atis-Kasla
Crude Extracts)
Results of the range finding test showed molluscicidal activity of the different crude extracts
concentration (Table 2).
Table 2
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Mortality rate of Pomacea Canaliculata (Golden apple snails) due to concentration of
combined crude extracts , 5%+15%, 10%+10%, and 15%+5% from Tubli+Kasla (Treatment A),
Atis+Tubli (Treatment B), and Atis+Kasla (Treatment C).
Treatments Replicates
1st 2nd 3rd Total mortality
No. of dead snails after 5 hrs.
AX- TKCE (5%+15%) 29 26 25 80
AY- TKCE (10%+10%) 29 28 29 86
AZ- TKCE (15%+5%) 29 28 28 85
BX-ATCE(5%+15%) 27 29 28 84
BY- ATCE (10%+10%) 28 28 26 82
BZ- ATCE (15%+5%) 26 27 25 78
CX- AKCE (5%+10%) 26 26 23 75
CY- AKCE 10%+10%) 25 27 26 78
CZ- AKCE (15%+5%) 26 26 25 77
*Mortality refers to the number of dead Golden apple snails
The average mortality rate of the P. canaliculata exposed to the various concentrations of
the roots and leaves crude extracts in three trials (repeat experiments) is shown in Table 3. The
highest recorded mortality after 5hrs among the nine treatments was that the crude extracts
Treatment AY Tubli+Kasla(10%+10%), and Treatment AZ Tubli+Kasla Extracts (15%+5%).

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Table 3
Mortality of Pomacea Canaliculata (Golden apple snails) when treated with varying
concentration of 5%+15%, 10%+10%, and 15%+5% from Tubli&Kasla (Treatment A),
Atis&Tubli (Treatment B), and Atis&Kasla (Treatment C).
Treatment Mean of 3 replications SD % Mortality
Treatment A
AX 8.88 7.32 88%
AY 9.55 7.58 95%
AZ 9.44 7.55 94%
Treatment B
BX 9.33 7.49 93%
BY 9.11 7.33 91%
BZ 8.66 7.22 86%
Treatment C
CX 8.33 7.06 83%
CY 8.66 7.22 86%
CZ 8.55 7.18 85%
Table 3 showed on effectiveness on the mortality rate of golden apple snails when treated
with varying concentrations of 5%+15%, 10%+10%, and 15%+5% at exact 5 hours from
Tubli+Kasla (Treatment A), Atis+Tubli (Treatment B), and Atis+Kasla (Treatment C).
Treatment AY (10% Tubli + 10% Kasla) is obtained the highest mortality which is 95%
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mortality rate, followed by Treatment AZ(15% Tubli + 5% Kasla) which is 94% mortality rate,
Treatment BX (5% Atis + 15% Tubli) which is 93% mortality rate, Treatment BY (10% Atis +
10% Tubli) which 91% mortality rate, Treatment AX (5% Tubli +15% Kasla) which 88%
mortality rate. However, Treatment BZ (15% Atis + 5% Tubli) and Treatment CY (10% Atis +
10% Tubli) which shows 86% mortality rate, followed by Treatment CZ (15% Atis + 5% Kasla)
which 85% mortality rate, and Treatment CX (5% Atis + 10% Kasla) which shows 83%
mortality rate. The result implies that Treatment A were effective to the mortality of Golden
apple snails depend on its varying concentration.
Significant Difference among the Treatment Groups
Relative to the said findings was the identification of significant difference between the 9
treatment groups. One of the data analysis tools used was the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Table 4.
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Significant Difference on the mortality of Golden apple snails (P. Canaliculata) when
treated under different treatments with varying concentration of 5%+15%, 10%+10%, and 15%
+5% from Tubli+Kasla (Treatment A), Atis+Tubli (Treatment B), and Atis+Kasla (Treatment
C).
Source of Variations DF SS MS F P
Treatments 2 25.41 12.70 9.03 0.002
Concentration 2 3.19 1.59 1.13 0.344
Interaction 4 11.48 2.87 2.04 0.132
Error 18 25.33 1.41
Total 2 65.41
Table 4 entails the results of one-way ANOVA conducted between the treatment groups. After
the statistical treatment was applied, the researchers came up with the p-value of 2 thousandths.
Since it is below 5 hundredths, the decision was to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, it can be
assumed that there is a notable difference between the following treatment groups as supported
by the results shown in Table 5. Also, it was mentioned in a study about a wide range of plant
material that plants have varying active compounds with varying concentration as well.
(Abubakar,et.al., 2017). Hence, it proves the finding presented above.
To look closely on the significant differences between the treatments, Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test was performed wherein the treatment groups see where exactly are the significant difference
between the treatments.
Table 5.
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Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
Treatments Mean
A 27.87b
B 27.11ab
C 25.5a
The Duncan multiple range test was applied. Means followed with the same number letter
are not significantly different.(Adeoye O.K et al.,2011). Table of the mean showed that the
Treatment A has the highest mortality with mean value of 27.89 followed closely by Treatment
B with mean value of 27.11 while Treatment C had low mortality with mean value 25.56. Also
showed that Treatment A is significantly different to Treatment C, while Treatment B is not
significantly different to Treatment C, and the Treatment C is not significantly different to
Treatment A and B.
CHAPTER V
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
The study entitled "Molluscicidal Potential of Tubli roots, Kasla and Atis leaves Crude
Extracts against Golden Apple Snail (P.canalicculata)” was conducted at the residence of Reyes,
Feb Sitio tambo, Barangay Inayauan, Cauayan, Negros Occidental on May 19, 2022.
The results of the study revealed that the mollusiidal potential of tubli roots, atis and kasla
leaves crude extracts as molluscicides, varying concentration Treatment A (AX, AY and AZ)
shows highly rate of mortality respectively 88%, 95%, and 94%. Varying concentration from
Treatment B (BX, BY and BZ) shows highly rate of mortality respectively 93%, 91%, and 86%.
Varying concentration from Treatment C (CX, CY and CZ) shows highly rate of mortality
respectively 83%, 86%, and 85% at exactly 5 hours.
The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference on the mortality
of Golden apple snails (P.canalicculata) when treated varying concentration of crude extracts from
Tubli+ Kasla and Atis+Tubli. Also there was no statistically significant difference on the
mortality of Golden apple snails when treated with varying concentration of crude extracts from
Atis+ Tubli and Kasla+Atis.
Lastly, the results showed that there was statistically significant difference on the
mortality of Golden apple snails when treated with varying concentration of crude extracts from
Tubli+Kasla and Atis+Kasla.

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CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of the research the objectives of the study were accomplished. The
researchers concluded that the effectiveness of Tubli (Derris elliptica Benth) roots, Kasla
(Jatropha curcas L.) and Atis (Anona Squamosa L.) Leaves crude extracts against golden apple
snail (Pomacea canaliculata) vary on different concentration levels. Further, there was likely no
significance difference on the mortality of P. Canaliculata when treated with tubli roots, kasla and
atis leaves crude extracts.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are the recommendations and suggestions of the researchers:
It is recommended for the future researchers to search for more alternative plants which are low
in concentration, but attains high mortality count. It is also noted that plants highly convenient to
avail tested with utmost priority. Additionally, as used in the study conducted, different parts of
the plants could have varying toxicity. Thus, further experimentation among plant parts could be
noted for further researches.
The researchers also encourage to venture and try different solvents like water, acetone,
and methanol for the extraction of chosen plant samples. It is also notable that instead of relying
on laboratories, the extraction process could be done at home or local laboratories wherein a
more hands-on yet challenging work is done. On the contrary, phytochemical analysis could be
added to further explore the molluscicidal potential of the plant.

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Meanwhile, when it comes to the gathering of test organisms, it was preferred that it be
done between the land preparation and the rice planting season as the snail population were
highest during these times. When it comes to the actual experiments, however, stricter laboratory
setup is a must as it will ensure accuracy and precision.
Lastly, the researchers recommend to conduct a study focusing on crude extracts of Tubli
roots. If given the opportunity, further progress which includes field setup will be very much
appreciated. A highly in-depth study is also recommended as it will show more specific
interpretation to the plant derived molluscicides used in this study.

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Republic of the Philippines

Central Philippines State University

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

pesticide on environment and human health, numerous studies investigating botanical

improving their harvest of rice production.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

answer the following objectives:

of tubli roots, atis and kasla leaves crude extracts.

2. To determine the significant difference of the mortality of golden apple snail in

Based on the given problems, the hypothesis below is derived:

Ha: There is no significant difference between the mortality of different concentration of

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study hopes to benefit the following;

source of good investment.

who may be interested in this kind of study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

one-way analysis of variance are the statistical tools will be used.

conceptually and operationally.

Golden Apple Snail. It is a species of large freshwater snail with gills and an operculum,

an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Ampullariid will be used in this study.

Molluscicides against Golden apple snail.

and slugs. (Boyd, 2015)

output of the study.

REVIEW RELATED OF LITERATURE

information's in molluscicides, Tubli, Kasla, Atis, and Golden apple snail.

Molluscicides are chemical substances which developed specifically destroying

control mollusks, an animal phylum of tens of thousands of invertebrate creatures. Mollusks

healthy body functions.

The use of molluscicides in the control of schistosomiasis is a highly specialized field.

yet proven a viable alternative. (Bustinduy, et al, 2014)

have satisfied all of these requirements (Evans,et al, 2011).

organic and inorganic molluscicides is an example of sustainable agricultural practices that

contributes to the sustainability of agriculture because it has no adverse effects on the

impact on the environment (Basra et al., 2018).

Tubli (Derris Elliptica Benth)

Pesticidal Properties of Tubli (Derris Elliptica Benth)

Emmanuel Geoffrroy isolated the active chemical component in 1895. He called it

and farming (Schmidt, 2014).

more effective in a form of emulsifiable concentrate than in water-dispersible granules in

happened (Daroff,et.al.,2014). Rotenoids also contains a cis-fused tertrahydrochromeno [3,4-

5′-dihydro-4′, 5′-dihydroxytephrosin, (4) 6′-hydroxy-6a, 12a-dehydrorotenone, (5) (-)-rotoic

acid, (6) (-)-deguoic acid, and (7) 12-deoxo-12α-acetoxyelliptone.(Lu et al., 2018)

Evaluation for Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity

Alternative Green Additive to Increase Rotenone Yield / Roots

constituents in the phytochemical extraction process (Othman et al., 2015)

Extraction Kinetic / Normal Soaking Extraction Method / Effect of Exposure / Roots

The use of indigenous botanical pesticides is one of the contributors to sustainable

KASLA (Jatropha curcas)

(Manzano, et.al., 2014)

Botanical Description of Kasla ( Jatropha curcas)

of up to eight or ten meters under favorable conditions

Leaves of Kasla (Jatropha curcas)

pain and burning sensation of throat.(Kosam, et.al., 2014)

Possible Bioactive Components found in Leaves of Kasla (Jatropha curcas)

lipophilic triterpenederivative. Saponins are glycosides with a distinctive foaming characteristic.

Main Toxin found in Kasla (Jatropha curcas) leaf extract

Jatrophine is an intensely bitter amorphous alkaloid which is similar to quinine

poisoning mode of action.

toxic protein to castorbean (Ricinus communis) which is fatally toxic.