Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Advance Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures
CE-5115

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Course Content
Lecture No. Topic

1 Introduction

2 Materials

3 Design of RC Members for Flexure and Axial Loads

4 Design of RC Members for Shear and Torsion

Serviceability Requirements, Development and Splices of
5
Reinforcement
6 Analysis and Design of RC Slabs

7 Idealized Structural Modeling of RC Structures

8 Gravity Load Analysis & Design of RC Structures

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Course Content

Lecture No. Topic

9 Seismic Analysis & Design of RC Structures (Part-I)

10 Seismic Analysis & Design of RC Structures (Part-II)

Design of Beam-Column Connections in Monolithic RC
11
Structures
12 Slenderness Effects in RC Structures

13 Analysis & Design of RC Shallow Footings

Special Topics: Shear Walls, Strut and Tie Models,
14
Brackets and Corbels, Deep Beams etc.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Grading Policy

 Midterm = 30 %

 Final Term = 50 %

 Assignment s and Quizzes = 10 %

 Term Project = 10 %
⚫ Attendance of 75 % is must to pass the course

⚫ Final term exam will also include the course taught before midterm
exam.

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Lectures Availability

 All lectures and related material will be available on

the website:

www.drqaisarali.com

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture-01

Introduction
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department

UET Peshawar
[email protected]

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Topics Addressed

 Historical Development of Cement and Reinforced Concrete

 Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The Design and Design Team

 Concrete Structural Systems

 Limit States and the Design of Reinforced Concrete

 Basic Design Relationship

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics Addressed

 Structural Safety

 Probabilistic Calculation of Safety Factors

 Design Procedure Specified in the ACI Code

 Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures

 Load Combinations used in the ACI code

 Strength Reduction Factors used in the ACI code

 Customary Dimensions and Construction Tolerances

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Historical Development of Cement and

Reinforced Concrete

 Cement

⚫ In 1824 Joseph Aspdin mixed limestone and clay and heated them
in a kiln to produce cement.

⚫ The commercial production started around 1880.

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Historical Development of Cement and

Reinforced Concrete

 Reinforced Concrete

⚫ Joseph Monier, owner of a French nursery garden began

experimenting (in around 1850) on reinforced concrete tubs with
iron for planting trees.

⚫ The first RC building in the US was a house built in 1875 by W. E.

Ward, a mechanical engineer.

⚫ Working Stress Design Method, developed by Coignet in around

1894 was universally used till 1950.

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Historical Evolution of Concrete

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 General Building Codes

⚫ Cover all aspects of building design and construction from

architecture to structural to mechanical and electrical etc. UBC, IBC
and Euro-code are general building codes.

 Seismic Codes

⚫ Cover only seismic provisions of buildings such as SEAOC and

NEHRP of USA, BCP-SP 07 of Pakistan.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Material Specific Codes

⚫ Cover design and construction of structures using a specific

material or type of structure such as ACI, AISC, AASHTO etc.

 Others such as ASCE

⚫ Cover minimum design load requirement, Minimum Design Loads

for Buildings and other Structures (ASCE 7-16).

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 New Buildings Design Codes

FEMA P-1050 ASCE 7 IBC UBC 97 BCP SP 07

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Existing Buildings Design/ Evaluation Codes

FEMA P-154 ASCE/SEI 41 IEBC ATC 20

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 General Building Codes in USA

⚫ The National Building Code (NBC),
⚫ Published by the Building Officials and Code Administrators
International, was used primarily in the northeastern states.

⚫ The Standard Building Code (SBC),

⚫ Published by the Southern Building Code Congress International, was
used primarily in the southeastern states.

⚫ The Uniform Building Code (UBC),

⚫ Published by the International Conference of Building Officials, was
used mainly in the central and western United States.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 General Building Codes in USA

⚫ The International Building Code IBC,

⚫ Published by International Code Council ICC for the first time in 2000,
revised every three years.

⚫ The IBC has been developed to form a consensus single code for USA.

⚫ Currently IBC 2021 is available.

⚫ UBC 97 is the last UBC code and is still existing but will not be updated.
Similarly NBC, SBC will also be not updated.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Seismic Codes in USA

⚫ NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program)
Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic
Regulations for New Buildings developed by FEMA (Federal
Emergency Management Agency).

⚫ The NBC, SBC and IBC have adopted NEHRP for seismic design.

⚫ SEAOC “Blue Book Structural Engineers Association of California

(SEAOC), has its seismic provisions based on the Recommended
Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary (the SEAOC “Blue
Book”) published by the Seismology Committee of SEAOC.

⚫ The UBC has adopted SEAOC for seismic design.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Building Code of Pakistan

⚫ Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision BCP SP-07 has

adopted the seismic provisions of UBC 97 for seismic design of
buildings.

⚫ IBC 2000 could not be adopted because some basic input data
required by IBC for seismic design did not exist in Pakistan.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The ACI MCP

⚫ ACI MCP (American Concrete Institute Manual of Concrete

Practice) contains 150 ACI committee reports; revised every three
years.

⚫ ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.

⚫ ACI 315: The ACI Detailing Manual.

⚫ ACI 349: Code Requirement for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete

Structures.

⚫ Many others.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The ACI 318 Code

⚫ The American Concrete Institute “Building Code Requirements

for Structural Concrete (ACI 318),” referred to as the ACI code,
provides minimum requirements for structural concrete design or
construction.

⚫ The term “structural concrete” is used to refer to all plain or

reinforced concrete used for structural purposes.

⚫ Prestressed concrete is included under the definition of reinforced

concrete.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The ACI 318-19 Code

⚫ 27 chapters and 3 Appendices.

 Brief visit of the code

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 Legal Status of The ACI 318 Code

⚫ The ACI 318 code has no legal status unless adopted by a state or
local jurisdiction.

⚫ It is also recognized that when the ACI code is made part of a

legally adopted general building code, that general building code
may modify some provisions of ACI 318 to reflect local conditions
and requirements.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The Compatibility Issue in BCP SP-2007

⚫ Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provision BCP SP-07 has
adopted the seismic provisions of UBC 97 for seismic design of
buildings.

⚫ As the UBC 97 has reproduced ACI 318-95 in Chapter 19 on

concrete, the load combinations and strength reduction factors of
ACI 318-02 and later codes are not compatible with UBC 97 and
hence BCP SP-07. Therefore ACI 318-02 and later codes cannot
be used directly for design of a system analyzed according to the
seismic provisions of UBC 97.

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Building Codes and the ACI Code

 The Compatibility Issue in BCP SP-2007

⚫ To resolve this issue, BCP SP-2007 recommends using ACI 318-05

code for design except that load combinations and strength
reduction factors are to be used as per UBC 97.

⚫ The IBC adopts the latest ACI code by reference whenever it is

revised and hence are fully compatible.

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The Design and Design Team

 General:

⚫ The design covers all aspects of structure, not only the structural
design.

⚫ The structural engineer is a member of a team whose members

work together to design a building, bridge, or other structure.

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The Design and Design Team

 Liaison between Engineer and Architect

⚫ Close cooperation with the architect in the early stages of a

project is essential in developing a structure that not only meets
the functional and aesthetic requirements but exploits to the
fullest the special advantages of reinforced concrete.

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The Design and Design Team

 Four Major Objectives of Design

1. Appropriateness: This includes,

⚫ Functionality, to suit the requirements.

⚫ Aesthetics, to suit the environment.

2. Economy

⚫ The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s
budget.

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The Design and Design Team

 Four Major Objectives of Design

3. Structural Adequacy (safety)

⚫ Strength.

⚫ Serviceability.

4. Maintainability

⚫ The structure should be simple so that it is maintained easily.

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The Design and Design Team

 Three Major Phases of Design

1. The client’s needs and priorities.

2. Development of project concept.

3. Design of Individual systems.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Selection Criterion
⚫ Depending on structural spans, loading conditions, purpose of
building, availability of formwork, skilled labor and material etc., a
number of different structural systems such as flat plate, flat slab,
one-way or two way joist system etc. are possible.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Flat Plate
⚫ A flat plate is a slab floor system in
which the slab of uniform thickness is
supported directly on columns.

⚫ Flat plates are economical for:

⚫ Short and medium spans

⚫ Economical range: 15 ft – 25 ft, and

⚫ Moderate live loads

⚫ Punching shear is a typical problem in

flat plates.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Flat Slab
 Beamless systems with drop panels or column capitals or both
are termed as flat slab systems.

 Short and medium spans, economical range 20 ft. – 30 ft.

 Drop Panel: Thick part of slab in the vicinity of columns

 Column Capital: Column head of increased size

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Beam-Supported Slab
⚫ In beam supported slab, beams usually running on column centre
line are cast monolithically with the slab, although they may also be
structural steel, often encased in concrete for composite action and
for improved fire resistance.
⚫ Suitable for long spans and for parking structures.

⚫ Specially for intermediate and heavy loads for span up to about 30 ft.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Beam-and-Girder Floors
⚫ A beam and girder floor consists of a series of parallel beams
supported at their extremities by girders, which in turn frame into
concrete columns placed at more or less regular intervals over entire
floor area.
⚫ Adapted to any loads and spans. Normal range in column spacing is
from 16 to 32 ft.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Banded-slab System
 For light loads, a floor system has been
developed in which the beams are
omitted in one direction, the one-way
slab being carried directly by column line
beams that are very broad and shallow.

 These beams, supported directly by the

columns, become little more than a
thickened portion of the slab. This type
of construction is known as banded slab
construction.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 One-Way Joist
⚫ A one-way joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of
regularly spaced ribs and a top slab (T beam or Joist) arranged to
span in one direction.

⚫ Long spans, economic range: 30 ft. – 50 ft.

Rib
Peshawar University Auditorium

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Two-Way Joist
⚫ A two-way joist system, or waffle slab, comprises evenly spaced
concrete joists spanning in both directions and a reinforced concrete
slab cast integrally with the joists.

⚫ Like one-way joist system, a two way system will be called as two-
way joist system if clear spacing between ribs (dome width) does not
exceed 30 inches.

Joist
Akora Khattak Mosque
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Concrete Structural Systems

 Composite Construction with Steel Beams

⚫ In this system, columns, beams, and girders consist of structural
steel whereas the floors are reinforced concrete slabs.

⚫ The spacing of beams is usually 6 to 8 ft.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Steel Deck Reinforced Concrete Slab

⚫ In this structural system, the steel deck serves as stay in place form
and, with suitable detailing the slab becomes composite with the
steel deck, serving as the main tensile flexural steel.

⚫ The spacing of beams is usually 12 ft.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Post-Tension Slab
⚫ In the post-tensioned slab systems, hollow conduits are provided in
slab through which the tendons are placed. Tendons are tensioned
after the concrete has gained its strength. Columns and beams are
regular reinforced concrete members.
⚫ Longer spans can be achieved due to pre-stress, which can be used
to counteract deflections.

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Concrete Structural Systems

 Precast Slabs

• It consists of either precast concrete arched panels, hollow mini-

slabs, or planks that are placed between smaller, more frequently
spaced precast beams or joists that are spanning between walls or
columns.
• A thin reinforced concrete layer is then poured on top. The precast
system doesn’t require the extensive formwork.

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 Limit State
⚫ When a structure or structural element becomes unfit for its
intended use, it is said to have reached a limit state.

 The three limit states

1. Ultimate Limit States

2. Serviceability Limit States

3. Special Limit States

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 The Ultimate Limit States

⚫ These involve a structural collapse of part or all of the structure.

⚫ Such a limit state should have a very low probability of

occurrence, since it may lead to loss of life and major financial
losses

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 The Major UL States are

⚫ Loss of equilibrium: Tipping or Sliding

⚫ Formation of plastic mechanism: Reinforcement yields to form

plastic hinges.

⚫ Instability: Due to deformations e.g. Buckling.

⚫ Rupture: Flexure, shear or combination

⚫ Progressive collapse: Failure of structural members one after

another.

⚫ Fatigue: Failure due to repetitive cyclic loading.

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete
The Major UL States are

Loss of Equilibrium Plastic Mechanism Instability

Rupture (Flexural Failure) Progressive Collapse Mechanism

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 Serviceability Limit States

⚫ These involve disruption of the functional use of the structure, but

not collapse.

⚫ Since there is less danger of loss of life, a higher probability of

occurrences can generally be tolerated than in the case of an
ultimate limit state.

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 The SL States are

⚫ Excessive deflections

⚫ Excessive crack widths

⚫ Undesirable vibrations

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 Special Limit States

⚫ This class of limit state involves damage or failure due to

abnormal conditions or abnormal loadings.

 The SpL States include

⚫ Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes.

⚫ Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions.

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Limit State and the Design of

Reinforced Concrete

 Limit State Design of RC Buildings

⚫ RC buildings are designed for ULS

⚫ Subsequently checked for SLS

⚫ Under special condition also checked for SpLS

⚫ Note: SLS and not ULS may be governing LS for structures such as
water retaining structures and other structures where deflection and
crack control are important.

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Basic Design Relationship

 The Capacity and Demand

⚫ Capacity must be ≥ Demand (in same units)

⚫ Demand: An imposed action on structure

⚫ Capacity: The overall resistance of structure

⚫ Load Effects: Bending, torsion, shear, axial forces, deflection,

vibration

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Basic Design Relationship

 The Capacity and Demand

⚫ Capacity < Demand is failure

⚫ Capacity > Demand is success with FOS

⚫ Capacity = Demand is success without FOS

 Working Stress Design approach

⚫ Capacity is reduced by half

⚫ Demand is kept the same

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Basic Design Relationship

 Limit State Design approach

⚫ Capacity is reduced and demand is increased based on scientific
rationale. In LSD approach, we have
⚫ f Mn ≥ Mu (α Ms )

⚫ f Vn ≥ Vu (α Vs )

⚫ f Pn ≥ Pu (α Ps )

⚫ f Tn ≥ Tu (α Ts )
⚫ f = strength reduction factor

⚫ α = load amplification factor

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Structural Safety

 Safety Factors in Design

• There are two main reasons due to which safety factors, such as
load and resistance factors, are necessary in structural design:
⚫ Variability in Resistance

⚫ Variability in Loads

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Structural Safety

1. Variability in Resistance
⚫ The actual strengths (resistances) of beams, columns, or other
structural members will almost always differ from the values
calculated by the designer (nominal strength). The main reasons
for this are as follows:
⚫ variability of the strength of the concrete and reinforcement,

⚫ differences between the as-built dimensions and those shown on the

structural drawings,

⚫ effects of simplifying assumptions made in deriving the equations for

member resistance.

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Structural Safety

1. Variability in Resistance
⚫ The fig shows Comparison of
measured (Mtest) and computed
(Mn) failure moments for 112
similar RC beams.

⚫ The difference in measured and

calculated failure moments is
mainly due to variations in
⚫ Specified and Actual Strength of
materials
⚫ Specified and Actual dimensions
⚫ Simplifying assumptions

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Structural Safety

2. Variability in Loads

⚫ All loadings are variables, especially live loads and environmental

loads due to snow, wind, or earthquakes.

⚫ In addition to actual variations in the loads themselves, the

assumptions and approximations made in carrying out structural
analysis lead to differences between the actual forces and
moments and those computed by the designer.

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Structural Safety

2. Variability in Loads
⚫ Fig shows variation of Live loads
in a family of 151sft offices.

⚫ The average (for 50 % buildings)

sustained live load was around
13 psf in this sample.

⚫ 1% of measured loads exceeded

44 psf.

⚫ Building code specify 50 psf for

such buildings (ASCE 7-10)

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Structural Safety

 Consequences of variability of load and resistance

⚫ Due to the variability of resistances and load effects, there is

definite chance that a weaker-than-average structure will be
subjected to a higher- than-average load.

⚫ In extreme cases, failure may occur.

⚫ The load factors and resistance factors are selected to reduce the
probability of failure to a very small level.

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 Resistance vs. Load Effects

⚫ R = The distribution of a population of
resistance of a group of similar
structure.

⚫ S = Distribution of the maximum load

effects, S, expected to occur on those
structure during their lifetimes.

⚫ The 45° line in this figure corresponds

to a load effect equal to the resistance
(S = R).

⚫ S > R is failure i.e., load effects greater

than resistance & S < R is Safety.
“S vs. R”

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 Resistance vs. Load Effects

⚫ Safety margin can be represented as Y
=R–S

⚫ Graph shows plot between safety

margin (Y) and frequency of
occurrence (success or failure)

⚫ If Y is greater than 0, then safety

margin exists and failure is avoided.

⚫ Failure will occur if Y is negative,

represented by the shaded area in
figure.

Safety margin vs. frequency (success or failure)

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 The Probability of Failure

⚫ The probability of failure, Pf, is the chance
that a particular combination of R and S
will give a negative value of Y.

⚫ In normal distribution curve, Pf is equal to

the ratio of the shaded area to the total
area under the curve in figure.

⚫ From the figure, mean value of Y is given

as Y = 0 + βσY
⚫ Where, σY = Standard Deviation; β = 1,2,3 …

Safety margin vs. frequency (success or failure)

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 The Safety Index

⚫ Now larger the distance βσY, the lesser
will be the negative part and more will
be the positive part in the curve, which
means less chance of failure and more
safety. The factor β is called the safety
index.

⚫ More positive part on the curve means

increasing R. But increase in
resistance will require compromise on
economy.

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 Calculation of Pf:
⚫ The probability of failure (Pf) which is Probability that (Y = R – S)
< 0, can be calculated by converting the normal distribution
(which is function of Y) to standard normal distribution (which is
a function of Z ) and then using standard normal distribution
tables to find the area under the curve.

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 Calculation of Pf:
⚫ For β = 3.5, the probability of failure P (Z) = 0.0001 = 0.01 % =
1/9091. (from standard statistics tables)

⚫ It means that roughly 1 in every 10,000 structural members

designed on the basis that β = 3.5 may fail due to excessive load
or under strength sometime during its life time.

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 Selection of Pf and β

⚫ The appropriate values of Pf and hence of β are chosen by

bearing in mind the consequences of failure.

⚫ Based on current design practice, β is taken between 3 and 3.5

for ductile failure with average consequences of failure and
between 3.5 and 4 for sudden failure or failures having serious
consequences.

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Probabilistic Calculation of Safety

Factors

 Selection of Pf and β
⚫ In strength design method, we
know that:
⚫ γMs = ΦMn, therefore,
⚫ Safety factor Mn/ Ms = γ/ Φ
⚫ For ΦMn = 1.2MD + 1.6ML
⚫ Let ML = MD ; then ΦMn = 2.8MD
⚫ Therefore, Safety factor (Mn/MD)
= 2.8/Φ
⚫ For Φ = 0.65 → Mn/ MD = 4.3 ≈ β
⚫ For Φ = 0.90 → Mn/ MD = 3.11 ≈ β

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Design Procedure of the ACI Code

⚫ 4.6.1 - Design strength of a member and its joints and

connections, in terms of moment, axial force, shear, torsion, and
bearing, shall be taken as the nominal strength Sn multiplied by
the applicable strength reduction factor ϕ.

⚫ 4.6.2 - Structures and structural members shall have design

strength at all sections, ϕSn, greater than or equal to the required
strength U calculated for the factored loads and forces in such
combinations as required by this Code or the general building
code.

⚫ This process is called strength design in the ACI code.

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Design Procedure of the ACI Code

⚫ In the AISC Specifications for steel design, the same design

process is known as LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor
Design).

⚫ Strength design and LRFD are methods of limit-state design,

except that primary attention is always placed on the ultimate
limit states, with the serviceability limit states being checked
after the original design is completed.

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Design Loads in the ACI Code

 ACI 318-19, Section 5.2-LOADING:

⚫ 5.2.1: Loads shall include self-weight; applied loads; and

effects of Prestressing, earthquake, constraint of volume
change, and differential settlement.

⚫ Section R5.2.1: Provisions in the Code are associated with

dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads such as those
recommended in ASCE/SEI 7.

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Design Loads in the ACI Code

 ACI 318-19, Section 5.2-LOADING:

⚫ Section R5.2.1: If the service loads specified by the general

building code differ from those of ASCE/SEI 7, the general
building code governs. However, if the nature of the loads
contained in a general building code differs considerably from
ASCE/SEI 7 loads, some provisions of this Code may need
modification to reflect the difference.

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Design Loads in the ACI Code

 ASCE Recommendations on Loads:

⚫ ASCE 7-16 sections 1 to 10 are related to design loads for
buildings and other structures.

⚫ The sections are named as: general, combinations of loads,

(dead loads, soil loads and hydrostatic pressure), live, flood,
tsunami, snow, rain, (reserve for future provisions) and ice
loads.

⚫ Brief visit of ASCE 7-16, Section 1 to 10

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Design Loads in the ACI Code

 Loads on Structure During Construction

⚫ During the construction of concrete buildings, the weight of the
fresh concrete is supported by formwork, which frequently
rests on floors lower down in the structure.

⚫ ACI section 26.11.2.1(c) states the following:

⚫ No construction loads shall be placed on, nor any formwork

removed from, any part of the structure under construction except
when that portion of the structure in combination with remaining
formwork has sufficient strength to support safely its weight and
loads placed thereon and without impairing serviceability.

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Load Combinations of ACI and UBC

Section 5.3 of ACI 318-19 code Section 1928.1.2.3 of UBC code

⚫ 1.4D  1.4D
⚫ 1.2D + 1.6L  1.4D + 1.7L
⚫ 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L  1.2D + 1.5E + 0.5L
⚫ 0.9D + 1.0E  0.9D + 1.5E

 Load Types
Dead = D, Live = L, Seismic = E

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Strength Reduction Factors Of ACI and UBC

ACI 318 -19 Code,

Strength Reduction UBC 1909.3.2
Section 21.2
Factors f
f

Tension-controlled 0.90 0.90

Shear and torsion 0.75 0.85

Compression-controlled
0.75 0.75
(spiral)
Compression-controlled
0.65 0.70
(other)
Bearing 0.65 0.70

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Customary Dimensions and

Construction Tolerance

⚫ The actual as-built dimensions will differ slightly from those

shown on the drawings, due to construction inaccuracies.

⚫ ACI Committee 117 has published a comprehensive list of

tolerance for concrete construction and materials.

⚫ As an example, tolerances for footings are +2 inches and -½

inch on plan dimensions and -5 percent of the specified
thickness.

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References

 Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design (7th Ed.) by

James MacGregor.

 ACI 318-19

 PCA 2002

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The End

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