1) What is Java?

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language, platform-

independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming language. It was
developed by James Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the platform as it provides
its own JRE and API.

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.

11.9M
208
Third-Party Call Recording Apps To Be Banned From Google Play Store
Next
Stay

Comparison C++ Java

Index

Platform- C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

independent

Mainly used for C++ is mainly used for system Java is mainly used for application
programming. programming. It is widely used in window,
web-based, enterprise and mobile
applications.

Design Goal C++ was designed for systems Java was designed and created as an
and applications programming. It interpreter for printing systems but later
was an extension of C extended as a support network computing.
programming language. It was designed with a goal of being easy
to use and accessible to a broader
audience.

Goto C++ supports Java doesn't support the goto statement.

the goto statement.

Multiple C++ supports multiple Java doesn't support multiple inheritance

inheritance inheritance. through class. It can be achieved
by interfaces in java.

Operator C++ supports operator Java doesn't support operator overloading.

Overloading overloading.
Pointers C++ supports pointers. You can Java supports pointer internally. However,
write pointer program in C++. you can't write the pointer program in java.
It means java has restricted pointer support
in Java.

Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ is Java uses compiler and interpreter both.
Interpreter compiled and run using the Java source code is converted into
compiler which converts source bytecode at compilation time. The
code into machine code so, C++ interpreter executes this bytecode at
is platform dependent. runtime and produces output. Java is
interpreted that is why it is platform
independent.

Call by Value and C++ supports both call by value Java supports call by value only. There is no
Call by reference and call by reference. call by reference in java.

Structure and C++ supports structures and Java doesn't support structures and unions.
Union unions.

Thread Support C++ doesn't have built-in support Java has built-in thread support.
for threads. It relies on third-party
libraries for thread support.

Documentation C++ doesn't support Java supports documentation comment (/**

comment documentation comment. ... */) to create documentation for java
source code.

Virtual Keyword C++ supports virtual keyword so Java has no virtual keyword. We can
that we can decide whether or override all non-static methods by default.
not override a function. In other words, non-static methods are
virtual by default.

unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> Java supports unsigned right shift >>>
shift >>> operator. operator that fills zero at the top for the
negative numbers. For positive numbers, it
works same like >> operator.

Inheritance Tree C++ creates a new inheritance Java uses a single inheritance tree always
tree always. because all classes are the child of Object
class in java. The object class is the root of
the inheritance tree in java.

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.

Object-oriented C++ is an object-oriented Java is also an object-oriented language.

 language. However, in C However, everything (except fundamental
language, single root hierarchy is types) is an object in Java. It is a single root
not possible. hierarchy as everything gets derived from
java.lang.Object.

3) List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

o Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to
write the program in it.

o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to maintain

our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates both data and
behavior.

o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java

program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class) which
can be easily run on every machine.

o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is

different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform to
be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't
depend upon the operating system to be executed.

o Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the
concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more secured.

o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory management.

The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling, etc. make it more
robust.
 o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the
architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit or
64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.

o Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the
program execution.

o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming

languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower
than a compiled language (e.g., C++).

o Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't
occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.

o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed

applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This
feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on
the internet.

o Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means

classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C
and C++.

4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program.
JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM is
the specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is
compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native code.
5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the
runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification which
specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by Oracle
and other companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent). It
is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There are three notions of the
JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java Runtime
Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used
to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It
contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment which is
used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development
tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle
Corporation:

o Standard Edition Java Platform

o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform

More Details.

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant
pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
 2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a
part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the
same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame
is destroyed when its method invocation completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of the
Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.

More Details.

7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the
bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of
time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction
set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is executed.
There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based. Java provides the
software-based platform.

9) What are the main differences between the Java platform and other
platforms?
There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.

o Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware
platforms or software-based platforms.
o Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can
only have the hardware components.
 10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?
The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code) which is
the intermediate language between source code and machine code. This bytecode is not
platform specific and can be executed on any computer.

11) What is class loader?

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java
program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in classloaders in Java.

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of Extension
classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java Standard Edition
like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util package classes, java.io
package classes, java.sql package classes, etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent classloader
of System classloader. It loads the jar files located
inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension classloader.
It loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath is set to the current
directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It is also
known as Application classloader.

12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java and run
by java classname Let's take a simple example:

1. //save by .java only  
2. class A{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. System.out.println("Hello java");  
5. }  
6. }  
7. //compile by javac .java  
8. //run by     java A  
compile it by javac .java

run it by java A

13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then what will
the value stored in the String array passed into the main() method,
empty or NULL?
It is empty, but not null.

15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter in Java.

16) What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object
references.

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the
method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.

o Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed by
any class or method.
o Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-
class of this class, or within the same class.
 o Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes,
methods, and variables are of default scope.
o Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed within
the class only.

18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The
static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are stored in the class
area, and we do not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is used
in the case, where we need to define variables or methods which are common to all the objects
of the class.

For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of the
college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name will be defined
as static.

19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

o Packages avoid the name clashes.

o The Package provides easier access control.
o We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the
package.
o It is easier to locate the related classes.

20) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])   
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Javatpoint");   
6.         System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 + 20);  
7.     }  
8. }  

The output of the above code will be

30Javatpoint
Javatpoint1020

Explanation

In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their sum 30 is
treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint. Therefore, the output will
be 30Javatpoint.

In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the

string Javatpoint10 which will then be concatenated with 20 to be Javatpoint1020.

21) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])   
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Javatpoint");   
6.         System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 * 20);  
7.     }  
8. }  

The output of the above code will be

200Javatpoint
Javatpoint200

Explanation

In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is treated
as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint to produce the
output 200Javatpoint.
 In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because the
precedence of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200 will be treated as the
string and concatenated with the string Javatpointto produce the output as Javatpoint200.

22) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])   
4.     {  
5.         for(int i=0; 0; i++)   
6.         {  
7.             System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");  
8.         }  
9.     }  
10. }  

The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a boolean value
in the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System) interview
questions. However, they have been categorized in many sections such as constructor interview
questions, static interview questions, Inheritance Interview questions, Abstraction interview
question, Polymorphism interview questions, etc. for better understanding.

23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class to
which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity
and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one another to design
applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-oriented paradigm.

o Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

o Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data
 o Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities
from the user and show only functionality.
o Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
o The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python, C#,
etc.

24) What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an instance
of the class having the instance variables as the state of the object and the methods as the
behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword.

25) What is the difference between an object-oriented programming

language and object-based programming language?
There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-
based language.

o Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based
language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and polymorphism.
o Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based
languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
o Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the
examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined
as an instance variable?
All object references are initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

27) What is the constructor?
The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize the state
of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is allocated for the
object. Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the default constructor of the
class is called. The name of the constructor must be similar to the class name. The constructor
must not have an explicit return type.

More Details.

28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of constructors in Java.

o Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any value.
The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with the default
values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation. A default
constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if there is no constructor defined in the
class.
o Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can
initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say that the
constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized constructors.
 29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?
The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The java
compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in the class.

1. class Student3{  
2. int id;  
3. String name;  
4.   
5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}  
6.   
7. public static void main(String args[]){  
8. Student3 s1=new Student3();  
9. Student3 s2=new Student3();  
10. s1.display();  
11. s2.display();  
12. }  
13. }  
Test it Now

Output:

0 null
0 null

Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler provides you
a default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default constructor.

More Details.
 30) Does constructor return any value?
Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't use an
explicit return type with the constructor). More Details.

31)Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.

32) Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.

33) Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by the
constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. Consider the following example.

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     int i;   
4.     public Test(int k)  
5.     {  
6.         i=k;  
7.     }  
8.     public Test(int k, int m)  
9.     {  
10.         System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");  
11.         if(k>m)  
12.         {  
13.             i=k;   
14.         }  
15.         else   
16.         {  
17.             i=m;  
18.         }  
19.     }  
20. }  
21. public class Main   
22. {  
23.     public static void main (String args[])   
24.     {  
25.         Test test1 = new Test(10);  
26.         Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);  
27.         System.out.println(test1.i);  
28.         System.out.println(test2.i);  
29.     }  
30. }  
31.       

In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor. In the first
call to the constructor, The constructor with one argument is called, and i will be initialized with
the value 10. However, In the second call to the constructor, The constructor with the 2
arguments is called, and i will be initialized with the value 15.

34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to
another like copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

o By constructor
o By assigning the values of one object into another
o By clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java
constructor.

1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another  
2. class Student6{  
3.     int id;  
4.     String name;  
5.     //constructor to initialize integer and string  
6.     Student6(int i,String n){  
7.     id = i;  
8.     name = n;  
9.     }  
10.     //constructor to initialize another object  
11.     Student6(Student6 s){  
12.     id = s.id;  
13.     name =s.name;  
14.     }  
15.     void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}  
16.    
17.     public static void main(String args[]){  
18.     Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");  
19.     Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);  
20.     s1.display();  
21.     s2.display();  
22.    }  
23. }  
Test it Now

Output:

111 Karan
111 Karan

35) What are the differences between the constructors and methods?
There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.

Java Constructor Java Method

A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. A method is used to expose the
behavior of an object.

A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type.
 The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.

The Java compiler provides a default constructor if you The method is not provided by the
don't have any constructor in a class. compiler in any case.

The constructor name must be same as the class name. The method name may or may not be
same as class name.

36) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test   
2. {  
3.     Test(int a, int b)  
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);  
6.     }  
7.     Test(int a, float b)  
8.     {  
9.         System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);  
10.     }  
11.     public static void main (String args[])  
12.     {  
13.         byte a = 10;   
14.         byte b = 15;  
15.         Test test = new Test(a,b);  
16.     }  
17. }  

The output of the following program is:

a = 10 b = 15

Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the first
parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.

37) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     int i;   
4. }  
5. public class Main   
6. {  
7.     public static void main (String args[])   
8.     {  
9.         Test test = new Test();   
10.         System.out.println(test.i);  
11.     }  
12. }  
 The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As we know
that a default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no constructor in the class, the variable i
is initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.

38) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     int test_a, test_b;  
4.     Test(int a, int b)   
5.     {  
6.     test_a = a;   
7.     test_b = b;   
8.     }  
9.     public static void main (String args[])   
10.     {  
11.         Test test = new Test();   
12.         System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);  
13.     }  
14. }  

There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default constructor in the
main method which is not present in the class. However, there is only one parameterized
constructor in the class Test. Therefore, no default constructor is invoked by the constructor
implicitly.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

39) What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not unique for
each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of students, etc. Static
variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. Using a static
variable makes your program more memory efficient (it saves memory). Static variable belongs
to the class rather than the object.
1. //Program of static variable  
2.   
3. class Student8{  
4.    int rollno;  
5.    String name;  
6.    static String college ="ITS";  
7.      
8.    Student8(int r,String n){  
9.    rollno = r;  
10.    name = n;  
11.    }  
12.  void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}  
13.   
14.  public static void main(String args[]){  
15.  Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");  
16.  Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");  
17.    
18.  s1.display();  
19.  s2.display();  
20.  }  
21. }  
Test it Now
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS
More Details.

40) What is the static method?

o A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

o There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
o A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.

More Details.

41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?
Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.

o The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static method
directly.
o this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.
 42) Why is the main method static?
Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main method non-
static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main() method which will lead to the
extra memory allocation. More Details.

43) Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.

44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main method,
at the time of classloading.

1. class A2{  
2.   static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}  
3.   public static void main(String args[]){  
4.    System.out.println("Hello main");  
5.   }  
6. }  
Test it Now
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main

More Details.

45) Can we execute a program without main() method?

Ans) No, It was possible before JDK 1.7 using the static block. Since JDK 1.7, it is not
possible. More Details.

46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main
method?
Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."
47) What is the difference between static (class) method and instance
method?

static or class method instance method

1)A method that is declared as static is known as the static A method that is not declared as
method. static is known as the instance
method.

2)We don't need to create the objects to call the static The object is required to call the
methods. instance methods.

3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be accessed in the Static and non-static variables both
static context (static method, static block, and static nested can be accessed in instance
class) directly. methods.

4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return n*n*n;} For example: public void msg(){...}.

48) Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not the
object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there is no sense to
make the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show the compiler
error.

49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?

In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we can
directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely useless therefore
it is not allowed.

50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an abstract

class?
Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know that there
is no requirement to make the object to access the static context, therefore, we can access the
 static context declared inside the abstract class by using the name of the abstract class. Consider
the following example.

1. abstract class Test  
2. {  
3.     static int i = 102;  
4.     static void TestMethod()  
5.     {  
6.         System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");  
7.     }  
8. }  
9. public class TestClass extends Test   
10. {  
11.     public static void main (String args[])  
12.     {  
13.         Test.TestMethod();  
14.         System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);  
15.     }  
16. }  

Output

hi !! I am good !!
i = 102

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the various
uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties such as instance
methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the methods or
constructors. It can also be returned from the method as the current class instance.
 More Details.

52) What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.

o this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.

o this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
o this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
o this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
o this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
o this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?

No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class object and
this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler error will be shown.
Consider the following example.

1. public class Test  
2. {  
3.     public Test()  
4.     {  
5.         this = null;   
6.         System.out.println("Test class constructor called");  
7.     }  
8.     public static void main (String args[])  
9.     {  
10.         Test t = new Test();  
11.     }  
12. }  

Output

Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this

this = null;
^
1 error

54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a reference
variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that, it is unnecessary to
access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best practice to use this to refer
static members. Consider the following example.

1. public class Test   
2. {  
3.     static int i = 10;   
4.     public Test ()  
5.     {  
6.         System.out.println(this.i);      
7.     }  
8.     public static void main (String args[])  
9.     {  
10.         Test t = new Test();  
11.     }  
12. }  

Output

10

55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the class
with respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform constructor
chaining within the same class. Consider the following example which illustrates how can we use
this keyword to achieve constructor chaining.
1. public class Employee  
2. {  
3.     int id,age;   
4.     String name, address;  
5.     public Employee (int age)  
6.     {  
7.         this.age = age;  
8.     }  
9.     public Employee(int id, int age)  
10.     {  
11.         this(age);  
12.         this.id = id;  
13.     }  
14.     public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)  
15.     {  
16.         this(id, age);  
17.         this.name = name;   
18.         this.address = address;   
19.     }  
20.     public static void main (String args[])  
21.     {  
22.         Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");  
23.         System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" address: "+em
p.address);  
24.     }  
25.       
26. }  

Output

ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi

56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method instead of the
current class object itself?
As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to the
current class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this into a method
instead of the current class object.
 o this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas the
current class object might not be final and can be changed.
o this can be used in the synchronized block.

57) What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior of
another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and Method Overriding. The idea
behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes.
When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class.
Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents
the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.

There are five types of inheritance in Java.

o Single-level inheritance
o Multi-level inheritance
o Multiple Inheritance
o Hierarchical Inheritance
o Hybrid Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.

More Details.

58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.

o Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the
method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation of the
method.
o Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.
o We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes OOPs
more realistic.
o Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived
class by making it private.
 o Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding, we
can give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the base class.

59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.

60) Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not supported in
java. Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class inherits A and B classes.
If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from child class object, there will be
ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.

Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-time error if
you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or different, there will be a compile
time error.

1. class A{  
2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}  
3. }  
4. class B{  
5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}  
6. }  
7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were  
8.    
9.  Public Static void main(String args[]){  
10.    C obj=new C();  
11.    obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?  
12. }  
13. }  
Test it Now
Compile Time Error

61) What is aggregation?

 Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the aggregate class
contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best described as a has-a relationship.
For example, The aggregate class Employee having various fields such as age, name, and salary
also contains an object of Address class having various fields such as Address-Line 1, City, State,
and pin-code. In other words, we can say that Employee (class) has an object of Address class.
Consider the following example.

Address.java

1. public class Address {  
2. String city,state,country;  
3.   
4. public Address(String city, String state, String country) {  
5.     this.city = city;  
6.     this.state = state;  
7.     this.country = country;  
8. }  
9.   
10. }  

Employee.java

1. public class Emp {  
2. int id;  
3. String name;  
4. Address address;  
5.   
6. public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {  
7.     this.id = id;  
8.     this.name = name;  
9.     this.address=address;  
10. }  
11.   
12. void display(){  
13. System.out.println(id+" "+name);  
14. System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+address.country);  
15. }  
16.   
17. public static void main(String[] args) {  
18. Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");  
19. Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");  
20.   
21. Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);  
22. Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);  
23.       
24. e.display();  
25. e2.display();  
26.       
27. }  
28. }  

Output

111 varun
gzb UP india
112 arun
gno UP india

62) What is composition?

Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition. When an
object contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist without the existence of
container object, then it is called composition. In other words, we can say that composition is
the particular case of aggregation which represents a stronger relationship between two objects.
Example: A class contains students. A student cannot exist without a class. There exists
composition between class and students.

63) What is the difference between aggregation and composition?

Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the strong
relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but the bike has an engine
(composition).

64) Why does Java not support pointers?

The pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in Java because
they are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.
 65) What is super in java?
The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the immediate parent
class object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass, an instance of the parent class is
created implicitly which is referred by super reference variable. The super() is called in the class
constructor implicitly by the compiler if there is no super or this.

1. class Animal{  
2. Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}  
3. }  
4. class Dog extends Animal{  
5. Dog(){  
6. System.out.println("dog is created");  
7. }  
8. }  
9. class TestSuper4{  
10. public static void main(String args[]){  
11. Dog d=new Dog();  
12. }  
13. }  
Test it Now

Output:

animal is created
dog is created
More Details.

66) How can constructor chaining be done by using the super keyword?

1. class Person  
2. {  
3.     String name,address;   
4.     int age;  
5.     public Person(int age, String name, String address)  
6.     {  
7.         this.age = age;  
8.         this.name = name;  
9.         this.address = address;  
10.     }  
11. }  
12. class Employee extends Person   
13. {  
14.     float salary;  
15.     public Employee(int age, String name, String address, float salary)  
16.     {  
17.         super(age,name,address);  
18.         this.salary = salary;  
19.     }  
20. }  
21. public class Test   
22. {  
23.     public static void main (String args[])  
24.     {  
25.         Employee e = new Employee(22, "Mukesh", "Delhi", 90000);  
26.         System.out.println("Name: "+e.name+" Salary: "+e.salary+" Age: "+e.age+" Address: "+e.ad
dress);  
27.     }  
28. }  

Output

Name: Mukesh Salary: 90000.0 Age: 22 Address: Delhi

67) What are the main uses of the super keyword?

There are the following uses of super keyword.

o super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
o super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
o super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

68) What are the differences between this and super keyword?
There are the following differences between this and super keyword.
 o The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this keyword
always points to the current class context.
o The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within the
derived class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to differentiate between
local and instance variables when passed in the class constructor.
o The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the compiler
will throw an error.

69) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Person   
2. {  
3.     public Person()   
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("Person class constructor called");  
6.     }  
7. }  
8. public class Employee extends Person   
9. {  
10.     public Employee()   
11.     {  
12.         System.out.println("Employee class constructor called");  
13.     }  
14.     public static void main (String args[])  
15.     {  
16.         Employee e = new Employee();  
17.     }  
18. }  

Output

Person class constructor called

Employee class constructor called

Explanation
 The super() is implicitly invoked by the compiler if no super() or this() is included explicitly within
the derived class constructor. Therefore, in this case, The Person class constructor is called first
and then the Employee class constructor is called.

70) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.

Example:

1. public class Test{  
2.     Test()  
3.      {  
4.          super();   
5.          this();  
6.          System.out.println("Test class object is created");  
7.      }  
8.      public static void main(String []args){  
9.      Test t = new Test();  
10.      }  
11. }  

Output:

Test.java:5: error: call to this must be first statement in constructor

71)What is object cloning?

The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the
Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented
by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface,
clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException.

1. protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException    
2.       
More Details.
 Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading Interview
Questions

72) What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create multiple methods
with the same name but different signature. We can achieve method overloading in two ways.

o By Changing the number of arguments

o By Changing the data type of arguments

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is performed
to figure out the program quickly.

More Details.

73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the return type
in java?
In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the program due to
avoid the ambiguity.

1. class Adder{  
2. static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}  
3. static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}  
4. }  
5. class TestOverloading3{  
6. public static void main(String[] args){  
7. System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity  
8. }}  
Test it Now

Output:

Compile Time Error: method add(int, int) is already defined in class Adder
More Details.

74) Can we overload the methods by making them static?

 No, We cannot overload the methods by just applying the static keyword to them(number of
parameters and types are the same). Consider the following example.

1. public class Animal  
2. {  
3.     void consume(int a)  
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println(a+" consumed!!");  
6.     }  
7.     static void consume(int a)  
8.     {  
9.         System.out.println("consumed static "+a);  
10.     }  
11.     public static void main (String args[])  
12.     {  
13.         Animal a = new Animal();  
14.         a.consume(10);  
15.         Animal.consume(20);  
16.     }  
17. }    

Output

Animal.java:7: error: method consume(int) is already defined in class Animal

static void consume(int a)
^
Animal.java:15: error: non-static method consume(int) cannot be referenced
from a static context
Animal.consume(20);
^
2 errors

75) Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method overloading.

More Details.

76) What is method overloading with type promotion?

 By Type promotion is method overloading, we mean that one data type can be promoted to
another implicitly if no exact matching is found.

As displayed in the above diagram, the byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double.
The short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double. The char datatype can be
promoted to int, long, float or double and so on. Consider the following example.

1. class OverloadingCalculation1{  
2.   void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}  
3.   void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}  
4.   
5.   public static void main(String args[]){  
6.   OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();  
7.   obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long  
8.   obj.sum(20,20,20);  
9.   }  
10. }  
Test it Now
 Output

40
60

77) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class OverloadingCalculation3{    
2.   void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}    
3.   void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}    
4.     
5.   public static void main(String args[]){    
6.   OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();    
7.   obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity    
8.   }    
9. }    

Output

OverloadingCalculation3.java:7: error: reference to sum is ambiguous

obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
^
both method sum(int,long) in OverloadingCalculation3
and method sum(long,int) in OverloadingCalculation3 match
1 error

Explanation

There are two methods defined with the same name, i.e., sum. The first method accepts the
integer and long type whereas the second method accepts long and the integer type. The
parameter passed that are a = 20, b = 20. We can not tell that which method will be called as
there is no clear differentiation mentioned between integer literal and long literal. This is the
case of ambiguity. Therefore, the compiler will throw an error.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding Interview Questions

78) What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided by its
parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime polymorphism and to
implement the interface methods.

Rules for Method overriding

o The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
o The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
o Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.

More Details.

79) Can we override the static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not the object.

80) Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class whereas
instance method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in class area, and instance
gets memory in a heap.

81) Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.

82) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.

Method Overloading Method Overriding

1) Method overloading increases the Method overriding provides the specific implementation of
readability of the program. the method that is already provided by its superclass.

2) Method overloading occurs within Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A
the class. relationship between them.
 3) In this case, the parameters must In this case, the parameters must be the same.
be different.

83) Can we override the private methods?

No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is limited to
the class and we cannot access them outside of the class.

84) Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass?
Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass. However, we must
notice that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the method. The following point must be
taken care of while changing the accessibility of the method.

o The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.

o The protected can be changed to public or default.
o The default can be changed to public.
o The public will always remain public.

85) Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass method while
overriding it in the subclass?
Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the
subclass. However, there are some rules which are to be followed while overriding in case of
exception handling.

o If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden method
cannot declare the checked exception, but it can declare the unchecked exception.
o If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can declare
same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent exception.

86) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base  
2. {  
3.     void method(int a)  
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("Base class method called with integer a = "+a);  
6.     }  
7.        
8.     void method(double d)  
9.     {  
10.         System.out.println("Base class method called with double d ="+d);  
11.     }  
12. }  
13.    
14. class Derived extends Base  
15. {  
16.     @Override  
17.     void method(double d)  
18.     {  
19.         System.out.println("Derived class method called with double d ="+d);  
20.     }  
21. }  
22.    
23. public class Main  
24. {      
25.     public static void main(String[] args)  
26.     {  
27.         new Derived().method(10);  
28.     }  
29. }  

Output

Base class method called with integer a = 10

Explanation

The method() is overloaded in class Base whereas it is derived in class Derived with the double
type as the parameter. In the method call, the integer is passed.

87) Can you have virtual functions in Java?

 Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.

88) What is covariant return type?

Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if the return
type of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is known as covariant return type. The
covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the
subclass.

1. class A{  
2. A get(){return this;}  
3. }  
4.   
5. class B1 extends A{  
6. B1 get(){return this;}  
7. void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant return type");}  
8.   
9. public static void main(String args[]){  
10. new B1().get().message();  
11. }  
12. }  
Test it Now
Output: welcome to covariant return type
More Details.

89) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base   
2. {  
3.     public void baseMethod()  
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("BaseMethod called ...");  
6.     }  
7. }  
8. class Derived extends Base   
9. {  
10.     public void baseMethod()  
11.     {  
12.         System.out.println("Derived method called ...");  
13.     }  
14. }  
15. public class Test   
16. {  
17.     public static void main (String args[])  
18.     {  
19.         Base b = new Derived();  
20.         b.baseMethod();  
21.     }  
22. }  

Output

Derived method called ...

Explanation

The method of Base class, i.e., baseMethod() is overridden in Derived class. In Test class, the
reference variable b (of type Base class) refers to the instance of the Derived class. Here,
Runtime polymorphism is achieved between class Base and Derived. At compile time, the
presence of method baseMethod checked in Base class, If it presence then the program
compiled otherwise the compiler error will be shown. In this case, baseMethod is present in Base
class; therefore, it is compiled successfully. However, at runtime, It checks whether the
baseMethod has been overridden by Derived class, if so then the Derived class method is called
otherwise Base class method is called. In this case, the Derived class overrides the baseMethod;
therefore, the Derived class method is called.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview Questions

90) What is the final variable?

In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize the final
variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that the final variable once
assigned to a value, can never be changed after that. The final variable which is not assigned to
any value can only be assigned through the class constructor.
1. class Bike9{  
2.  final int speedlimit=90;//final variable  
3.  void run(){  
4.   speedlimit=400;  
5.  }  
6.  public static void main(String args[]){  
7.  Bike9 obj=new  Bike9();  
8.  obj.run();  
9.  }  
10. }//end of class  
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error
More Details.

91) What is the final method?

If we change any method to a final method, we can't override it. More Details.

1. class Bike{  
2.   final void run(){System.out.println("running");}  
3. }  
4.      
5. class Honda extends Bike{  
6.    void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}  
7.      
8.    public static void main(String args[]){  
9.    Honda honda= new Honda();  
10.    honda.run();  
11.    }  
12. }  
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error

92) What is the final class?

If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.

1. final class Bike{}  
2.   
3. class Honda1 extends Bike{  
4.   void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}  
5.     
6.   public static void main(String args[]){  
7.   Honda1 honda= new Honda1();  
8.   honda.run();  
9.   }  
10. }  
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error
More Details.

93) What is the final blank variable?

A final variable, not initialized at the time of declaration, is known as the final blank variable. We
can't initialize the final blank variable directly. Instead, we have to initialize it by using the class
constructor. It is useful in the case when the user has some data which must not be changed by
others, for example, PAN Number. Consider the following example:

1. class Student{  
2. int id;  
3. String name;  
4. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;  
5. ...  
6. }  
More Details.
 94) Can we initialize the final blank variable?
Yes, if it is not static, we can initialize it in the constructor. If it is static blank final variable, it can
be initialized only in the static block. More Details.

95) Can you declare the main method as final?

Yes, We can declare the main method as public static final void main(String[] args){}.

96) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Main {  
2.  public static void main(String args[]){  
3.    final int i;  
4.    i = 20;  
5.    System.out.println(i);  
6.  }  
7. }  

Output

20

Explanation

Since i is the blank final variable. It can be initialized only once. We have initialized it to 20.
Therefore, 20 will be printed.

97) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Base   
2. {  
3.     protected final void getInfo()  
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("method of Base class");  
6.     }  
7. }  
8.    
9. public class Derived extends Base  
10. {  
11.     protected final void getInfo()  
12.     {  
13.         System.out.println("method of Derived class");  
14.     }  
15.     public static void main(String[] args)  
16.     {  
17.         Base obj = new Base();  
18.         obj.getInfo();  
19.     }  
20. }  

Output

Derived.java:11: error: getInfo() in Derived cannot override getInfo()

in Base
protected final void getInfo()
^
overridden method is final
1 error

Explanation

The getDetails() method is final; therefore it can not be overridden in the subclass.

98) Can we declare a constructor as final?

The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited. Constructors are not
ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare constructors as final. However, if you
try to do so, The compiler will throw an error.

99) Can we declare an interface as final?

No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be implemented by some
class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to make an interface final. However, if
you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.

100) What is the difference between the final method and abstract
method?
The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the abstract method
cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to give its definition.

Core Java - OOPs: Polymorphism Interview Questions

101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and

runtime polymorphism?
There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and runtime
polymorphism.

SN compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism

1 In compile-time polymorphism, call In runtime polymorphism, call to an overridden

to a method is resolved at compile- method is resolved at runtime.
time.

2 It is also known as static binding, It is also known as dynamic binding, late binding,
early binding, or overloading. overriding, or dynamic method dispatch.

3 Overloading is a way to achieve Overriding is a way to achieve runtime polymorphism

compile-time polymorphism in in which, we can redefine some particular method or
which, we can define multiple variable in the derived class. By using overriding, we
methods or constructors with can give some specific implementation to the base
different signatures. class properties in the derived class.

4 It provides fast execution because It provides slower execution as compare to compile-

the type of an object is determined time because the type of an object is determined at
at compile-time. run-time.

5 Compile-time polymorphism Run-time polymorphism provides more flexibility

provides less flexibility because all because all the things are resolved at runtime.
 the things are resolved at compile-
time.

102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an
overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an
overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of
the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.

1. class Bike{  
2.   void run(){System.out.println("running");}  
3. }  
4. class Splendor extends Bike{  
5.   void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}  
6.   public static void main(String args[]){  
7.     Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting  
8.     b.run();  
9.   }  
10. }  
Test it Now

Output:

running safely with 60km.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass.
The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the
reference variable.

x
More details.

103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?

 No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism and data members
cannot be overridden. We can override the member functions but not the data members.
Consider the example given below.

1. class Bike{  
2.  int speedlimit=90;  
3. }  
4. class Honda3 extends Bike{  
5.  int speedlimit=150;  
6.  public static void main(String args[]){  
7.   Bike obj=new Honda3();  
8.   System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90  
9.    }  
Test it Now

Output:

90
More details.

104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic binding?
In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-time whereas, in
the dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at runtime.

Static Binding

1. class Dog{  
2.  private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}  
3.   
4.  public static void main(String args[]){  
5.   Dog d1=new Dog();  
6.   d1.eat();  
7.  }  
8. }  

Dynamic Binding

1. class Animal{  
2.  void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}  
3. }  
4.   
5. class Dog extends Animal{  
6.  void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}  
7.   
8.  public static void main(String args[]){  
9.   Animal a=new Dog();  
10.   a.eat();  
11.  }  
12. }  
More details.

105) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class BaseTest   
2. {  
3.   void print()  
4.   {  
5.     System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");  
6.   }  
7. }  
8. public class Test extends BaseTest   
9. {  
10.   void print()   
11.   {  
12.     System.out.println("Test:print() called");  
13.   }  
14.   public static void main (String args[])  
15.   {  
16.     BaseTest b = new Test();  
17.     b.print();  
18.   }  
19. }  

Output

Test:print() called

Explanation

It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable b is determined at

runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that method is present in the Base class. In this
case, it is overridden in the child class, therefore, at runtime the derived class method is called.

106) What is Java instanceOf operator?

The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the
instance with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator with any
variable that has a null value, it returns false. Consider the following example.

1. class Simple1{  
2.  public static void main(String args[]){  
3.  Simple1 s=new Simple1();  
4.  System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true  
5.  }  
6. }  
Test it Now
Output

true

An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog extends Animal then
object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or Animal class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions

107) What is the abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to
the user. It displays just the essential things to the user and hides the internal information, for
example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message. You don't know the
internal processing about the message delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the
object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead
of how it does it.

In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.

o Abstract Class
o Interface

More details.

108) What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?

Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps code and data into a
single unit.

More details.

109) What is the abstract class?

 A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to be extended and its
method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can have abstract methods, non-abstract
methods, constructors, and static methods. It can also have the final methods which will force
the subclass not to change the body of the method. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Bike{  
2.   abstract void run();  
3. }  
4. class Honda4 extends Bike{  
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}  
6. public static void main(String args[]){  
7.  Bike obj = new Honda4();  
8.  obj.run();  
9. }  
10. }  
Test it Now

Output

running safely
More details.

110) Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?

No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what will be
the output of the program?

1. abstract class Calculate  
2. {  
3.     abstract int multiply(int a, int b);  
4. }  
5.    
6. public class Main  
7. {  
8.     public static void main(String[] args)  
9.     {  
10.         int result = new Calculate()  
11.         {      
12.             @Override  
13.             int multiply(int a, int b)  
14.             {  
15.                 return a*b;  
16.             }  
17.         }.multiply(12,32);  
18.         System.out.println("result = "+result);  
19.     }  
20. }  

Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition of abstract method
multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The output of the program will be:

Output

384

112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?
No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its implementation, whereas
we can't override the final method.

113) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a constructor and all of its
methods are implemented.
 114) What is the interface?
The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract methods. It can be
used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance. It is a mechanism to achieve
abstraction. There can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is
used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that
interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also represents the IS-A
relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class. However, we need to
implement it to define its methods. Since Java 8, we can have the default, static, and private
methods in an interface.

More details.

115) Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not use static and
abstract together.

116) Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if it is final, it can't be
implemented by any class.

117) What is a marker interface?

A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data member and member
functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are marker interfaces. The marker interface can
be declared as follows.

1. public interface Serializable{    
2. }    

118) What are the differences between abstract class and interface?
 Abstract class Interface

An abstract class can have a method body (non- The interface has only abstract methods.
abstract methods).

An abstract class can have instance variables. An interface cannot have instance variables.

An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the constructor.

An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static methods.

You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.

The abstract class can provide the implementation The Interface can't provide the
of the interface. implementation of the abstract class.

The abstract keyword is used to declare an abstract The interface keyword is used to declare an

class. interface.

An abstract class can extend another Java class and An interface can extend another Java
implement multiple Java interfaces. interface only.

An abstract class can be extended using An interface class can be implemented using

keyword extends keyword implements

A Java abstract class can have class members like Members of a Java interface are public by
private, protected, etc. default.

Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the members in
interfaces?
No, they are implicitly public.

120) When can an object reference be cast to an interface reference?

An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object implements the
referenced interface.
 121) How to make a read-only class in Java?
A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-only class will have
only getter methods which return the private property of the class to the main method. We
cannot modify this property because there is no setter method available in the class. Consider
the following example.

1.   //A Java class which has only getter methods.    
2. public class Student{    
3. //private data member    
4. private String college="AKG";    
5. //getter method for college    
6. public String getCollege(){    
7. return college;    
8. }    
9. }    

122) How to make a write-only class in Java?

A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-only class will have
only setter methods which set the value passed from the main method to the private fields. We
cannot read the properties of the class because there is no getter method in this class. Consider
the following example.

1.   //A Java class which has only setter methods.    
2. public class Student{    
3. //private data member    
4. private String college;    
5. //getter method for college    
6. public void setCollege(String college){    
7. this.college=college;    
8. }    
9. }    

123) What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

o By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or
write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.
o It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which
should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter method. You
can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods.
o It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able to access
the data through the private data members.
o The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
o The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is
easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions

124) What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages. It provides access
protection and removes naming collision. The packages in Java can be categorized into two
forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined package. There are many built-in packages such as
Java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create a
package in Java.

1. //save as Simple.java  
2. package mypack;  
3. public class Simple{  
4.  public static void main(String args[]){  
5.     System.out.println("Welcome to package");  
6.    }  
7. }  

More details.

125) What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same class names defined in
different packages. Packages also enable the developer to organize the similar classes more
effectively. For example, one can clearly understand that the classes present in java.io package
are used to perform io related operations.

126) How to create packages in Java?

If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc. click on file->new-
>project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of the package. It will create the project
package containing various directories such as src, etc. If you are using an editor like notepad
for java programming, use the following steps to create the package.

o Define a package package_name. Create the class with the name class_name and save

this file with your_class_name.java.

o Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.

1. javac -d . your_class_name.java  

The above command creates the package with the name package_name in the present
working directory.

o Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.

1. java package_name.class_name  

127) How can we access some class in another class in Java?

There are two ways to access a class in another class.

o By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different package, either we
must use the fully qualified name of that class, or we must import the package
containing that class.
o By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related to the
package that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.

128) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the
package twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM
complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how
many times you import the same class.

130) What is the static import?

By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and there is no to qualify it
with the class name.

More details.

Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers. If you know any
exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

131) How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an error is considered
as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there are three types of exceptions:

o Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at compile-
time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.

o Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are handled at runtime
because they can not be checked at compile-time. For example, ArithmaticException,
NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.
 o Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For Example,
OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.

132) What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It is used primarily to
handle checked exceptions. Exception handling maintains the normal flow of the program. There
are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, the error is considered as the
unchecked exception.

More details.

133) Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?

The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by
two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java Exception classes are given below:
 134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked
Exception?

1) Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error are known as
checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc. Checked exceptions are checked at
compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked exceptions, e.g.,
ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at
compile-time.

More details.

135) What is the base class for Error and Exception?

The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.

136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch

block?
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It should be followed
by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever exceptions are likely to be thrown should
be declared in the throws clause of the method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Main{  
2.      public static void main(String []args){  
3.         try{  
4.             int a = 1;   
5.             System.out.println(a/0);  
6.         }  
7.         finally  
8.         {  
9.             System.out.println("rest of the code...");  
10.         }  
11.      }  
12. }  
13.       

Output:

Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero

rest of the code...

137) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class ExceptionHandlingExample {  
2. public static void main(String args[])  
3. {  
4.     try  
5.     {  
6.         int a = 1/0;  
7.         System.out.println("a = "+a);  
8.     }  
9.     catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}  
10.     catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}    
11. }  
12. }  

Output

ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has

already been caught
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
^
1 error

Explanation
ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be used after Exception.
Since Exception is the base class for all the exceptions, therefore, it must be used at last to
handle the exception. No class can be used after this.

138) What is finally block?

The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is executed whether
an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say that finally block is the block which is
always executed. Finally block follows try or catch block. If you don't handle the exception,
before terminating the program, JVM runs finally block, (if any). The finally block is mainly used
to place the cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection. Here, we must know
that for each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks, but only one finally block. The
finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a
fatal error that causes the process to abort).
More details.

139) Can finally block be used without a catch?

Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try or catch block,
therefore, we can use try block instead of catch. More details.

140) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?

 Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a
fatal error that causes the process to abort).More details.

141) What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

1) The throw keyword is used to throw The throws keyword is used to declare an exception.

an exception explicitly.

2) The checked exceptions cannot be The checked exception can be propagated with throws
propagated with throw only.

3) The throw keyword is followed by an The throws keyword is followed by class.

instance.

4) The throw keyword is used within the The throws keyword is used with the method signature.
method.

5) You cannot throw multiple exceptions. You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public void
method()throws IOException, SQLException.
More details.

142) What is the output of the following Java program?

1.   public class Main{  
2.      public static void main(String []args){  
3.         try  
4.         {  
5.             throw 90;   
6.         }  
7.         catch(int e){  
8.             System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);  
9.         }  
10.               
11.     }  
12. }  

Output

Main.java:6: error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to Throwable

throw 90;
^
Main.java:8: error: unexpected type
catch(int e){
^
required: class
found: int
2 errors

Explanation

In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an integer object, The
compiler will show an error since we can not throw basic data type from a block of code.

143) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Calculation extends Exception  
2. {  
3.     public Calculation()   
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");  
6.     }  
7.     public void add(int a, int b)  
8.     {  
9.         System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));  
10.     }  
11. }  
12. public class Main{  
13.      public static void main(String []args){  
14.         try  
15.         {  
16.             throw new Calculation();   
17.         }  
18.         catch(Calculation c){  
19.             c.add(10,20);  
20.         }  
21.     }  
22. }   

Output

Calculation class is instantiated

The sum is 30

Explanation

The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the catch block. The
add() of Calculation class is called with the integer values 10 and 20 by using the object of this
class. Therefore there sum 30 is printed. The object of the Main class can only be thrown in the
case when the type of the object is throwable. To do so, we need to extend the throwable class.

144) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if parent

class method doesn't throw an exception?
Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

More details.

146) What is exception propagation?

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the
call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the
previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call
 stack. This procedure is called exception propagation. By default, checked exceptions are not
propagated.

1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{  
2.   void m(){  
3.     int data=50/0;  
4.   }  
5.   void n(){  
6.     m();  
7.   }  
8.   void p(){  
9.    try{  
10.     n();  
11.    }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}  
12.   }  
13.   public static void main(String args[]){  
14.    TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();  
15.    obj.p();  
16.    System.out.println("normal flow...");  
17.   }  
18. }  
Test it Now

Output:

exception handled
normal flow...
 More details.

147) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main   
2. {  
3.     void a()  
4.     {  
5.         try{  
6.         System.out.println("a(): Main called");  
7.         b();  
8.         }catch(Exception e)  
9.         {  
10.             System.out.println("Exception is caught");  
11.         }  
12.     }  
13.     void b() throws Exception  
14.     {  
15.      try{  
16.          System.out.println("b(): Main called");  
17.          c();  
18.      }catch(Exception e){  
19.          throw new Exception();  
20.      }  
21.      finally   
22.      {  
23.          System.out.println("finally block is called");  
24.      }  
25.     }  
26.     void c() throws Exception   
27.     {  
28.         throw new Exception();  
29.     }  
30.   
31.     public static void main (String args[])  
32.     {  
33.         Main m = new Main();  
34.         m.a();  
35.     }  
36. }  

Output

a(): Main called

b(): Main called
finally block is called
Exception is caught

Explanation

In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b(). The method b()
prints some message and then call c(). The method c() throws an exception which is handled by
the catch block of method b. However, It propagates this exception by using throw
Exception() to be handled by the method a(). As we know, finally block is always executed
therefore the finally block in the method b() is executed first and prints a message. At last, the
exception is handled by the catch block of the method a().

148) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Calculation   
2. {  
3.     int a;   
4.     public Calculation(int a)  
5.     {  
6.         this.a = a;  
7.     }  
8.     public int add()  
9.     {  
10.         a = a+10;   
11.         try   
12.         {  
13.             a = a+10;   
14.             try   
15.             {  
16.                 a = a*10;   
17.                 throw new Exception();   
18.             }catch(Exception e){  
19.                 a = a - 10;  
20.             }  
21.         }catch(Exception e)  
22.         {  
23.             a = a - 10;   
24.         }  
25.         return a;  
26.     }  
27.       
28.     public static void main (String args[])  
29.     {  
30.         Calculation c = new Calculation(10);  
31.         int result = c.add();  
32.         System.out.println("result = "+result);  
33.     }  
34. }  

Output
result = 290

Explanation

The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class constructor which is
called while instantiating the class. The add method is called which returns an integer value
result. In add() method, a is incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in the first try block, 10 is again
incremented by 10 to be 30. In the second try block, a is multiplied by 10 to be 300. The second
try block throws the exception which is caught by the catch block associated with this try block.
The catch block again alters the value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the
add() method returns 290 which is assigned to result. However, the catch block associated with
the outermost try block will never be executed since there is no exception which can be handled
by this catch block.

Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and pointed answers. If you
know any string handling interview question, kindly post it in the comment section.

149) What is String Pool?

String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to store the strings. The
main advantage of using the String pool is whenever we create a string literal; the JVM checks
the "string constant pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled
instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and
placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding the duplicacy.
 150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?
The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java, String is immutable,
i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't be changed. Consider the following
example for better understanding.

1. class Testimmutablestring{  
2.  public static void main(String args[]){  
3.    String s="Sachin";  
4.    s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end  
5.    System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects  
6.  }  
7. }  
Test it Now

Output:

Sachin
More details.

151) Why are the objects immutable in java?

Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five reference variables, all
refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be
affected by all the reference variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.
 More details.

152) How many ways can we create the string object?

1) String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";  
 Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If the string
already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If the string doesn't
exist in the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. String objects are
stored in a special memory area known as the string constant pool For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";  
2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance  

2) By new keyword

1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable  

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap memory, and the
literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool. The variable s will refer to the object
in a heap (non-pool).

153) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s1="Welcome";  
2. String s2="Welcome";  
3. String s3="Welcome";  

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java are immutable.

More details.

154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?

 To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if it exists already in
the string constant pool).

More details.

155) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s = new String("Welcome");  

Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

More details.

156) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test   
2.   
3.   public static void main (String args[])  
4.   {  
5.       String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");  
6.       String b = "Sharma is a good player";  
7.       if(a == b)  
8.       {  
9.           System.out.println("a == b");  
10.       }  
11.       if(a.equals(b))  
12.       {  
13.           System.out.println("a equals b");  
14.       }  
15.   }  
 Output

a equals b

Explanation

The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects are equal or not.
Although both of the strings contain the same content, their references are not equal because
both are created by different ways(Constructor and String literal) therefore, a == b is unequal.
On the other hand, the equal() method always check for the content. Since their content is equal
hence, a equals b is printed.

157) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])  
4.     {  
5.         String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";  
6.         String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");  
7.         s2 = s2.intern();  
8.         System.out.println(s1 ==s2);  
9.     }  
10. }  

Output

true

Explanation

The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In this case, s1 is
created by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using the String pool. However, s2 is
changed to the reference of s1, and the operator == returns true.
 158) What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?
The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table below.

No. String StringBuffer

1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is mutable.

2) The String is slow and consumes more memory when The StringBuffer is fast and
you concat too many strings because every time it consumes less memory when you
creates a new instance. cancat strings.

3) The String class overrides the equals() method of The StringBuffer class doesn't
Object class. So you can compare the contents of two override the equals() method of
strings by equals() method. Object class.

159) What are the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?

The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.

No. StringBuffer StringBuilder

1) StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., thread safe. StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not

It means two threads can't call the methods thread safe. It means two threads can call the
of StringBuffer simultaneously. methods of StringBuilder simultaneously.

2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than StringBuffer.

StringBuilder.

160) How can we create an immutable class in Java?

We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its members as final.
Consider the following example.

1. public final class Employee{  
2. final String pancardNumber;  
3.   
4. public Employee(String pancardNumber){  
5. this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;  
6. }  
7.   
8. public String getPancardNumber(){  
9. return pancardNumber;  
10. }  
11.   
12. }  
More details.

161) What is the purpose of toString() method in Java?

The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you print any object, java
compiler internally invokes the toString() method on the object. So overriding the toString()
method, returns the desired output, it can be the state of an object, etc. depending upon your
implementation. By overriding the toString() method of the Object class, we can return the
values of the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the following example.

1. class Student{  
2.  int rollno;  
3.  String name;  
4.  String city;  
5.   
6.  Student(int rollno, String name, String city){  
7.  this.rollno=rollno;  
8.  this.name=name;  
9.  this.city=city;  
10.  }  
11.    
12.  public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method  
13.   return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;  
14.  }  
15.  public static void main(String args[]){  
16.    Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");  
17.    Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");  
18.      
19.    System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()  
20.    System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()  
21.  }  
22. }  

Output:

101 Raj lucknow

102 Vijay ghaziabad
More details.

162) Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the password?

String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the password into a
string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and anyone having the memory-dump can
extract the password as clear text. On the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to set it to
blank whenever we are done with the password. It avoids the security threat with the string by
enabling us to control the memory.

163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present in a

string?
Program:

1.   public class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])  
4.     {  
5.         String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";  
6.         String words[] = s.split(" ");  
7.         System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are : "+words.length);  
8.     }  
9. }  

Output

The Number of words present in the string are : 10

164) Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.

There are the following classes and interfaces present in java.util.regex package.

o MatchResult Interface
o Matcher class
o Pattern class
o PatternSyntaxException class
165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary characters?
Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine. The metacharacters
are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does not consider them as the regular
characters. To enable the regular expression engine treating the metacharacters as ordinary
characters, we need to escape the metacharacters with the backslash.

166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A password

must start with an alphabet and followed by alphanumeric characters; Its
length must be in between 8 to 20.
The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]{8,19} where ^
represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that the first character must be an
alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9] represents the alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the length of
the password must be in between 8 and 20.
 167) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. import java.util.regex.*;  
2. class RegexExample2{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4  
5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5   
6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6  
7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7  
8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8  
9. }}  

Output

true
false
false
false
true

Explanation

line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false since the second
character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more than 3 characters in the string, line 7
prints false since there are more than 2 characters in the string, and it contains more than 2
characters as well, line 8 prints true since the third character of the string is s.

Core Java: Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions

168) What are the advantages of Java inner classes?

There are two types of advantages of Java inner classes.
 o Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the
members (data members and methods) of the outer class including private.
o Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code because it
logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.
o Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

169) What is a nested class?

The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another class or interface.
We use the nested class to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be
more readable and maintainable. A nested class can access all the data members of the outer
class including private data members and methods. The syntax of the nested class is defined
below.

1. class Java_Outer_class{    
2.  //code    
3.  class Java_Nested_class{    
4.   //code    
5.  }    
6. }    
7.       

There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static nested class. The non-
static nested class can also be called as inner-class

More details.

170) What are the disadvantages of using inner classes?

There are the following main disadvantages of using inner classes.

o Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and therefore
increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some routine operations for those
extra classes which result in slower performance.
 o IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level classes and
therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner classes.

171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class) used
in Java?
There are mainly three types of inner classes used in Java.

Type Description

Member Inner Class A class created within class and outside method.

Anonymous Inner A class created for implementing an interface or extending class. Its name is
Class decided by the java compiler.

Local Inner Class A class created within the method.

172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner classes?
Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say that inner classes are
the part of nested classes.

More details.

173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local inner
class?
No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local inner class.

More details.

174) How many class files are created on compiling the OuterClass in
the following program?
1. public class Person {  
2. String name, age, address;  
3. class Employee{  
4.   float salary=10000;  
5. }  
6. class BusinessMen{  
7.   final String gstin="£4433drt3$";   
8. }  
9. public static void main (String args[])  
10. {  
11.   Person p = new Person();  
12. }  
13. }  

3 class-files will be created named as Person.class, Person$BusinessMen.class, and

Person$Employee.class.

175) What are anonymous inner classes?

Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and instantiated within
an expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers to them. Anonymous class cannot be
static, and cannot define any static fields, method, or class. In other words, we can say that it a
class without the name and can have only one object that is created by its definition. Consider
the following example.

1. abstract class Person{  
2.   abstract void eat();  
3. }  
4. class TestAnonymousInner{  
5.  public static void main(String args[]){  
6.   Person p=new Person(){  
7.   void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}  
8.   };  
9.   p.eat();  
10.  }  
11. }  
Test it Now

Output:

nice fruits

Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using interface.

1. interface Eatable{  
2.  void eat();  
3. }  
4. class TestAnnonymousInner1{  
5.  public static void main(String args[]){  
6.  Eatable e=new Eatable(){  
7.   public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}  
8.  };  
9.  e.eat();  
10.  }  
11. }  
Test it Now

Output:

nice fruits

176) What is the nested interface?

An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the nested interface. It is
static by default. The nested interfaces are used to group related interfaces so that they can be
easy to maintain. The external interface or class must refer to the nested interface. It can't be
 accessed directly. The nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the interface but it
can have any access modifier if declared within the class. The syntax of the nested interface is
given as follows.

1. interface interface_name{    
2.  ...    
3.  interface nested_interface_name{    
4.   ...    
5.  }    
6. }     
7.       
More details.

177) Can a class have an interface?

Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested interface.

More details.

178) Can an Interface have a class?

Yes, they are static implicitly.

More details.

Garbage Collection Interview Questions

179) What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It is performed for
memory management. In other words, we can say that It is the process of removing unused
objects from the memory to free up space and make this space available for Java Virtual
 Machine. Due to garbage collection java gives 0 as output to a variable whose value is not set,
i.e., the variable has been defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we were using free()
function in the C language and delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed automatically. So, java
provides better memory management.

More details.

180) What is gc()?

The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup processing. This method is
found in System and Runtime classes. This function explicitly makes the Java Virtual Machine
free up the space occupied by the unused objects so that it can be utilized or reused. Consider
the following example for the better understanding of how the gc() method invoke the garbage
collector.

1. public class TestGarbage1{  
2.  public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}  
3.  public static void main(String args[]){  
4.   TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();  
5.   TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();  
6.   s1=null;  
7.   s2=null;  
8.   System.gc();  
9.  }  
10. }  
Test it Now

object is garbage collected

object is garbage collected

181) How is garbage collection controlled?

Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not enough space in the
memory and memory is running low. We can externally call the System.gc() for the garbage
collection. However, it depends upon the JVM whether to perform it or not.
 182) How can an object be unreferenced?
There are many ways:

o By nulling the reference

o By assigning a reference to another
o By anonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:

1. Employee e=new Employee();  
2. e=null;  

2) By assigning a reference to another:

1. Employee e1=new Employee();  
2. Employee e2=new Employee();  
3. e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection  

3) By anonymous object:

1. new Employee();  

183) What is the purpose of the finalize() method?

The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It is used to perform
cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects only those objects that are created by
new keyword. So if you have created an object without new, you can use the finalize method to
perform cleanup processing (destroying remaining objects). The cleanup processing is the
process to free up all the resources, network which was previously used and no longer needed.
It is essential to remember that it is not a reserved keyword, finalize method is present in the
object class hence it is available in every class as object class is the superclass of every class in
java. Here, we must note that neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed. Consider
the following example.

1. public class FinalizeTest {  
2.     int j=12;  
3.     void add()  
4.     {  
5.         j=j+12;  
6.         System.out.println("J="+j);  
7.     }  
8.     public void finalize()  
9.     {  
10.         System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");  
11.     }  
12.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
13.         new FinalizeTest().add();  
14.         System.gc();  
15.         new FinalizeTest().add();  
16.     }  
17. }  
18.       

184) Can an unreferenced object be referenced again?

Yes,

185) What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?

Daemon thread.

186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?

No. final finally finalize

1) Final is used to apply restrictions on Finally is used to place Finalize is used to

class, method, and variable. The final important code, it will be perform clean up
class can't be inherited, final method executed whether an processing just before
can't be overridden, and final variable exception is handled or an object is garbage
value can't be changed. not. collected.

2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.

187) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java Runtime class
provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total and free memory, etc. There is only
 one instance of java.lang.Runtime class is available for one java application. The
Runtime.getRuntime() method returns the singleton instance of Runtime class.

188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?

By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Runtime1{  
2.  public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
3.   Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad  
4.  }  
5. }  

I/O Interview Questions

189) Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream classes.

OutputStream Hierarchy
InputStream Hierarchy

190) What do you understand by an IO stream?

The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is composed of bytes.
In Java, three streams are created for us automatically.
 o System.out: standard output stream
o System.in: standard input stream
o System.err: standard error stream

191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class hierarchy

and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the InputStream/OutputStream
class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream classes are used to perform input-output of 8-
bit bytes whereas the CharacterStream classes are used to perform the input/output for the 16-
bit Unicode system. There are many classes in the ByteStream class hierarchy, but the most
frequently used classes are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. The most frequently used
classes CharacterStream class hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.

192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?
All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and
CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are further divided into InputStream classes
and OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and
Writer classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream and
for all the output stream classes is java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the
super-most class is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.

193) What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?

Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file. If you have some
primitive values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream class. You can write byte-oriented as
well as character-oriented data through the FileOutputStream class. However, for character-
oriented data, it is preferred to use FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consider the following
example of writing a byte into a file.

1. import java.io.FileOutputStream;    
2. public class FileOutputStreamExample {    
3.     public static void main(String args[]){      
4.            try{      
5.              FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");      
6.              fout.write(65);      
7.              fout.close();      
8.              System.out.println("success...");      
9.             }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}      
10.       }      
11. }    

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading byte-oriented
data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio, video, etc. You can also read character-
stream data. However, for reading streams of characters, it is recommended to use FileReader
class. Consider the following example for reading bytes from a file.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;    
2. public class DataStreamExample {    
3.      public static void main(String args[]){      
4.           try{      
5.             FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");      
6.             int i=fin.read();    
7.             System.out.print((char)i);      
8.     
9.             fin.close();      
10.           }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}      
11.          }      
12.         }    
13.     

194) What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and

BufferedOutputStream classes?
Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It internally uses a
buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write data directly into a stream. So, it makes
 the performance fast. Whereas, Java BufferedInputStream class is used to read information from
the stream. It internally uses the buffer mechanism to make the performance fast.

195) How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?

In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java FilePermission
class contains the permission related to a directory or file. All the permissions are related to the
path. The path can be of two types:

o D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories and files
recursively.
o D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and files within
this directory excluding subdirectories.

Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is granted with read
permission and a file of this directory is granted for write permission.

1. package com.javatpoint;  
2. import java.io.*;  
3. import java.security.PermissionCollection;  
4. public class FilePermissionExample{  
5.      public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {  
6.       String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";  
7.       FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");  
8.       PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();  
9.       permission.add(file1);  
10.            FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");  
11.            permission.add(file2);  
12.          if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {  
13.            System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );  
14.              }else {  
15.             System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg);            }  
16.      }   
17. }  
Output

Read, Write permission is granted for the path D:\IO Package\java.txt

196) What are FilterStreams?

FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other stream classes.
FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data from a stream, filters it, and pass
the filtered data to the caller. The FilterStream classes provide extra functionalities like adding
line numbers to the destination file, etc.

197) What is an I/O filter?

An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another, usually altering the
data in some way as it is passed from one stream to another. Many Filter classes that allow a
user to make a chain using multiple input streams. It generates a combined effect on several
filters.

198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the console?
In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the console.

o Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by wrapping System.in
into an InputStreamReader and passing it into the BufferedReader. It provides an
efficient reading as the input gets buffered. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.BufferedReader;   
2. import java.io.IOException;   
3. import java.io.InputStreamReader;   
4. public class Person   
5. {   
6.     public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException    
7.     {   
8.       System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");  
9.         BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));  
 
10.         String name = reader.readLine();   
11.         System.out.println(name);           
12.     }   
13. }   

o Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens using a
delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to read and parse
various primitive values. Java Scanner class is widely used to parse text for string and
primitive types using a regular expression. Java Scanner class extends Object class and
implements Iterator and Closeable interfaces. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;    
2. public class ScannerClassExample2 {      
3.       public static void main(String args[]){                         
4.           String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";    
5.           //Create scanner with the specified String Object    
6.           Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);    
7.           System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());              
8.           //Change the delimiter of this scanner    
9.           scanner.useDelimiter("/");    
10.           //Printing the tokenized Strings    
11.           System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");     
12.         while(scanner.hasNext()){    
13.             System.out.println(scanner.next());    
14.         }    
15.           //Display the new delimiter    
16.           System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());              
17.           scanner.close();    
18.           }      
19. }    
20.     
 o Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the console. It
provides methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the password using the
Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The java.io.Console class is attached to
the system console internally. The Console class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the
following example.

1. import java.io.Console;    
2. class ReadStringTest{      
3. public static void main(String args[]){      
4. Console c=System.console();      
5. System.out.println("Enter your name: ");      
6. String n=c.readLine();      
7. System.out.println("Welcome "+n);      
8. }      
9. }    

Serialization Interview Questions

199) What is serialization?

Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a byte stream. It is used
primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS technologies. It is mainly used to travel object's
state on the network (which is known as marshaling). Serializable interface is used to perform
serialization. It is helpful when you require to save the state of a program to storage such as the
file. At a later point of time, the content of this file can be restored using deserialization. It is also
required to implement RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possible to
invoke the method of a Java object on one machine to another machine.
  More details.

200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?

A class can become serializable by implementing the Serializable interface.

201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base class is
implementing the Serializable interface?
It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is intended to implement
the Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it directly, but the serialization can be avoided
by implementing the writeObject() or readObject() methods in the subclass and throw
NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;   
2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;   
3. import java.io.IOException;   
4. import java.io.NotSerializableException;   
5. import java.io.ObjectInputStream;   
6. import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;   
7. import java.io.Serializable;   
8. class Person implements Serializable   
9. {   
10.     String name = " ";  
11.     public Person(String name)    
12.     {   
13.         this.name = name;   
14.     }         
15. }   
16. class Employee extends Person  
17. {   
18.     float salary;  
19.     public Employee(String name, float salary)    
20.     {   
21.         super(name);   
22.         this.salary = salary;   
23.     }   
24.     private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException   
25.     {   
26.         throw new NotSerializableException();   
27.     }   
28.     private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException   
29.     {   
30.         throw new NotSerializableException();   
31.     }   
32.         
33. }   
34. public class Test   
35. {   
36.     public static void main(String[] args)    
37.             throws Exception    
38.     {   
39.         Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);   
40.             
41.         System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);   
42.         System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);   
43.             
44.         FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");   
45.         ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);   
46.                 
47.         oos.writeObject(emp);   
48.                 
49.         oos.close();   
50.         fos.close();   
51.                 
52.         System.out.println("Object has been serialized");   
53.             
54.         FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");   
55.         ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);   
56.                 
57.         Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();   
58.                 
59.         o.close();   
60.         f.close();   
61.                 
62.         System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");   
63.             
64.         System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);   
65.         System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);   
66.     }   
67. }   

202) Can a Serialized object be transferred via network?

Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized object is stored in the
memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted over the network. We can also write the
serialized object to the disk or the database.

203) What is Deserialization?

Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized state. It is the
reverse operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream deserializes objects and primitive data
written using an ObjectOutputStream.
1. import java.io.*;  
2. class Depersist{  
3.  public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
4.     
5.   ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));  
6.   Student s=(Student)in.readObject();  
7.   System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);  
8.   
9.   in.close();  
10.  }  
11. }  
211 ravi

204) What is the transient keyword?

If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By determining transient
keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it is restored. More details.

205) What is Externalizable?

The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte stream in a
compressed format. It is not a marker interface.

206) What is the difference between Serializable and Externalizable

interface?

No. Serializable Externalizable

1) The Serializable interface does not have The Externalizable interface contains is not a marker
any method, i.e., it is a marker interface. interface, It contains two methods, i.e.,
writeExternal() and readExternal().
 2) It is used to "mark" Java classes so that The Externalizable interface provides control of the
objects of these classes may get the serialization logic to the programmer.
certain capability.

3) It is easy to implement but has the It is used to perform the serialization and often
higher performance cost. result in better performance.

4) No class constructor is called in We must call a public default constructor while

serialization. using this interface.
.

Networking Interview Questions

207) Give a brief description of Java socket programming?

Java Socket programming is used for communication between the applications running on
different JRE. Java Socket programming can be connection-oriented or connectionless. Socket
and ServerSocket classes are used for connection-oriented socket programming and
DatagramSocket, and DatagramPacket classes are used for connectionless socket programming.
The client in socket programming must know two information:

o IP address of the server

o port number

208) What is Socket?

A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It provides the
connection mechanism to connect the two computers using TCP. The Socket class can be used
to create a socket.

209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers connect
through TCP?
There are the following steps that are performed when two computers connect through TCP.
 o The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port number to
which, the connection will be made.
o After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept() method of
ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client attempts to connect to the
server on the given port.
o Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by instantiating Socket
class. The socket class constructor accepts the server port number and server name.
o The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the specified name.
If the connection is established, the client will have a socket object that can communicate
with the server.
o The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new socket on the
server that is connected with the server.

210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between client

and server?
Consider the following program where the connection between the client and server is
established.

File: MyServer.java

1. import java.io.*;  
2. import java.net.*;  
3. public class MyServer {  
4. public static void main(String[] args){  
5. try{  
6. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);  
7. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection   
8. DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());  
9. String  str=(String)dis.readUTF();  
10. System.out.println("message= "+str);  
11. ss.close();  
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}  
13. }  
14. }  

File: MyClient.java

1. import java.io.*;  
2. import java.net.*;  
3. public class MyClient {  
4. public static void main(String[] args) {  
5. try{    
6. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);  
7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());  
8. dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");  
9. dout.flush();  
10. dout.close();  
11. s.close();  
12. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}  
13. }  
14. }  

211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39 into a

hostname like java.sun.com?
By InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName() where 192.18.97.39 is the IP address.
Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.*;    
2. import java.net.*;    
3. public class InetDemo{    
4. public static void main(String[] args){    
5. try{    
6. InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");    
7.   
8. System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());    
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}    
10. }    
11. }    
12.       

Reflection Interview Questions

212) What is the reflection?

Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a class at runtime.
The java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can be used to get metadata, examine
and change the runtime behavior of a class. The java.lang and java.lang.reflect packages provide
classes for java reflection. It is used in:

o IDE (Integrated Development Environment), e.g., Eclipse, MyEclipse, NetBeans.

o Debugger
o Test Tools, etc.

213) What is the purpose of using java.lang.Class class?

The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:

o Provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.

o Provides methods to examine and change the runtime behavior of a class.

214) What are the ways to instantiate the Class class?

There are three ways to instantiate the Class class.

o forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load the class
dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used if you know the fully
qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for primitive types.
 o getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It should be
used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with primitives.

o the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is possible to
obtain a Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It can be used for primitive
data type also.

215) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Simple{    
2.  public Simple()  
3.  {  
4.    System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");  
5.  }  
6.  void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}    
7. }    
8.     
9. class Test1{    
10.  public static void main(String args[]){    
11.   try{    
12.   Class c=Class.forName("Simple");    
13.   Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();    
14.   s.message();    
15.   }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}    
16.  }    
17. }    

Output

Constructor of Simple class is invoked

Hello Java
Explanation

The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the constructor at runtime. In this
program, the instance of the Simple class is created.

216) What is the purpose of using javap?

The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays information about
the fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.

Syntax

javap fully_class_name

217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.

More details.

Miscellaneous Interview Questions

218)What are wrapper classes?

Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. In other words,
we can say that wrapper classes are built-in java classes which allow the conversion of objects to
primitives and primitives to objects. The process of converting primitives to objects is called
autoboxing, and the process of converting objects to primitives is called unboxing. There are
eight wrapper classes present in java.lang package is given below.

Primitive Type Wrapper class

boolean Boolean

char Character
 byte Byte

short Short

int Integer

long Long

float Float

double Double

219)What are autoboxing and unboxing? When does it occur?

The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the corresponding wrapper
class object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the process of converting wrapper class object
to primitive data type. For eg., integer to int. Unboxing and autoboxing occur automatically in
Java. However, we can externally convert one into another by using the methods like valueOf()
or xxxValue().

It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data type is provided or
vice versa.

o Adding primitive types into Collection like ArrayList in Java.

o Creating an instance of parameterized classes ,e.g., ThreadLocal which expect Type.
o Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and another is
provided in the method calling.
o When a primitive type is assigned to an object type.

220) What is the output of the below Java program?

1. public class Test1  
2. {  
3.   public static void main(String[] args) {  
4.   Integer i = new Integer(201);  
5.   Integer j = new Integer(201);  
6.   if(i == j)  
7.   {  
8.     System.out.println("hello");  
9.   }  
10.   else   
11.   {  
12.     System.out.println("bye");  
13.   }  
14.   }  
15. }  

Output

bye

Explanation

The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the Integer objects can only
be created in the range -128 to 127. The operator == will not work for the value greater than
127; thus bye is printed.

221) What is object cloning?

The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone() method of the
Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented
by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface,
clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. The clone() method is defined in the
Object class. The syntax of the clone() method is as follows:

protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

222) What are the advantages and disadvantages of object cloning?

Advantage of Object Cloning

o You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract class with a 4-
or 5-line long clone() method.
 o It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are applying it
to an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent class, implement
Cloneable in it, provide the definition of the clone() method and the task will be done.
o Clone() is the fastest way to copy the array.

Disadvantage of Object Cloning

o To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our code, like
implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method and handling
CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(), etc.
o We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any methods in it.
We have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone() on our object.
o Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and indirectly call
Object.clone() from it.
o Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any control over
object construction.
o If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its superclasses should
define the clone() method in them or inherit it from another parent class. Otherwise, the
super.clone() chain will fail.
o Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if we need
deep cloning.

223) What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java. Natives
methods are sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.

224) What is the purpose of the strictfp keyword?

Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every platform if you perform
operations in the floating-point variable. The precision may differ from platform to platform that
is why java programming language has provided the strictfp keyword so that you get the same
result on every platform. So, now you have better control over the floating-point arithmetic.
 225) What is the purpose of the System class?
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources such as standard input
and output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities provided by System class are given below.

o Standard input
o Error output streams
o Standard output
o utility method to copy the portion of an array
o utilities to load files and libraries

There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err, static inputstream in,
and standard output stream.

226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow copy in

Java?
Object cloning.

227) What is a singleton class?

Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To make a class
singleton, we either make its constructor private or use the static getInstance method. Consider
the following example.

1. class Singleton{  
2.     private static Singleton single_instance = null;  
3.     int i;  
4.      private Singleton ()  
5.      {  
6.          i=90;  
7.      }  
8.      public static Singleton getInstance()  
9.      {  
10.          if(single_instance == null)  
11.          {  
12.              single_instance = new Singleton();  
13.          }  
14.          return single_instance;  
15.      }  
16. }  
17. public class Main   
18. {  
19.     public static void main (String args[])  
20.     {  
21.         Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();  
22.         System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);  
23.         first.i=first.i+90;  
24.         Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();  
25.         System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);  
26.     }  
27. }  
28.       

228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at command-
line.
Program

1. class A{  
2. public static void main(String args[]){  
3.   
4. for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)  
5. System.out.println(args[i]);  
6.   
7. }  
8. }  
1. compile by > javac A.java  
2. run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc  

Output

sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc

229) Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?

The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default layout.

230) Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?

The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

231) What are peerless components?

The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring has its libraries, so it
does not use resources from the Operating System, and hence it has lightweight components.

232) is there is any difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?

The Scrollbar is a Component whereas the ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its
events and performs its scrolling.

233) What is a lightweight component?

Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call to obtain the
graphical units. They share their parent component graphical units to render them. For example,
Swing components, and JavaFX Components.

234) What is a heavyweight component?

The portable elements provided by the operating system are called heavyweight components.
AWT is limited to the graphical classes provided by the operating system and therefore, It
implements only the minimal subset of screen elements supported by all platforms. The
Operating system dependent UI discovery tools are called heavyweight components.

235) What is an applet?

An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates dynamic content. It
is embedded in the webpage and runs on the client side. It is secured and takes less response
time. It can be executed by browsers running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows,
Mac Os, etc. However, the plugins are required at the client browser to execute the applet. The
following image shows the architecture of Applet.
When an applet is created, the following methods are invoked in order.

o init()
o start()
o paint()

When an applet is destroyed, the following functions are invoked in order.

o stop()
o destroy()

236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an applet as
well as an application?
Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.
 Internationalization Interview Questions

237) What is Locale?

A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region. This object can be
used to get the locale-specific information such as country name, language, variant, etc.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class LocaleExample {  
3. public static void main(String[] args) {  
4. Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();  
5. //Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale  
6.   
7. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());  
8. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());  
9. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());  
10. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());  
11. System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());  
12. System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());  
13. System.out.println(locale.getCountry());  
14.       
15. }  
16. }  

Output:

United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US
 238)How will you load a specific locale?
By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.

Java Bean Interview Questions

239) What is a JavaBean?

JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming language,
designed to be manipulated visually by a software development environment, like JBuilder or
VisualAge for Java. t. A JavaBean encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can
access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance. Consider
the following example to create a JavaBean class.

1. //Employee.java  
2. package mypack;  
3. public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{  
4. private int id;  
5. private String name;  
6. public Employee(){}  
7. public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}  
8. public int getId(){return id;}  
9. public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}  
10. public String getName(){return name;}  
11. }  

240) What is the purpose of using the Java bean?

According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean encapsulates many
objects into one object so that we can access this object from multiple places. Moreover, it
provides the easy maintenance.
241) What do you understand by the bean persistent property?
The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the properties, fields, and state
information are saved to or retrieve from the storage.

RMI Interview Questions

242) What is RMI?

The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to create the
distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke methods on an object
running in another JVM. The RMI provides remote communication between the applications
using two objects stub and skeleton.

243) What is the purpose of stub and skeleton?

Stub

The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing requests are routed
through it. It resides at the client side and represents the remote object. When the caller invokes
the method on the stub object, it does the following tasks:

o It initiates a connection with remote Virtual Machine (JVM).

o It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual Machine (JVM).
o It waits for the result.
o It reads (unmarshals) the return value or exception.
o It finally, returns the value to the caller.

Skeleton

The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the incoming requests
are routed through it. When the skeleton receives the incoming request, it does the following
tasks:

o It reads the parameter for the remote method.

o It invokes the method on the actual remote object.
 o It writes and transmits (marshals) the result to the caller.

244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?
There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.

o Create the remote interface.

o Provide the implementation of the remote interface.
o Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects using the
rmic tool.
o Start the registry service by the rmiregistry tool.
o Create and start the remote application.
o Create and start the client application.

245) What is the use of HTTP-tunneling in RMI?

HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup to work within the
firewall environment. It handles the HTTP connections through the proxy servers. However, it
does not allow outbound TCP connections.

246) What is JRMP?

JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific, stream-based
protocol which looks up and refers to the remote objects. It requires both client and server to
use Java objects. It is wire level protocol which runs under RMI and over TCP/IP.

247) Can RMI and CORBA based applications interact?

Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of JRMP.

Core Java: Data Structure interview questions

 248) How to perform Bubble Sort in Java?
Consider the following program to perform Bubble sort in Java.

1. public class BubbleSort {  
2.   public static void main(String[] args) {  
3.   int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};  
4.   for(int i=0;i<10;i++)  
5.   {  
6.     for (int j=0;j<10;j++)  
7.     {  
8.       if(a[i]<a[j])  
9.       {  
10.         int temp = a[i];  
11.         a[i]=a[j];  
12.         a[j] = temp;   
13.       }  
14.     }  
15.   }  
16.   System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");  
17.   for(int i=0;i<10;i++)  
18.   {  
19.     System.out.println(a[i]);  
20.   }  
21. }  
22. }  

Output:

Printing Sorted List . . .

7
9
10
12
23
34
 34
44
78
101

249) How to perform Binary Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform the binary search in Java.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class BinarySearch {  
3. public static void main(String[] args) {  
4.   int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};  
5.   int item, location = -1;  
6.   System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");  
7.   Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);  
8.   item = sc.nextInt();  
9.   location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);  
10.   if(location != -1)  
11.   System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);  
12.   else   
13.     System.out.println("Item not found");  
14.   }  
15. public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)  
16. {  
17.   int mid;  
18.   if(end >= beg)   
19.   {   
20.     mid = (beg + end)/2;  
21.     if(a[mid] == item)  
22.     {  
23.       return mid+1;  
24.     }  
25.     else if(a[mid] < item)   
26.     {  
27.       return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);  
28.     }  
29.     else   
30.     {  
31.       return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);  
32.     }  
33.   }  
34.   return -1;   
35. }  
36. }  

Output:

Enter the item which you want to search

45
the location of the item is 5

250) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform selection sort in Java.

1. public class SelectionSort {  
2. public static void main(String[] args) {  
3.   int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};  
4.   int i,j,k,pos,temp;  
5.   for(i=0;i<10;i++)  
6.   {  
7.     pos = smallest(a,10,i);  
8.     temp = a[i];  
9.     a[i]=a[pos];  
10.     a[pos] = temp;  
11.   }  
12.   System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");  
13.   for(i=0;i<10;i++)  
14.   {  
15.     System.out.println(a[i]);  
16.   }  
17. }  
18. public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)  
19. {  
20.   int small,pos,j;  
21.   small = a[i];  
22.   pos = i;  
23.   for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)  
24.   {  
25.     if(a[j]<small)  
26.     {  
27.       small = a[j];  
28.       pos=j;  
29.     }  
30.   }  
31.   return pos;  
32. }  
33. }  

Output:

printing sorted elements...

7
9
10
12
23
23
34
44
78
101

251) How to perform Linear Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Linear search in Java.

1. import java.util.Scanner;  
2.   
3. public class Leniear_Search {  
4. public static void main(String[] args) {  
5.   int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};  
6.   int item,flag=0;   
7.   Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);  
8.   System.out.println("Enter Item ?");  
9.   item = sc.nextInt();  
10.   for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)  
11.   {  
12.     if(arr[i]==item)  
13.     {  
14.       flag = i+1;  
15.       break;  
16.     }  
17.     else   
18.       flag = 0;   
19.   }  
20.   if(flag != 0)  
21.   {  
22.     System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);  
23.   }  
24.   else   
25.     System.out.println("Item not found");  
26.     
27. }  
28. }  

Output:

Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ?
22
Item not found

252) How to perform merge sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform merge sort in Java.
1. public class MyMergeSort  
2. {  
3. void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)  
4. {  
5.   
6. int l = mid - beg + 1;  
7. int r = end - mid;  
8.   
9. intLeftArray[] = new int [l];  
10. intRightArray[] = new int [r];  
11.   
12. for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)  
13. LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];  
14.   
15. for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)  
16. RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];  
17.   
18.   
19. int i = 0, j = 0;  
20. int k = beg;  
21. while (i<l&&j<r)  
22. {  
23. if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])  
24. {  
25. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];  
26. i++;  
27. }  
28. else  
29. {  
30. arr[k] = RightArray[j];  
31. j++;  
32. }  
33. k++;  
34. }  
35. while (i<l)  
36. {  
37. arr[k] = LeftArray[i];  
38. i++;  
39. k++;  
40. }  
41.   
42. while (j<r)  
43. {  
44. arr[k] = RightArray[j];  
45. j++;  
46. k++;  
47. }  
48. }  
49.   
50. void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)  
51. {  
52. if (beg<end)  
53. {  
54. int mid = (beg+end)/2;  
55. sort(arr, beg, mid);  
56. sort(arr , mid+1, end);  
57. merge(arr, beg, mid, end);  
58. }  
59. }  
60. public static void main(String args[])  
61. {  
62. intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};  
63. MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();  
64. ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);  
65.   
66. System.out.println("\nSorted array");  
67. for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)  
68. {  
69.   System.out.println(arr[i]+"");  
70. }  
71. }  
72. }  
 Output:

Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

253) How to perform quicksort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform quicksort in Java.

1. public class QuickSort {  
2. public static void main(String[] args) {  
3.     int i;  
4.     int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};  
5.     quickSort(arr, 0, 9);  
6.     System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");  
7.     for(i=0;i<10;i++)  
8.     System.out.println(arr[i]);  
9.   }  
10.   public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)  
11.   {  
12.       
13.     int left, right, temp, loc, flag;   
14.     loc = left = beg;  
15.     right = end;  
16.     flag = 0;  
17.     while(flag != 1)  
18.     {  
19.       while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))  
20.       right--;  
21.       if(loc==right)  
22.       flag =1;  
23.       elseif(a[loc]>a[right])  
24.       {  
25.         temp = a[loc];  
26.         a[loc] = a[right];  
27.         a[right] = temp;  
28.         loc = right;  
29.       }  
30.       if(flag!=1)  
31.       {  
32.         while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))  
33.         left++;  
34.         if(loc==left)  
35.         flag =1;  
36.         elseif(a[loc] <a[left])  
37.         {  
38.           temp = a[loc];  
39.           a[loc] = a[left];  
40.           a[left] = temp;  
41.           loc = left;  
42.         }  
43.       }  
44.     }  
45.     returnloc;  
46.   }  
47.   static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)  
48.   {  
49.       
50.     int loc;  
51.     if(beg<end)  
52.     {  
53.       loc = partition(a, beg, end);  
54.       quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);  
55.       quickSort(a, loc+1, end);  
56.     }  
57.   }  
58. }  
 Output:

The sorted array is:

23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list containing n

nodes.
Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n nodes.

1.   public class CountList {  
2.       
3.     //Represent a node of the doubly linked list  
4.   
5.     class Node{  
6.         int data;  
7.         Node previous;  
8.         Node next;  
9.           
10.         public Node(int data) {  
11.             this.data = data;  
12.         }  
13.     }  
14.       
15.     //Represent the head and tail of the doubly linked list  
16.     Node head, tail = null;  
17.       
18.     //addNode() will add a node to the list  
19.     public void addNode(int data) {  
20.         //Create a new node  
21.         Node newNode = new Node(data);  
22.           
23.         //If list is empty  
24.         if(head == null) {  
25.             //Both head and tail will point to newNode  
26.             head = tail = newNode;  
27.             //head's previous will point to null  
28.             head.previous = null;  
29.             //tail's next will point to null, as it is the last node of the list  
30.             tail.next = null;  
31.         }  
32.         else {  
33.             //newNode will be added after tail such that tail's next will point to newNode  
34.             tail.next = newNode;  
35.             //newNode's previous will point to tail  
36.             newNode.previous = tail;  
37.             //newNode will become new tail  
38.             tail = newNode;  
39.             //As it is last node, tail's next will point to null  
40.             tail.next = null;  
41.         }  
42.     }  
43.       
44.     //countNodes() will count the nodes present in the list  
45.     public int countNodes() {  
46.         int counter = 0;  
47.         //Node current will point to head  
48.         Node current = head;  
49.           
50.         while(current != null) {  
51.             //Increment the counter by 1 for each node  
52.             counter++;  
53.             current = current.next;  
54.         }  
55.         return counter;  
56.     }  
57.       
58.     //display() will print out the elements of the list  
59.     public void display() {  
60.         //Node current will point to head  
61.         Node current = head;  
62.         if(head == null) {  
63.             System.out.println("List is empty");  
64.             return;  
65.         }  
66.         System.out.println("Nodes of doubly linked list: ");  
67.         while(current != null) {  
68.             //Prints each node by incrementing the pointer.  
69.   
70.             System.out.print(current.data + " ");  
71.             current = current.next;  
72.         }  
73.     }  
74.       
75.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
76.           
77.         CountList dList = new CountList();  
78.         //Add nodes to the list  
79.         dList.addNode(1);  
80.         dList.addNode(2);  
81.         dList.addNode(3);  
82.         dList.addNode(4);  
83.         dList.addNode(5);  
84.           
85.         //Displays the nodes present in the list  
86.         dList.display();  
87.           
88.         //Counts the nodes present in the given list  
89.         System.out.println("\nCount of nodes present in the list: " + dList.countNodes());  
90.     }  
91. }  

Output:

Nodes of doubly linked list:

1 2 3 4 5
 Count of nodes present in the list: 5

255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum value
node from a circular linked list.
Consider the following program.

1. public class MinMax {  
2.     //Represents the node of list.  
3.     public class Node{  
4.         int data;  
5.         Node next;  
6.         public Node(int data) {  
7.             this.data = data;  
8.         }  
9.     }  
10.       
11.     //Declaring head and tail pointer as null.  
12.     public Node head = null;  
13.     public Node tail = null;  
14.       
15.     //This function will add the new node at the end of the list.  
16.     public void add(int data){  
17.         //Create new node  
18.         Node newNode = new Node(data);  
19.         //Checks if the list is empty.  
20.         if(head == null) {  
21.              //If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.  
22.             head = newNode;  
23.             tail = newNode;  
24.             newNode.next = head;  
25.         }  
26.         else {  
27.             //tail will point to new node.  
28.             tail.next = newNode;  
29.             //New node will become new tail.  
30.             tail = newNode;  
31.             //Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.  
32.             tail.next = head;  
33.         }  
34.     }  
35.       
36.     //Finds out the minimum value node in the list  
37.     public void minNode() {  
38.         Node current = head;  
39.         //Initializing min to initial node data  
40.         int min = head.data;  
41.         if(head == null) {  
42.             System.out.println("List is empty");  
43.         }  
44.         else {  
45.              do{  
46.                  //If current node's data is smaller than min  
47.                  //Then replace value of min with current node's data  
48.                  if(min > current.data) {  
49.                      min = current.data;  
50.                  }  
51.                  current= current.next;  
52.             }while(current != head);  
53.           
54.             System.out.println("Minimum value node in the list: "+ min);  
55.         }  
56.     }  
57.           
58.     //Finds out the maximum value node in the list  
59.     public void maxNode() {  
60.         Node current = head;  
61.         //Initializing max to initial node data  
62.         int max = head.data;  
63.         if(head == null) {  
64.             System.out.println("List is empty");  
65.         }  
66.         else {  
67.              do{  
68.                  //If current node's data is greater than max  
69.                  //Then replace value of max with current node's data  
70.                  if(max < current.data) {  
71.                      max = current.data;  
72.                  }  
73.                  current= current.next;  
74.                 }while(current != head);  
75.                
76.             System.out.println("Maximum value node in the list: "+ max);  
77.         }  
78.     }  
79.                   
80.     public static void main(String[] args) {  
81.         MinMax cl = new MinMax();  
82.         //Adds data to the list  
83.         cl.add(5);  
84.         cl.add(20);  
85.         cl.add(10);  
86.         cl.add(1);  
87.         //Prints the minimum value node in the list  
88.         cl.minNode();  
89.         //Prints the maximum value node in the list  
90.         cl.maxNode();  
91.     }  
92. }  

Output:

Minimum value node in the list: 1

Maximum value node in the list: 20

256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between the

sum of the odd level and even level nodes of a Binary Tree.
Consider the following program.
1. import java.util.LinkedList;  
2. import java.util.Queue;  
3.    
4. public class DiffOddEven {  
5.       
6.     //Represent a node of binary tree  
7.     public static class Node{  
8.         int data;  
9.         Node left;  
10.         Node right;  
11.           
12.         public Node(int data){  
13.             //Assign data to the new node, set left and right children to null  
14.             this.data = data;  
15.             this.left = null;  
16.             this.right = null;  
17.             }  
18.         }  
19.       
20.     //Represent the root of binary tree  
21.     public Node root;  
22.     
23.     public DiffOddEven(){  
24.         root = null;  
25.     }  
26.    
27.     //difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels of binary tree  
28.     public int difference() {  
29.           int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;  
30.             
31.           //Variable nodesInLevel keep tracks of number of nodes in each level  
32.           int nodesInLevel = 0;  
33.             
34.           //Variable currentLevel keep track of level in binary tree  
35.           int currentLevel = 0;  
36.             
37.           //Queue will be used to keep track of nodes of tree level-wise  
38.           Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();  
39.             
40.           //Check if root is null  
41.           if(root == null) {  
42.               System.out.println("Tree is empty");  
43.               return 0;  
44.           }  
45.           else {  
46.               //Add root node to queue as it represents the first level  
47.               queue.add(root);  
48.               currentLevel++;  
49.                 
50.               while(queue.size() != 0) {  
51.                     
52.                   //Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of elements in queue  
53.                   nodesInLevel = queue.size();  
54.                     
55.                   while(nodesInLevel > 0) {  
56.                       Node current = queue.remove();  
57.                         
58.                     //Checks if currentLevel is even or not.  
59.                       if(currentLevel % 2 == 0)  
60.                           //If level is even, add nodes's to variable evenLevel  
61.                           evenLevel += current.data;  
62.                       else  
63.                           //If level is odd, add nodes's to variable oddLevel  
64.                           oddLevel += current.data;  
65.                         
66.                       //Adds left child to queue  
67.                       if(current.left != null)  
68.                           queue.add(current.left);  
69.                       //Adds right child to queue  
70.                       if(current.right != null)   
71.                           queue.add(current.right);  
72.                      nodesInLevel--;  
73.                   }  
74.                   currentLevel++;  
75.               }  
76.               //Calculates difference between oddLevel and evenLevel  
77.               diffOddEven = Math.abs(oddLevel - evenLevel);  
78.           }  
79.           return diffOddEven;  
80.       }  
81.     
82.     public static void main (String[] args) {  
83.           
84.         DiffOddEven bt = new DiffOddEven();  
85.         //Add nodes to the binary tree  
86.         bt.root = new Node(1);  
87.         bt.root.left = new Node(2);  
88.         bt.root.right = new Node(3);  
89.         bt.root.left.left = new Node(4);  
90.         bt.root.right.left = new Node(5);  
91.         bt.root.right.right = new Node(6);  
92.       
93.         //Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes  
94.         System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: " + bt.differ
ence());  
95. }  
96. }  

Output:

Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: 11

Java Multithreading and Concurrency Interview

Questions
Multithreading and Synchronization are considered as the typical chapter in java programming.
In game development companies, multithreading related interview questions are asked mostly.
A list of frequently asked java multithreading and concurrency interview questions is given
below.

Multithreading Interview Questions

1) What is multithreading?
Multithreading is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously. Multithreading is used
to obtain the multitasking. It consumes less memory and gives the fast and efficient
performance. Its main advantages are:

o Threads share the same address space.

o The thread is lightweight.
o The cost of communication between the processes is low.

More details.

2) What is the thread?

A thread is a lightweight subprocess. It is a separate path of execution because each thread runs
in a different stack frame. A process may contain multiple threads. Threads share the process
resources, but still, they execute independently.

More details.

3) Differentiate between process and thread?

There are the following differences between the process and thread.

o A Program in the execution is called the process whereas; A thread is a subset of the
process
o Processes are independent whereas threads are the subset of process.
o Process have different address space in memory, while threads contain a shared address
space.
o Context switching is faster between the threads as compared to processes.
o Inter-process communication is slower and expensive than inter-thread communication.
o Any change in Parent process doesn't affect the child process whereas changes in parent
thread can affect the child thread.
4) What do you understand by inter-thread communication?

o The process of communication between synchronized threads is termed as inter-thread

communication.
o Inter-thread communication is used to avoid thread polling in Java.
o The thread is paused running in its critical section, and another thread is allowed to enter
(or lock) in the same critical section to be executed.
o It can be obtained by wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods.
5) What is the purpose of wait() method in Java?
The wait() method is provided by the Object class in Java. This method is used for inter-thread
communication in Java. The java.lang.Object.wait() is used to pause the current thread, and wait
until another thread does not call the notify() or notifyAll() method. Its syntax is given below.

public final void wait()

6) Why must wait() method be called from the synchronized block?

We must call the wait method otherwise it will
throw java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException exception. Moreover, we need wait() method
for inter-thread communication with notify() and notifyAll(). Therefore It must be present in the
synchronized block for the proper and correct communication.

7) What are the advantages of multithreading?

Multithreading programming has the following advantages:

o Multithreading allows an application/program to be always reactive for input, even

already running with some background tasks
o Multithreading allows the faster execution of tasks, as threads execute independently.
o Multithreading provides better utilization of cache memory as threads share the
common memory resources.
o Multithreading reduces the number of the required server as one server can execute
multiple threads at a time.

8) What are the states in the lifecycle of a Thread?

A thread can have one of the following states during its lifetime:

1. New: In this state, a Thread class object is created using a new operator, but the thread
is not alive. Thread doesn't start until we call the start() method.
2. Runnable: In this state, the thread is ready to run after calling the start() method.
However, the thread is not yet selected by the thread scheduler.
 3. Running: In this state, the thread scheduler picks the thread from the ready state, and
the thread is running.
4. Waiting/Blocked: In this state, a thread is not running but still alive, or it is waiting for
the other thread to finish.
5. Dead/Terminated: A thread is in terminated or dead state when the run() method exits.

9) What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time

slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or
dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for
a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then
determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.

10) What is context switching?

In Context switching the state of the process (or thread) is stored so that it can be restored and
execution can be resumed from the same point later. Context switching enables the multiple
processes to share the same CPU.

11) Differentiate between the Thread class and Runnable interface for
creating a Thread?
The Thread can be created by using two ways.

o By extending the Thread class

o By implementing the Runnable interface

However, the primary differences between both the ways are given below:

o By extending the Thread class, we cannot extend any other class, as Java does not allow
multiple inheritances while implementing the Runnable interface; we can also extend
other base class(if required).
o By extending the Thread class, each of thread creates the unique object and associates
with it while implementing the Runnable interface; multiple threads share the same
object
o Thread class provides various inbuilt methods such as getPriority(), isAlive and many
more while the Runnable interface provides a single method, i.e., run().

12) What does join() method?

The join() method waits for a thread to die. In other words, it causes the currently running
threads to stop executing until the thread it joins with completes its task. Join method is
overloaded in Thread class in the following ways.
 o public void join()throws InterruptedException
o public void join(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException

More details.

13) Describe the purpose and working of sleep() method.

The sleep() method in java is used to block a thread for a particular time, which means it pause
the execution of a thread for a specific time. There are two methods of doing so.

Syntax:

o public static void sleep(long milliseconds)throws InterruptedException

o public static void sleep(long milliseconds, int nanos)throws InterruptedException

Working of sleep() method

When we call the sleep() method, it pauses the execution of the current thread for the given
time and gives priority to another thread(if available). Moreover, when the waiting time
completed then again previous thread changes its state from waiting to runnable and comes in
running state, and the whole process works so on till the execution doesn't complete.

14) What is the difference between wait() and sleep() method?

wait() sleep()

1) The wait() method is defined in Object class. The sleep() method is defined in Thread class.

2) The wait() method releases the lock. The sleep() method doesn't release the lock.

15) Is it possible to start a thread twice?

 No, we cannot restart the thread, as once a thread started and executed, it goes to the Dead
state. Therefore, if we try to start a thread twice, it will give a runtimeException
"java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException". Consider the following example.

1. public class Multithread1 extends Thread  
2. {  
3.    public void run()  
4.     {  
5.       try {  
6.           System.out.println("thread is executing now........");  
7.       } catch(Exception e) {  
8.       }   
9.     }  
10.     public static void main (String[] args) {  
11.         Multithread1 m1= new Multithread1();  
12.         m1.start();  
13.         m1.start();  
14.     }  
15. }  

Output

thread is executing now........

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
at java.lang.Thread.start(Thread.java:708)
at Multithread1.main(Multithread1.java:13)
More details.

16) Can we call the run() method instead of start()?

Yes, calling run() method directly is valid, but it will not work as a thread instead it will work as a
normal object. There will not be context-switching between the threads. When we call the start()
 method, it internally calls the run() method, which creates a new stack for a thread while directly
calling the run() will not create a new stack.

More details.

17) What about the daemon threads?

The daemon threads are the low priority threads that provide the background support and
services to the user threads. Daemon thread gets automatically terminated by the JVM if the
program remains with the daemon thread only, and all other user threads are ended/died. There
are two methods for daemon thread available in the Thread class:

o public void setDaemon(boolean status): It used to mark the thread daemon thread or
a user thread.
o public boolean isDaemon(): It checks the thread is daemon or not.

More details.

18)Can we make the user thread as daemon thread if the thread is

started?
No, if you do so, it will throw IllegalThreadStateException. Therefore, we can only create a
daemon thread before starting the thread.

1. class Testdaemon1 extends Thread{    
2. public void run(){  
3.           System.out.println("Running thread is daemon...");  
4. }  
5. public static void main (String[] args) {  
6.       Testdaemon1 td= new Testdaemon1();  
7.       td.start();  
8.       setDaemon(true);// It will throw the exception: td.   
9.    }  
10. }  

Output

Running thread is daemon...

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalThreadStateException
at java.lang.Thread.setDaemon(Thread.java:1359)
at Testdaemon1.main(Testdaemon1.java:8)
More details.

19)What is shutdown hook?

The shutdown hook is a thread that is invoked implicitly before JVM shuts down. So we can use
it to perform clean up the resource or save the state when JVM shuts down normally or abruptly.
We can add shutdown hook by using the following method:

1. public void addShutdownHook(Thread hook){}    
2. Runtime r=Runtime.getRuntime();  
3. r.addShutdownHook(new MyThread());  

Some important points about shutdown hooks are :

o Shutdown hooks initialized but can only be started when JVM shutdown occurred.
o Shutdown hooks are more reliable than the finalizer() because there are very fewer
chances that shutdown hooks not run.
o The shutdown hook can be stopped by calling the halt(int) method of Runtime class.

More details.
 20)When should we interrupt a thread?
We should interrupt a thread when we want to break out the sleep or wait state of a thread. We
can interrupt a thread by calling the interrupt() throwing the InterruptedException.

More details.

21) What is the synchronization?

Synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to any shared
resource. It is used:

1. To prevent thread interference.

2. To prevent consistency problem.

When the multiple threads try to do the same task, there is a possibility of an erroneous  result,
hence to remove this issue, Java uses the process of synchronization which allows only one
thread to be executed at a time. Synchronization can be achieved in three ways:

o by the synchronized method

o by synchronized block
o by static synchronization

Syntax for synchronized block

1. synchronized(object reference expression)  
2.     {  
3.         //code block  
4.     }  
5.       
More details.

22) What is the purpose of the Synchronized block?

The Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization on any specific resource of the
method. Only one thread at a time can execute on a particular resource, and all other threads
which attempt to enter the synchronized block are blocked.

o Synchronized block is used to lock an object for any shared resource.

o The scope of the synchronized block is limited to the block on which, it is applied. Its
scope is smaller than a method.

More details.

23)Can Java object be locked down for exclusive use by a given thread?
Yes. You can lock an object by putting it in a "synchronized" block. The locked object is
inaccessible to any thread other than the one that explicitly claimed it.

24) What is static synchronization?

If you make any static method as synchronized, the lock will be on the class not on the object. If
we use the synchronized keyword before a method so it will lock the object (one thread can
access an object at a time) but if we use static synchronized so it will lock a class (one thread can
access a class at a time). More details.
25)What is the difference between notify() and notifyAll()?
The notify() is used to unblock one waiting thread whereas notifyAll() method is used to unblock
all the threads in waiting state.

26)What is the deadlock?

Deadlock is a situation in which every thread is waiting for a resource which is held by some
other waiting thread. In this situation, Neither of the thread executes nor it gets the chance to
be executed. Instead, there exists a universal waiting state among all the threads. Deadlock is a
very complicated situation which can break our code at runtime.

More details.

27) How to detect a deadlock condition? How can it be avoided?

We can detect the deadlock condition by running the code on cmd and collecting the Thread
Dump, and if any deadlock is present in the code, then a message will appear on cmd.

Ways to avoid the deadlock condition in Java:

o Avoid Nested lock: Nested lock is the common reason for deadlock as deadlock occurs
when we provide locks to various threads so we should give one lock to only one thread
at some particular time.
o Avoid unnecessary locks: we must avoid the locks which are not required.
o Using thread join: Thread join helps to wait for a thread until another thread doesn't
finish its execution so we can avoid deadlock by maximum use of join method.

28) What is Thread Scheduler in java?

In Java, when we create the threads, they are supervised with the help of a Thread Scheduler,
which is the part of JVM. Thread scheduler is only responsible for deciding which thread should
be executed. Thread scheduler uses two mechanisms for scheduling the threads: Preemptive and
Time Slicing.
Java thread scheduler also works for deciding the following for a thread:

o It selects the priority of the thread.

o It determines the waiting time for a thread
o It checks the Nature of thread

29) Does each thread have its stack in multithreaded programming?

Yes, in multithreaded programming every thread maintains its own or separate stack area in
memory due to which every thread is independent of each other.

30) How is the safety of a thread achieved?

If a method or class object can be used by multiple threads at a time without any race condition,
then the class is thread-safe. Thread safety is used to make a program safe to use in
multithreaded programming. It can be achieved by the following ways:

o Synchronization
o Using Volatile keyword
o Using a lock based mechanism
o Use of atomic wrapper classes

31) What is race-condition?

A Race condition is a problem which occurs in the multithreaded programming when various
threads execute simultaneously accessing a shared resource at the same time. The proper use of
synchronization can avoid the Race condition.

32) What is the volatile keyword in java?

Volatile keyword is used in multithreaded programming to achieve the thread safety, as a
change in one volatile variable is visible to all other threads so one variable can be used by one
thread at a time.
33) What do you understand by thread pool?

o Java Thread pool represents a group of worker threads, which are waiting for the task to
be allocated.
o Threads in the thread pool are supervised by the service provider which pulls one thread
from the pool and assign a job to it.
o After completion of the given task, thread again came to the thread pool.
o The size of the thread pool depends on the total number of threads kept at reserve for
execution.

The advantages of the thread pool are :

o Using a thread pool, performance can be enhanced.

o Using a thread pool, better system stability can occur.

Concurrency Interview Questions

34) What are the main components of concurrency API?
Concurrency API can be developed using the class and interfaces of java.util.Concurrent
package. There are the following classes and interfaces in java.util.Concurrent package.

o Executor
o FarkJoinPool
o ExecutorService
o ScheduledExecutorService
o Future
o TimeUnit(Enum)
o CountDownLatch
o CyclicBarrier
o Semaphore
o ThreadFactory
o BlockingQueue
 o DelayQueue
o Locks
o Phaser

35) What is the Executor interface in Concurrency API in Java?

The Executor Interface provided by the package java.util.concurrent is the simple interface used
to execute the new task. The execute() method of Executor interface is used to execute some
given command. The syntax of the execute() method is given below.

void execute(Runnable command)

Consider the following example:

1. import java.util.concurrent.Executor;  
2. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;  
3. import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;  
4. import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;  
5.   
6. public class TestThread {  
7.    public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {  
8.       Executor e = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();  
9.       e.execute(new Thread());  
10.       ThreadPoolExecutor pool = (ThreadPoolExecutor)e;  
11.       pool.shutdown();  
12.    }    
13.   
14.    static class Thread implements Runnable {  
15.       public void run() {  
16.          try {  
17.             Long duration = (long) (Math.random() * 5);  
18.             System.out.println("Running Thread!");  
19.             TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(duration);  
20.             System.out.println("Thread Completed");  
21.          } catch (InterruptedException ex) {  
22.             ex.printStackTrace();  
23.          }  
24.       }  
25.    }  
26. }     

Output

Running Thread!
Thread Completed

36) What is BlockingQueue?

The java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue is the subinterface of Queue that supports the
operations such as waiting for the space availability before inserting a new value or waiting for
the queue to become non-empty before retrieving an element from it. Consider the following
example.

1.       
2. import java.util.Random;  
3. import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;  
4. import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;  
5.   
6. public class TestThread {  
7.   
8.    public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {  
9.       BlockingQueue<Integer> queue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer>(10);  
10.   
11.       Insert i = new Insert(queue);  
12.       Retrieve r = new Retrieve(queue);  
13.   
14.       new Thread(i).start();  
15.       new Thread(r).start();  
16.   
17.       Thread.sleep(2000);  
18.    }    
19.   
20.   
21.    static class Insert implements Runnable {  
22.       private BlockingQueue<Integer> queue;  
23.   
24.       public Insert(BlockingQueue queue) {  
25.          this.queue = queue;  
26.       }  
27.   
28.       @Override  
29.       public void run() {  
30.          Random random = new Random();  
31.   
32.          try {  
33.             int result = random.nextInt(200);  
34.             Thread.sleep(1000);  
35.             queue.put(result);  
36.             System.out.println("Added: " + result);  
37.               
38.             result = random.nextInt(10);  
39.             Thread.sleep(1000);  
40.             queue.put(result);  
41.             System.out.println("Added: " + result);  
42.               
43.             result = random.nextInt(50);  
44.             Thread.sleep(1000);  
45.             queue.put(result);  
46.             System.out.println("Added: " + result);  
47.          } catch (InterruptedException e) {  
48.             e.printStackTrace();  
49.          }  
50.       }      
51.    }  
52.   
53.    static class Retrieve implements Runnable {  
54.       private BlockingQueue<Integer> queue;  
55.   
56.       public Retrieve(BlockingQueue queue) {  
57.          this.queue = queue;  
58.       }  
59.         
60.       @Override  
61.       public void run() {  
62.            
63.          try {  
64.             System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());  
65.             System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());  
66.             System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.take());  
67.          } catch (InterruptedException e) {  
68.             e.printStackTrace();  
69.          }  
70.       }  
71.    }  
72. }  

Output

Added: 96
Removed: 96
Added: 8
Removed: 8
Added: 5
Removed: 5

37) How to implement producer-consumer problem by using

BlockingQueue?
The producer-consumer problem can be solved by using BlockingQueue in the following way.
1.       
2. import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;  
3. import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;  
4. import java.util.logging.Level;  
5. import java.util.logging.Logger;  
6. public class ProducerConsumerProblem {  
7.     public static void main(String args[]){  
8.      //Creating shared object  
9.      BlockingQueue sharedQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue();  
10.   
11.      //Creating Producer and Consumer Thread  
12.      Thread prod = new Thread(new Producer(sharedQueue));  
13.      Thread cons = new Thread(new Consumer(sharedQueue));  
14.   
15.      //Starting producer and Consumer thread  
16.      prod.start();  
17.      cons.start();  
18.     }  
19.    
20. }  
21.   
22. //Producer Class in java  
23. class Producer implements Runnable {  
24.   
25.     private final BlockingQueue sharedQueue;  
26.   
27.     public Producer(BlockingQueue sharedQueue) {  
28.         this.sharedQueue = sharedQueue;  
29.     }  
30.   
31.     @Override  
32.     public void run() {  
33.         for(int i=0; i<10; i++){  
34.             try {  
35.                 System.out.println("Produced: " + i);  
36.                 sharedQueue.put(i);  
37.             } catch (InterruptedException ex) {  
38.                 Logger.getLogger(Producer.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);  
39.             }  
40.         }  
41.     }  
42.   
43. }  
44.   
45. //Consumer Class in Java  
46. class Consumer implements Runnable{  
47.   
48.     private final BlockingQueue sharedQueue;  
49.   
50.     public Consumer (BlockingQueue sharedQueue) {  
51.         this.sharedQueue = sharedQueue;  
52.     }  
53.     
54.     @Override  
55.     public void run() {  
56.         while(true){  
57.             try {  
58.                 System.out.println("Consumed: "+ sharedQueue.take());  
59.             } catch (InterruptedException ex) {  
60.                 Logger.getLogger(Consumer.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);  
61.             }  
62.         }  
63.     }  
64. }  

Output

Produced: 0
Produced: 1
Produced: 2
Produced: 3
Produced: 4
Produced: 5
Produced: 6
Produced: 7
Produced: 8
Produced: 9
Consumed: 0
Consumed: 1
Consumed: 2
Consumed: 3
Consumed: 4
Consumed: 5
Consumed: 6
Consumed: 7
Consumed: 8
Consumed: 9

38) What is the difference between Java Callable interface and

Runnable interface?
The Callable interface and Runnable interface both are used by the classes which wanted to
execute with multiple threads. However, there are two main differences between the both :

o A Callable <V> interface can return a result, whereas the Runnable interface cannot
return any result.
o A Callable <V> interface can throw a checked exception, whereas the Runnable interface
cannot throw checked exception.
o A Callable <V> interface cannot be used before the Java 5 whereas the Runnable
interface can be used.

39) What is the Atomic action in Concurrency in Java?

o The Atomic action is the operation which can be performed in a single unit of a task
without any interference of the other operations.
o The Atomic action cannot be stopped in between the task. Once started it fill stop after
the completion of the task only.
o An increment operation such as a++ does not allow an atomic action.
o All reads and writes operation for the primitive variable (except long and double) are the
atomic operation.
o All reads and writes operation for the volatile variable (including long and double) are
the atomic operation.
o The Atomic methods are available in java.util.Concurrent package.
 40) What is lock interface in Concurrency API in Java?
The java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock interface is used as the synchronization mechanism. It works
similar to the synchronized block. There are a few differences between the lock and
synchronized block that are given below.

o Lock interface provides the guarantee of sequence in which the waiting thread will be
given the access, whereas the synchronized block doesn't guarantee it.
o Lock interface provides the option of timeout if the lock is not granted whereas the
synchronized block doesn't provide that.
o The methods of Lock interface, i.e., Lock() and Unlock() can be called in different
methods whereas single synchronized block must be fully contained in a single method.

41) Explain the ExecutorService Interface.

The ExecutorService Interface is the subinterface of Executor interface and adds the features to
manage the lifecycle. Consider the following example.

1.       
2. import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;  
3. import java.util.concurrent.Executors;  
4. import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;  
5.   
6. public class TestThread {  
7.    public static void main(final String[] arguments) throws InterruptedException {  
8.       ExecutorService e = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();  
9.   
10.       try {  
11.          e.submit(new Thread());  
12.          System.out.println("Shutdown executor");  
13.          e.shutdown();  
14.          e.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);  
15.       } catch (InterruptedException ex) {  
16.          System.err.println("tasks interrupted");  
17.       } finally {  
18.   
19.          if (!e.isTerminated()) {  
20.             System.err.println("cancel non-finished tasks");  
21.          }  
22.          e.shutdownNow();  
23.          System.out.println("shutdown finished");  
24.       }  
25.    }  
26.   
27.    static class Task implements Runnable {  
28.         
29.       public void run() {  
30.            
31.          try {  
32.             Long duration = (long) (Math.random() * 20);  
33.             System.out.println("Running Task!");  
34.             TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(duration);  
35.          } catch (InterruptedException ex) {  
36.             ex.printStackTrace();  
37.          }  
38.       }  
39.    }         
40. }  

Output

Shutdown executor
shutdown finished

42) What is the difference between Synchronous programming and

Asynchronous programming regarding a thread?
Synchronous programming: In Synchronous programming model, a thread is assigned to
complete a task and hence thread started working on it, and it is only available for other tasks
once it will end the assigned task.
Asynchronous Programming: In Asynchronous programming, one job can be completed by
multiple threads and hence it provides maximum usability of the various threads.

43) What do you understand by Callable and Future in Java?

Java Callable interface: In Java5 callable interface was provided by the package
java.util.concurrent. It is similar to the Runnable interface but it can return a result, and it can
throw an Exception. It also provides a run() method for execution of a thread. Java Callable can
return any object as it uses Generic.

Syntax:

public interface Callable<V>

Java Future interface: Java Future interface gives the result of a concurrent process. The
Callable interface returns the object of java.util.concurrent.Future.

Java Future provides following methods for implementation.

o cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning): It is used to cancel the execution of the

assigned task.
o get(): It waits for the time if execution not completed and then retrieved the result.
o isCancelled(): It returns the Boolean value as it returns true if the task was canceled
before the completion.
o isDone(): It returns true if the job is completed successfully else returns false.

44. What is the difference between ScheduledExecutorService and

ExecutorService interface?
ExecutorServcie and ScheduledExecutorService both are the interfaces of java.util.Concurrent
package but scheduledExecutorService provides some additional methods to execute the
Runnable and Callable tasks with the delay or every fixed time period.

45) Define FutureTask class in Java?

Java FutureTask class provides a base implementation of the Future interface. The result can only
be obtained if the execution of one task is completed, and if the computation is not achieved
then get method will be blocked. If the execution is completed, then it cannot be re-started and
can't be canceled.

Syntax

public class FutureTask<V> extends Object implements RunnableFuture<V>

34 Java Collections Interview Questions

In Java, collection interview questions are most asked by the interviewers. Here is the list of the
most asked collections interview questions with answers.

1) What is the Collection framework in Java?

Collection Framework is a combination of classes and interface, which is used to store and
manipulate the data in the form of objects. It provides various classes such as ArrayList, Vector,
Stack, and HashSet, etc. and interfaces such as List, Queue, Set, etc. for this purpose.

2) What are the main differences between array and collection?

Array and Collection are somewhat similar regarding storing the references of objects and
manipulating the data, but they differ in many ways. The main differences between the array and
Collection are defined below:

o Arrays are always of fixed size, i.e., a user can not increase or decrease the length of the
array according to their requirement or at runtime, but In Collection, size can be changed
dynamically as per need.
o Arrays can only store homogeneous or similar type objects, but in Collection,
heterogeneous objects can be stored.
o Arrays cannot provide the ?ready-made? methods for user requirements as sorting,
searching, etc. but Collection includes readymade methods to use.

3) Explain various interfaces used in Collection framework?

 Collection framework implements various interfaces, Collection interface and Map interface
(java.util.Map) are the mainly used interfaces of Java Collection Framework. List of interfaces of
Collection Framework is given below:

4.2M

Jay-Z and Jack Dorsey Criticized for Launching ‘Bitcoin Academy’ at Housing Complex

1. Collection interface: Collection (java.util.Collection) is the primary interface, and every

collection must implement this interface.

Syntax:

1. public interface Collection<E>extends Iterable  

Where <E> represents that this interface is of Generic type

2. List interface: List interface extends the Collection interface, and it is an ordered collection of
objects. It contains duplicate elements. It also allows random access of elements.

Syntax:

1. public interface List<E> extends Collection<E>  

3. Set interface: Set (java.util.Set) interface is a collection which cannot contain duplicate

elements. It can only include inherited methods of Collection interface

Syntax:
1. public interface Set<E> extends Collection<E>  

Queue interface: Queue (java.util.Queue) interface defines queue data structure, which stores
the elements in the form FIFO (first in first out).

Syntax:

1. public interface Queue<E> extends Collection<E>  

4. Dequeue interface: it is a double-ended-queue. It allows the insertion and removal of

elements from both ends. It implants the properties of both Stack and queue so it can perform
LIFO (Last in first out) stack and FIFO (first in first out) queue, operations.

Syntax:

1. public interface Dequeue<E> extends Queue<E>  

5. Map interface: A Map (java.util.Map) represents a key, value pair storage of elements. Map
interface does not implement the Collection interface. It can only contain a unique key but can
have duplicate elements. There are two interfaces which implement Map in java that are Map
interface and Sorted Map.
4) What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector?

No. ArrayList Vector

1) ArrayList is not synchronized. Vector is synchronized.

2) ArrayList is not a legacy class. Vector is a legacy class.

3) ArrayList increases its size by 50% of the Vector increases its size by doubling the array
array size. size.

4) ArrayList is not ?thread-safe? as it is not Vector list is ?thread-safe? as it?s every method is
synchronized. synchronized.

5) What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?

No. ArrayList LinkedList

1) ArrayList uses a dynamic array. LinkedList uses a doubly linked list.

2) ArrayList is not efficient for LinkedList is efficient for manipulation.

manipulation because too much is
required.

3) ArrayList is better to store and fetch LinkedList is better to manipulate data.

data.

4) ArrayList provides random access. LinkedList does not provide random access.

5) ArrayList takes less memory overhead LinkedList takes more memory overhead, as it stores
as it stores only object the object as well as the address of that object.
6) What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator?
Iterator traverses the elements in the forward direction only whereas ListIterator traverses the
elements into forward and backward direction.

No. Iterator ListIterator

1) The Iterator traverses the elements in the ListIterator traverses the elements in backward
forward direction only. and forward directions both.

2) The Iterator can be used in List, Set, and ListIterator can be used in List only.
Queue.

3) The Iterator can only perform remove ListIterator can perform ?add,? ?remove,? and ?
operation while traversing the collection. set? operation while traversing the collection.

7) What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration?

No. Iterator Enumeration

1) The Iterator can traverse legacy and non- Enumeration can traverse only legacy
legacy elements. elements.

2) The Iterator is fail-fast. Enumeration is not fail-fast.

3) The Iterator is slower than Enumeration. Enumeration is faster than Iterator.

4) The Iterator can perform remove operation The Enumeration can perform only traverse
while traversing the collection. operation on the collection.

8) What is the difference between List and Set?

The List and Set both extend the collection interface. However, there are some differences
between the both which are listed below.

o The List can contain duplicate elements whereas Set includes unique items.
o The List is an ordered collection which maintains the insertion order whereas Set is an
unordered collection which does not preserve the insertion order.
o The List interface contains a single legacy class which is Vector class whereas Set
interface does not have any legacy class.
o The List interface can allow n number of null values whereas Set interface only allows a
single null value.

9) What is the difference between HashSet and TreeSet?

The HashSet and TreeSet, both classes, implement Set interface. The differences between the
both are listed below.

o HashSet maintains no order whereas TreeSet maintains ascending order.

o HashSet impended by hash table whereas TreeSet implemented by a Tree structure.
o HashSet performs faster than TreeSet.
o HashSet is backed by HashMap whereas TreeSet is backed by TreeMap.

10) What is the difference between Set and Map?

The differences between the Set and Map are given below.

o Set contains values only whereas Map contains key and values both.
o Set contains unique values whereas Map can contain unique Keys with duplicate values.
o Set holds a single number of null value whereas Map can include a single null key with n
number of null values.

11) What is the difference between HashSet and HashMap?

The differences between the HashSet and HashMap are listed below.
 o HashSet contains only values whereas HashMap includes the entry (key, value). HashSet
can be iterated, but HashMap needs to convert into Set to be iterated.
o HashSet implements Set interface whereas HashMap implements the Map interface
o HashSet cannot have any duplicate value whereas HashMap can contain duplicate values
with unique keys.
o HashSet contains the only single number of null value whereas HashMap can hold a
single null key with n number of null values.

12) What is the difference between HashMap and TreeMap?

The differences between the HashMap and TreeMap are given below.

o HashMap maintains no order, but TreeMap maintains ascending order.

o HashMap is implemented by hash table whereas TreeMap is implemented by a Tree
structure.
o HashMap can be sorted by Key or value whereas TreeMap can be sorted by Key.
o HashMap may contain a null key with multiple null values whereas TreeMap cannot hold
a null key but can have multiple null values.

13) What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable?

No. HashMap Hashtable

1) HashMap is not synchronized. Hashtable is synchronized.

2) HashMap can contain one null key and Hashtable cannot contain any null key or null
multiple null values. value.

3) HashMap is not ?thread-safe,? so it is useful Hashtable is thread-safe, and it can be

for non-threaded applications. shared between various threads.

4) 4) HashMap inherits the AbstractMap class Hashtable inherits the Dictionary class.
14) What is the difference between Collection and Collections?
The differences between the Collection and Collections are given below.

o The Collection is an interface whereas Collections is a class.

o The Collection interface provides the standard functionality of data structure to List, Set,
and Queue. However, Collections class is to sort and synchronize the collection elements.
o The Collection interface provides the methods that can be used for data structure
whereas Collections class provides the static methods which can be used for various
operation on a collection.

15) What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator?

No. Comparable Comparator

1) Comparable provides only one sort of sequence. The Comparator provides multiple sorts
of sequences.

2) It provides one method named compareTo(). It provides one method named

compare().

3) It is found in java.lang package. It is located in java.util package.

4) If we implement the Comparable interface, The The actual class is not changed.
actual class is modified.

16) What do you understand by BlockingQueue?

BlockingQueue is an interface which extends the Queue interface. It provides concurrency in the
operations like retrieval, insertion, deletion. While retrieval of any element, it waits for the queue
to be non-empty. While storing the elements, it waits for the available space. BlockingQueue
cannot contain null elements, and implementation of BlockingQueue is thread-safe.
 Syntax:

1. public interface BlockingQueue<E> extends Queue <E>  

17) What is the advantage of Properties file?

If you change the value in the properties file, you don't need to recompile the java class. So, it
makes the application easy to manage. It is used to store information which is to be changed
frequently. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. import java.io.*;  
3. public class Test {  
4. public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{  
5.     FileReader reader=new FileReader("db.properties");  
6.       
7.     Properties p=new Properties();  
8.     p.load(reader);  
9.       
10.     System.out.println(p.getProperty("user"));  
11.     System.out.println(p.getProperty("password"));  
12. }  
13. }  

Output

system
oracle

18) What does the hashCode() method?

The hashCode() method returns a hash code value (an integer number).

The hashCode() method returns the same integer number if two keys (by calling equals()
method) are identical.

However, it is possible that two hash code numbers can have different or the same keys.

If two objects do not produce an equal result by using the equals() method, then the hashcode()
method will provide the different integer result for both the objects.

19) Why we override equals() method?

The equals method is used to check whether two objects are the same or not. It needs to be
overridden if we want to check the objects based on the property.

For example, Employee is a class that has 3 data members: id, name, and salary. However, we
want to check the equality of employee object by the salary. Then, we need to override the
equals() method.

20) How to synchronize List, Set and Map elements?

Yes, Collections class provides methods to make List, Set or Map elements as synchronized:

public static List synchronizedList(List l){}

public static Set synchronizedSet(Set s){}

public static SortedSet synchronizedSortedSet(SortedSet s){}

public static Map synchronizedMap(Map m){}

public static SortedMap synchronizedSortedMap(SortedMap m){}

21) What is the advantage of the generic collection?
There are three main advantages of using the generic collection.

o If we use the generic class, we don't need typecasting.

o It is type-safe and checked at compile time.
o Generic confirms the stability of the code by making it bug detectable at compile time.

22) What is hash-collision in Hashtable and how it is handled in Java?

Two different keys with the same hash value are known as hash-collision. Two separate entries
will be kept in a single hash bucket to avoid the collision. There are two ways to avoid hash-
collision.

o Separate Chaining
o Open Addressing

23) What is the Dictionary class?

The Dictionary class provides the capability to store key-value pairs.

24) What is the default size of load factor in hashing based collection?
The default size of load factor is 0.75. The default capacity is computed as initial capacity * load
factor. For example, 16 * 0.75 = 12. So, 12 is the default capacity of Map.

25) What do you understand by fail-fast?

The Iterator in java which immediately throws ConcurrentmodificationException, if any structural
modification occurs in, is called as a Fail-fast iterator. Fail-fats iterator does not require any extra
space in memory.

26) What is the difference between Array and ArrayList?

The main differences between the Array and ArrayList are given below.

SN Array ArrayList

1 The Array is of fixed size, means we cannot ArrayList is not of the fixed size we can change
resize the array as per need. the size dynamically.

2 Arrays are of the static type. ArrayList is of dynamic size.

3 Arrays can store primitive data types as well ArrayList cannot store the primitive data types it
as objects. can only store the objects.

27) What is the difference between the length of an Array and size of

ArrayList?

The length of an array can be obtained using the property of length whereas ArrayList does not
support length property, but we can use size() method to get the number of objects in the list.

Finding the length of the array

1. Int [] array = new int[4];  
2. System.out.println("The size of the array is " + array.length);  
3.           

Finding the size of the ArrayList

1. ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();    
2. list.add("ankit");    
3. list.add("nippun");  
4. System.out.println(list.size());  
5.           

28) How to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList?

We can convert an Array to ArrayList by using the asList() method of Arrays class. asList()
method is the static method of Arrays class and accepts the List object. Consider the following
syntax:

1. Arrays.asList(item)  

We can convert an ArrayList to Array using toArray() method of the ArrayList class. Consider the
following syntax to convert the ArrayList to the List object.
1. List_object.toArray(new String[List_object.size()])  

29) How to make Java ArrayList Read-Only?

We can obtain java ArrayList Read-only by calling the Collections.unmodifiableCollection()

method. When we define an ArrayList as Read-only then we cannot perform any modification in
the collection through  add(), remove() or set() method.

30) How to remove duplicates from ArrayList?

There are two ways to remove duplicates from the ArrayList.

o Using HashSet: By using HashSet we can remove the duplicate element from the
ArrayList, but it will not then preserve the insertion order.
o Using LinkedHashSet: We can also maintain the insertion order by using LinkedHashSet
instead of HashSet.

The Process to remove duplicate elements from ArrayList using the LinkedHashSet:

o Copy all the elements of ArrayList to LinkedHashSet.

o Empty the ArrayList using clear() method, which will remove all the elements from the
list.
o Now copy all the elements of LinkedHashset to ArrayList.

31) How to reverse ArrayList?

 To reverse an ArrayList, we can use reverse() method of Collections class. Consider the following
example.

1. import java.util.ArrayList;  
2. import java.util.Collection;  
3. import java.util.Collections;  
4. import java.util.Iterator;  
5. import java.util.List;  
6. public class ReverseArrayList {  
7. public static void main(String[] args) {  
8.      List list = new ArrayList<>();  
9.      list.add(10);  
10.      list.add(50);  
11.      list.add(30);  
12.      Iterator i = list.iterator();  
13.      System.out.println("printing the list....");  
14.      while(i.hasNext())  
15.      {  
16.          System.out.println(i.next());  
17.      }  
18.      Iterator i2 = list.iterator();  
19.      Collections.reverse(list);  
20.      System.out.println("printing list in reverse order....");  
21.      while(i2.hasNext())  
22.      {  
23.          System.out.println(i2.next());  
24.      }  
25.     }  
26. }  

Output

printing the list....

 10
50
30
printing list in reverse order....
30
50
10

32) How to sort ArrayList in descending order?

To sort the ArrayList in descending order, we can use the reverseOrder method of Collections
class. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.ArrayList;  
2. import java.util.Collection;  
3. import java.util.Collections;  
4. import java.util.Comparator;  
5. import java.util.Iterator;  
6. import java.util.List;  
7.   
8. public class ReverseArrayList {  
9. public static void main(String[] args) {  
10.      List list = new ArrayList<>();  
11.      list.add(10);  
12.      list.add(50);  
13.      list.add(30);  
14.      list.add(60);  
15.      list.add(20);  
16.      list.add(90);  
17.        
18.      Iterator i = list.iterator();  
19.      System.out.println("printing the list....");  
20.      while(i.hasNext())  
21.      {  
22.          System.out.println(i.next());  
23.      }  
24.       
25.     Comparator cmp = Collections.reverseOrder();  
26.     Collections.sort(list,cmp);  
27.      System.out.println("printing list in descending order....");  
28.      Iterator i2 = list.iterator();  
29.      while(i2.hasNext())  
30.      {  
31.          System.out.println(i2.next());  
32.      }  
33.        
34. }  
35. }  

Output

printing the list....

10
50
30
60
20
90
printing list in descending order....
90
60
50
30
20
10

33) How to synchronize ArrayList?

We can synchronize ArrayList in two ways.

o Using Collections.synchronizedList() method

o Using CopyOnWriteArrayList<T>
34) When to use ArrayList and LinkedList?

LinkedLists are better to use for the update operations whereas ArrayLists are better to use for
the search operations.

JDBC Interview Questions

A list of top frequently asked JDBC interview questions and answers is given below.

1) What is JDBC?
JDBC is a Java API that is used to connect and execute the query to the database. JDBC API uses
JDBC drivers to connect to the database. JDBC API can be used to access tabular data stored
into any relational database.

 More details.

2) What is JDBC Driver?

JDBC Driver is a software component that enables Java application to interact with the database.
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:

1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver: The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses the ODBC driver to
connect to the database. The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver converts JDBC method calls into
 the ODBC function calls. This is now discouraged because of the thin driver. It is easy to
use and can be easily connected to any database.
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver): The Native API driver uses the client-side
libraries of the database. The driver converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the
database API. It is not written entirely in Java. Its performance is better than JDBC-ODBC
bridge driver. However, the native driver must be installed on each client machine.
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver): The Network Protocol driver uses
middleware (application server) that converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into the
vendor-specific database protocol. It is entirely written in Java. There is no requirement
of the client-side library because of the application server that can perform many tasks
like auditing, load balancing, logging, etc.
4. Thin driver (fully java driver): The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the
vendor-specific database protocol. That is why it is known as the thin driver. It is entirely
written in Java language. Its performance is better than all other drivers however these
drivers depend upon the database.

More details.

3) What are the steps to connect to the database in java?

The following steps are used in database connectivity.

60.1M

1.1K

Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM

o Registering the driver class:

The forName() method of the Class class is used to register the driver class. This method
is used to load the driver class dynamically. Consider the following example to register
OracleDriver class.
1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  

o Creating connection:

The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish the connection

with the database. The syntax of the getConnection() method is given below.

1. 1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws SQLException  
2. 2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String password)  
3. throws SQLException  

Consider the following example to establish the connection with the Oracle database.

1. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
2. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");  

o Creating the statement:

The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create the Statement.

The object of the Statement is responsible for executing queries with the database.
1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException  

consider the following example to create the statement object

1. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();  

o Executing the queries:

The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to the

database. This method returns the object of ResultSet that can be used to get all the
records of a table.

Syntax of executeQuery() method is given below.

1. public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException  

Example to execute the query

 1. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");  
2. while(rs.next()){  
3. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));  
4. }  

However, to perform the insert and update operations in the database, executeUpdate()
method is used which returns the boolean value to indicate the successful completion of
the operation.

o Closing connection:

By closing connection, object statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The
close() method of Connection interface is used to close the connection.

Syntax of close() method is given below.

1. public void close()throws SQLException  

Consider the following example to close the connection.

1. con.close();  
More details.
4) What are the JDBC API components?
The java.sql package contains following interfaces and classes for JDBC API.

Interfaces:

o Connection: The Connection object is created by using getConnection() method of

DriverManager class. DriverManager is the factory for connection.

o Statement: The Statement object is created by using createStatement() method of

Connection class. The Connection interface is the factory for Statement.

o PreparedStatement: The PrepareStatement object is created by using

prepareStatement() method of Connection class. It is used to execute the parameterized
query.

o ResultSet: The object of ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to a row of a table.

Initially, cursor points before the first row. The executeQuery() method of Statement
interface returns the ResultSet object.

o ResultSetMetaData: The object of ResultSetMetaData interface cotains the information

about the data (table) such as numer of columns, column name, column type, etc. The
getMetaData() method of ResultSet returns the object of ResultSetMetaData.

o DatabaseMetaData: DatabaseMetaData interface provides methods to get metadata of

a database such as the database product name, database product version, driver name,
name of the total number of tables, the name of the total number of views, etc. The
getMetaData() method of Connection interface returns the object of DatabaseMetaData.

o CallableStatement: CallableStatement interface is used to call the stored procedures

and functions. We can have business logic on the database through the use of stored
procedures and functions that will make the performance better because these are
 precompiled. The prepareCall() method of Connection interface returns the instance of
CallableStatement.

Classes:

o DriverManager: The DriverManager class acts as an interface between the user and

drivers. It keeps track of the drivers that are available and handles establishing a
connection between a database and the appropriate driver. It contains several methods
to keep the interaction between the user and drivers.

o Blob: Blob stands for the binary large object. It represents a collection of binary data
stored as a single entity in the database management system.

o Clob: Clob stands for Character large object. It is a data type that is used by various
database management systems to store character files. It is similar to Blob except for the
difference that BLOB represent binary data such as images, audio and video files, etc.
whereas Clob represents character stream data such as character files, etc.

o SQLException It is an Exception class which provides information on database access

errors.

5) What are the JDBC statements?

In JDBC, Statements are used to send SQL commands to the database and receive data from the
database. There are various methods provided by JDBC statements such as execute(),
executeUpdate(), executeQuery, etc. which helps you to interact with the database.

There is three type of JDBC statements given in the following table.

Statements Explanation

Statement Statement is the factory for resultset. It is used for general purpose access to
 the database. It executes a static SQL query at runtime.

PreparedStatemen The PreparedStatement is used when we need to provide input parameters to

t the query at runtime.

CallableStatement CallableStatement is used when we need to access the database stored

procedures. It can also accept runtime parameters.

6) What is the return type of Class.forName() method?

The Class.forName() method returns the object of java.lang.Class object.

7) What are the differences between Statement and PreparedStatement

interface?

Statement PreparedStatement

The Statement interface provides methods to execute The PreparedStatement interface is a

queries with the database. The statement interface is a subinterface of Statement. It is used to
factory of ResultSet; i.e., it provides the factory method execute the parameterized query.
to get the object of ResultSet.

In the case of Statement, the query is compiled each In the case of PreparedStatement, the
time we run the program. query is compiled only once.

The Statement is mainly used in the case when we need PreparedStatement is used when we need
to run the static query at runtime. to provide input parameters to the query
at runtime.

More details.

8) How can we set null value in JDBC PreparedStatement?

 By using setNull() method of PreparedStatement interface, we can set the null value to an index.
The syntax of the method is given below.

1. void setNull(int parameterIndex, int sqlType) throws SQLException  
2.       

9) What are the benefits of PreparedStatement over Statement?

The benefits of using PreparedStatement over Statement interface is given below.

o The PreparedStatement performs faster as compare to Statement because the Statement

needs to be compiled everytime we run the code whereas the PreparedStatement
compiled once and then execute only on runtime.
o PreparedStatement can execute Parameterized query whereas Statement can only run
static queries.
o The query used in PreparedStatement is appeared to be similar every time. Therefore,
the database can reuse the previous access plan whereas, Statement inline the
parameters into the String, therefore, the query doesn't appear to be same everytime
which prevents cache reusage.

10) What are the differences between execute, executeQuery, and

executeUpdate?

execute executeQuery executeUpdate

The execute method can be used for The executeQuery The executeUpdate method can
any SQL statements(Select and method can be used only be used to update/delete/insert
Update both). with the select statement. operations in the database.
The execute method returns a The executeQuery() The executeUpdate() method
boolean type value where true method returns a returns an integer value
indicates that the ResultSet s ResultSet object which representing the number of
returned which can later be contains the data records affected where 0 indicates
extracted and false indicates that retrieved by the select that query returns nothing.
the integer or void value is returned. statement.

11) What are the different types of ResultSet?

ResultSet is categorized by the direction of the reading head and sensitivity or insensitivity of
the result provided by it. There are three general types of ResultSet.

Type Description

ResultSet.TYPE_Forward_ONLY The cursor can move in the forward direction only.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE The cursor can move in both the direction (forward and
backward). The ResultSet is not sensitive to the changes made
by the others to the database.

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE The cursor can move in both the direction. The ResultSet is
sensitive to the changes made by the others to the database.

12) What are the differences between ResultSet and RowSet?

ResultSet RowSet

ResultSet cannot be serialized RowSet is disconnected from the database and can be serialized.
as it maintains the connection
with the database.
ResultSet object is not a ResultSet Object is a JavaBean object.
JavaBean object

ResultSet is returned by the Rowset Interface extends ResultSet Interface and returned by calling
executeQuery() method of the RowSetProvider.newFactory().createJdbcRowSet() method.
Statement Interface.

ResultSet object is non- RowSet object is scrollable and updatable by default.

scrollable and non-updatable
by default.

13) How can we execute stored procedures using CallableStatement?

Following are the steps to create and execute stored procedures. Here, we are creating a table
user420 by using a stored procedure and inserting values into it.

o Create the procedure in the database.

To call the stored procedure, you need to create it in the database. Here, we are
assuming that the stored procedure looks like this.

1. create or replace procedure "INSERTR"  
2. (id IN NUMBER,  
3. name IN VARCHAR2)  
4. is  
5. begin  
6. insert into user420 values(id,name);  
7. end;  
8. /     
 The table structure is given below:

1. create table user420(id number(10), name varchar2(200));  

o Establish a network connection.

1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
2. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
3. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  

o Create the Object of CallableStatement.

1. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");  

o Provide the values and execute the query by using the following syntax.
 1. stmt.setInt(1,1011);  
2. stmt.setString(2,"Amit");  
3. stmt.execute();  

o Check the database; the values will be found there. However, the complete code
will look like the following.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. public class Proc {  
3. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{  
4.   
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
7. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
8.   
9. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");  
10. stmt.setInt(1,1011);  
11. stmt.setString(2,"Amit");  
12. stmt.execute();  
13.   
14. System.out.println("success");  
15. }  
16. }  

14) What is the role of the JDBC DriverManager class?

The DriverManager class acts as an interface between user and drivers. It keeps track of the
drivers that are available and handles establishing a connection between a database and the
appropriate driver. The DriverManager class maintains a list of Driver classes that have
registered themselves by calling the method DriverManager.registerDriver().
More details.

15) What are the functions of the JDBC Connection interface?

The Connection interface maintains a session with the database. It can be used for transaction
management. It provides factory methods that return the instance of Statement,
PreparedStatement, CallableStatement, and DatabaseMetaData.

More details.

16) What does the JDBC ResultSet interface?

The ResultSet object represents a row of a table. It can be used to change the cursor pointer and
get the information from the database. By default, ResultSet object can move in the forward
direction only and is not updatable. However, we can make this object to move the forward and
backward direction by passing either TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE or TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE in
createStatement(int, int) method.

More details.

17) What does the JDBC ResultSetMetaData interface?

The ResultSetMetaData interface returns the information of table such as the total number of
columns, column name, column type, etc.

More details.

18) What does the JDBC DatabaseMetaData interface?

 The DatabaseMetaData interface returns the information of the database such as username,
driver name, driver version, number of tables, number of views, etc. Consider the following
example.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. class Dbmd{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. try{  
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
6.   
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
9. DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();  
10.   
11. System.out.println("Driver Name: "+dbmd.getDriverName());  
12. System.out.println("Driver Version: "+dbmd.getDriverVersion());  
13. System.out.println("UserName: "+dbmd.getUserName());  
14. System.out.println("Database Product Name: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductName());  
15. System.out.println("Database Product Version: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductVersion());  
16.   
17. con.close();  
18. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}  
19. }  
20. }  

Output

Driver Name: Oracle JDBC Driver

Driver Version: 10.2.0.1.0XE
Database Product Name: Oracle
Database Product Version: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition Release
10.2.0.1.0 -Production
More details.
 19) Which interface is responsible for transaction management in JDBC?
The Connection interface provides methods for transaction management such as commit(),
rollback() etc.

More details.

20) What is batch processing and how to perform batch processing in

JDBC?
By using the batch processing technique in JDBC, we can execute multiple queries. It makes the
performance fast. The java.sql.Statement and java.sql.PreparedStatement interfaces provide
methods for batch processing. The batch processing in JDBC requires the following steps.

o Load the driver class

o Create Connection
o Create Statement
o Add query in the batch
o Execute the Batch
o Close Connection

Consider the following example to perform batch processing using the Statement interface.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. class FetchRecords{  
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","
oracle");  
6. con.setAutoCommit(false);  
7.   
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();  
9. stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");  
10. stmt.addBatch("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");  
11.   
12. stmt.executeBatch();//executing the batch  
13.   
14. con.commit();  
15. con.close();  
16. }}  
More details.

21) What are CLOB and BLOB data types in JDBC?

BLOB: Blob can be defined as the variable-length, binary large object which is used to hold the
group of Binary data such as voice, images, and mixed media. It can hold up to 2GB data on
MySQL database and 128 GB on Oracle database. BLOB is supported by many databases such as
MySQL, Oracle, and DB2 to store the binary data (images, video, audio, and mixed media).

CLOB: Clob can be defined as the variable-length, character-large object which is used to hold
the character-based data such as files in many databases. It can hold up to 2 GB on MySQL
database, and 128 GB on Oracle Database. A CLOB is considered as a character string.

22) What are the different types of lockings in JDBC?

A lock is a certain type of software mechanism by using which, we can restrict other users from
using the data resource. There are four type of locks given in JDBC that are described below.

o Row and Key Locks: These type of locks are used when we update the rows.
o Page Locks: These type of locks are applied to a page. They are used in the case, where
a transaction remains in the process and is being updated, deleting, or inserting some
 data in a row of the table. The database server locks the entire page that contains the
row. The page lock can be applied once by the database server.
o Table locks: Table locks are applied to the table. It can be applied in two ways, i.e.,
shared and exclusive. Shared lock lets the other transactions to read the table but not
update it. However, The exclusive lock prevents others from reading and writing the
table.
o Database locks: The Database lock is used to prevent the read and update access from
other transactions when the database is open.

23) How can we store and retrieve images from the database?
By using the PreparedStatement interface, we can store and retrieve images. Create a table
which contains two columns namely NAME and PHOTO.

1. CREATE TABLE  "IMGTABLE"   
2.    (    "NAME" VARCHAR2(4000),   
3.     "PHOTO" BLOB  
4.    )  

Consider the following example to store the image in the database.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. import java.io.*;  
3. public class InsertImage {  
4. public static void main(String[] args) {  
5. try{  
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
9.               
10. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into imgtable values(?,?)");  
11. ps.setString(1,"sonoo");  
12.   
13. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("d:\\g.jpg");  
14. ps.setBinaryStream(2,fin,fin.available());  
15. int i=ps.executeUpdate();  
16. System.out.println(i+" records affected");  
17.           
18. con.close();  
19. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}  
20. }  
21. }  

Consider the following example to retrieve the image from the table.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. import java.io.*;  
3. public class RetrieveImage {  
4. public static void main(String[] args) {  
5. try{  
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
9.       
10. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from imgtable");  
11. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();  
12. if(rs.next()){//now on 1st row  
13.               
14. Blob b=rs.getBlob(2);//2 means 2nd column data  
15. byte barr[]=b.getBytes(1,(int)b.length());//1 means first image  
16.               
17. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("d:\\sonoo.jpg");  
18. fout.write(barr);  
19.               
20. fout.close();  
21. }//end of if  
22. System.out.println("ok");  
23.               
24. con.close();  
25. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();  }  
26. }  
27. }  
More details.

24) How can we store the file in the Oracle database?

The setCharacterStream() method of PreparedStatement interface is used to set character
information into the parameterIndex. For storing the file into the database, CLOB (Character
Large Object) datatype is used in the table. For example:

1. CREATE TABLE  "FILETABLE"   
2.    (    "ID" NUMBER,   
3.     "NAME" CLOB  
4.    )  

Java Code
1. import java.io.*;  
2. import java.sql.*;  
3.   
4. public class StoreFile {  
5. public static void main(String[] args) {  
6. try{  
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
10.               
11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement(  
12. "insert into filetable values(?,?)");  
13.               
14. File f=new File("d:\\myfile.txt");  
15. FileReader fr=new FileReader(f);  
16.               
17. ps.setInt(1,101);  
18. ps.setCharacterStream(2,fr,(int)f.length());  
19. int i=ps.executeUpdate();  
20. System.out.println(i+" records affected");  
21.               
22. con.close();  
23.               
24. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}  
25. }  
26. }  

25) How can we retrieve the file in the Oracle database?

The getClob() method of PreparedStatement is used to get file information from the database.
Let's see the table structure of the example to retrieve the file.
1. CREATE TABLE  "FILETABLE"   
2.    (    "ID" NUMBER,   
3.     "NAME" CLOB  
4.    )  

The example to retrieve the file from the Oracle database is given below.

1. import java.io.*;  
2. import java.sql.*;  
3.   
4. public class RetrieveFile {  
5. public static void main(String[] args) {  
6. try{  
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(  
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");  
10.               
11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from filetable");  
12. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();  
13. rs.next();//now on 1st row  
14.               
15. Clob c=rs.getClob(2);  
16. Reader r=c.getCharacterStream();              
17.               
18. FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("d:\\retrivefile.txt");  
19.               
20. int i;  
21. while((i=r.read())!=-1)  
22. fw.write((char)i);  
23.               
24. fw.close();  
25. con.close();  
26.               
27. System.out.println("success");  
28. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();  }  
29. }  
30. }  

26) What are the differences between stored procedure and functions?
The differences between stored procedures and functions are given below:

Stored Procedure Function

Is used to perform business logic. Is used to perform the calculation.

Must not have the return type. Must have the return type.

May return 0 or more values. May return only one value.

The procedure supports input and output The function supports only input parameter.
parameters.

Exception handling using try/catch block can be Exception handling using try/catch can't be used
used in stored procedures. in user-defined functions.

27) How can we maintain the integrity of a database by using JDBC?

To maintain the integrity of a database, we need to ensure the ACID properties. ACID properties
mean Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and durability. In JDBC, Connection interface provides
 methods like setAutoCommit(), commit(), and rollback() which can be used to manage
transaction. Let's see an example of transaction management in JDBC.

1. import java.sql.*;  
2. class FetchRecords{  
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");  
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","
oracle");  
6. con.setAutoCommit(false);  
7.   
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();  
9. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");  
10. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");  
11.   
12. con.commit();  
13. con.close();  
14. }}  

28) What is the JDBC Rowset?

JDBC Rowset is the wrapper of ResultSet. It holds tabular data like ResultSet, but it is easy and
flexible to use. The implementation classes of RowSet interface are as follows:

o JdbcRowSet
o CachedRowSet
o WebRowSet
o JoinRowSet
o FilteredRowSet
29) What is the major difference between java.util.Date and
java.sql.Date data type?
The major difference between java.util.Date and java.sql.Date is that, java.sql.Date represents
date without time information whereas, java.util.Date represents both date and time
information.

30) What does JDBC setMaxRows method do?

The setMaxRows(int i) method limits the number of rows the database can return by using the
query. This can also be done within the query as we can use the limit cause in MySQL.

A list of top frequently asked MySQL interview questions and answers are given below.

MySQL Interview Questions

1) What is MySQL?
MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system which has more than
11 million installations. It is the world's second most popular and widely-used open source
database. It is interesting how MySQL name was given to this query language. The term My is
coined by the name of the daughter of co-founder Michael Widenius's daughter, and SQL is the
short form of Structured Query Language. Using MySQL is free of cost for the developer, but
enterprises have to pay a license fee to Oracle.

Formerly MySQL was initially owned by a for-profit firm MySQL AB, then Sun Microsystems
bought it, and then Oracle bought Sun Microsystems, so Oracle currently owns MySQL.

MySQL

is an Oracle-supported Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) based on structured

query language. MySQL supports a wide range of operating systems, most famous of those
include Windows, Linux & UNIX. Although it is possible to develop a wide range of
applications with MySQL, it is only used for web applications & online publishing. It is a
fundamental part of an open-source enterprise known as Lamp.
x

What is the Lamp?

The Lamp is a platform used for web development. The Lamp uses Linux
, Apache, MySQL, and PHP
as an operating system
, web server, database & object-oriented scripting language. And hence abbreviated as LAMP.

2) In which language MySQL has been written?

MySQL is written in C

and C++
, and its SQL
parser is written in yacc.

3) What are the technical specifications of MySQL?

MySQL has the following technical specifications -

o Flexible structure
o High performance
o Manageable and easy to use
o Replication and high availability
o Security and storage management
o Drivers
o Graphical Tools
o MySQL Enterprise Monitor
o MySQL Enterprise Security
o JSON Support
o Replication & High-Availability
o Manageability and Ease of Use
o OLTP and Transactions
o Geo-Spatial Support

4) What is the difference between MySQL and SQL?

SQL is known as the standard query language. It is used to interact with the database like
MySQL. MySQL is a database that stores various types of data and keeps it safe.
A PHP script is required to store and retrieve the values inside the database.

SQL is a computer language, whereas MySQL is a software or an application

SQL is used for the creation of database management systems whereas MySQL is used to enable
data handling, storing, deleting and modifying data

5) 5. What is the difference between the database and the table?

There is a major difference between a database and a table. The differences are as follows:

o Tables are a way to represent the division of data in a database while the database is a
collection of tables and data.
o Tables are used to group the data in relation to each other and create a dataset. This
dataset will be used in the database. The data stored in the table in any form is a part of
the database, but the reverse is not true.
o A database is a collection of organized data and features used to access them, whereas
the table is a collection of rows and columns used to store the data.

6) Why do we use the MySQL database server?

First of all, the MYSQL server is free to use for developers and small enterprises.

MySQL server is open source.

MySQL's community is tremendous and supportive; hence any help regarding MySQL is resolved
as soon as possible.

MySQL has very stable versions available, as MySQL has been in the market for a long time. All
bugs arising in the previous builds have been continuously removed, and a very stable version is
provided after every update.

The MySQL database server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. You can easily use and modify
the software. MySQL software can be downloaded free of cost from the internet.

7) What are the different tables present in MySQL?

 There are many tables that remain present by default. But, MyISAM is the default database
engine used in MySQL. There are five types of tables that are present:

o MyISAM
o Heap
o Merge
o INNO DB
o ISAM

8) How to install MySQL?

Installing MySQL on our system allows us to safely create, drop, and test web applications
without affecting our live website's data. There are many ways to use MySQL on our system, but
the best way is to install it manually. The manual installation allows us to learn more about the
system and provides more control over the database. To see the installation steps of MySQL in
Windows goes to the below link:

https://www.javatpoint.com/how-to-install-mysql

Manual installation of MySQL has several benefits:

o Backing up, reinstalling, or moving databases from one location to another can be
achieved in a second.
o It provides more control to how and when MySQL server starts and closes.
o We can install MySQL anywhere, like in a portable USB drive.

9) How to check the MySQL version?

We can check the MySQL version on Linux using the below command:

1. mysql -v  
 If we use the MySQL in windows

, opening the MySQL command-line tool displayed the version information without using any
flags. If we want to know more about the server information, use the below statement:

1. SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%version%";  

It will return the output as below:

In this output, we can see the additional version information about the installed MySQL software
like innodb_version, protocol_version, version_ssl_library, etc.

10) How to add columns in MySQL?

A column is a series of cells in a table that stores one value for each row in a table. We can add
columns in an existing table using the ALTER TABLE statement as follows:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name     
2.     ADD COLUMN column_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER existing_column];  
 To read more information, click here.

11) How to delete a table in MySQL?

We can delete a table in MySQL using the Drop Table statement. This statement removes the
complete data of a table, including structure and definition from the database permanently.
Therefore, it is required to be careful while deleting a table. After using the statement, we
cannot recover the table in MySQL. The statement is as follows:

1. DROP TABLE  table_name;   

To read more information, click here

12) How to add foreign keys in MySQL?

The foreign key is used to link one or more tables together. It matches the primary key field of
another table to link the two tables. It allows us to create a parent-child relationship with the
tables. We can add a foreign key to a table in two ways:

o Using the CREATE TABLE Statement

o Using the ALTER TABLE Statement

Following is the syntax to define a foreign key using CREATE TABLE OR ALTER TABLE statement:

1. [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]    
2.     FOREIGN KEY [foreign_key_name] (col_name, ...)    
3.     REFERENCES parent_tbl_name (col_name,...)    

To read more information, click here

 .

13) How to connect to the MySQL database?

MySQL allows us to connect with the database server in mainly two ways:

Using Command-line Tool

We can find the command-line client tool in the bin directory of the MySQL's installation

folder. To invoke this program, we need to navigate the installation folder's bin directory and
type the below command:

1. mysql  

Next, we need to run the below command to connect to the MySQL Server:

1. shell>mysql -u root -p  

Finally, type the password for the selected user account root and press Enter:

1. Enter password: ********  

After successful connection, we can use the below command to use the:

1. USE database_name;  

Using MySQL Workbench

We can make a connection with database using MySQL Workbench

, simply clicking the plus (+) icon or navigating to the menu bar -> Database -> Connect to
Database, the following screen appears. Now, you need to fill all the details to make a
connection:

Once we finished this setup, it will open the MySQL Workbench screen. Now, we can double
click on the newly created connection to connect with the database server.

To read more information, click here

.
 14) How to change the MySQL password?
We can change the MySQL root password using the below statement in the new notepad file
and save it with an appropriate name:

1. ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'NewPassword';  

Next, open a Command Prompt and navigate to the MySQL directory. Now, copy the following
folder and paste it in our DOS command and press the Enter key.

1. C:\Users\javatpoint> CD C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.0\bin    

Next, enter this statement to change the password:

1. mysqld --init-file=C:\\mysql-notepadfile.txt  

Finally, we can log into the MySQL server as root using this new password. After launches the
MySQL server, it is to delete the C:\myswl-init.txt file to ensure the password change.

To read more information, click here

15) How to create a database in MySQL Workbench?

To create a new database in MySQL Workbench, we first need to launch the MySQL Workbench
and log in using the username and password. Go to the Navigation tab and click on the Schema
menu. Right-click under the Schema menu and select Create Schema or click the database icon
(red rectangle), as shown in the following screen.
A new popup screen appears where we need to fill all the details. After entering the details, click
on the Apply button and then the Finish button to complete the database creation.

To read more information, click here

16) How to create a table in MySQL Workbench?

Launch the MySQL Workbench and go to the Navigation tab and click on the Schema menu
where all the previously created databases are shown. Select any database and double click on
it. It will show the sub-menus where we need to select the Tables option.
 Select Tables sub-menu, right-click on it and select Create Table option. We can also click on
create a new table icon (shown in red rectangle) to create a table. It will open the new popup
screen where we need to fill all the details to create a table. Here, we will enter the table name
and column details. After entering the details, click on the Apply button and then the Finish
button to complete the table creation.

To read more information, click here

17) How to change the table name in MySQL?

Sometimes our table name is non-meaningful. In that case, we need to change or rename the
table name. MySQL provides the following syntax to rename one or more tables in the current
database:

1. mysql> RENAME old_table TO new_table;    

If we want to change more than one table name, use the below syntax:
1. RENAME TABLE old_tab1 TO new_tab1,    
2.              old_tab2 TO new_tab2, old_tab3 TO new_tab3;   

To read more information, click here

18) How to change the database name in MySQL?

Sometimes we need to change or rename the database name because of its non-meaningful
name. To rename the database name, we need first to create a new database into the MySQL
server. Next, MySQL provides the mysqldump shell command to create a dumped copy of the
selected database and then import all the data into the newly created database. The following is
the syntax of using mysqldump command:

1. mysqldump -u username -p "password" -R oldDbName > oldDbName.sql  

Now, use the below command to import the data into the newly created database:

1. mysql -u username -p"password" newDbName < oldDbName.sql   

19) How to import a database in MySQL?

Importing database in MySQL is a process of moving data from one place to another place. It is
a very useful method for backing up essential data or transferring our data between different
locations. For example, we have a contact book database, which is essential to keep it in a
secure place. So we need to export it in a safe place, and whenever it lost from the original
location, we can restore it using import options.

In MySQL, we can import a database in mainly two ways:

 o Command Line Tool
o MySQL Workbench

To read more information for importing databases, click here

20) How to change the column name in MySQL?

While creating a table, we have kept one of the column names incorrectly. To change or rename
an existing column name in MySQL, we need to use the ALTER TABLE and CHANGE commands
together. The following are the syntax used to rename a column in MySQL:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name     
2.     CHANGE COLUMN old_column_name new_column_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER ex
isting_column];    

Suppose the column's current name is S_ID, but we want to change this with a more appropriate
title as Stud_ID. We will use the below statement to change its name:

1. ALTER TABLE Student CHANGE COLUMN S_ID Stud_ID varchar(10);  

21) How to delete columns in MySQL?

We can remove, drop, or delete one or more columns in an existing table using the ALTER
TABLE statement as follows:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name1, column_name2....;   
 To read more information, click here.

22) How to insert data in MySQL?

We can insert data in a MySQL table using the INSERT STATEMENT. This statement allows us to
insert single or multiple rows into a table. The following is the basic syntax to insert a record into
a table:

1. INSERT INTO table_name ( field1, field2,...fieldN )    
2. VALUES  ( value1, value2,...valueN );    

If we want to insert more than one rows into a table, use the below syntax:

1. INSERT INTO table(field1, field2,...fieldN)  
2. VALUES   
3.    (value1, value 2, ...),  
4.    (value1, value2, ...),  
5.     ...  
6.    (value1, value2, ...);  

To read more information, click here

23) How to delete a row in MySQL?

We can delete a row from the MySQL table using the DELETE STATEMENT within the database.
The following is the generic syntax of DELETE statement in MySQL to remove one or more rows
from a table:
1. DELETE FROM table_name WHERE Condition_specified;    

It is noted that if we have not specified the WHERE clause with the syntax, this statement will
remove all the records from the given table.

To read more information, click here

24) How to join two tables in MySQL?

We can connect two or more tables in MySQL using the JOIN clause. MySQL allows various
types of JOIN clauses. These clauses connect multiple tables and return only those records that
match the same value and property in all tables. The following are the four easy ways to join two
or more tables in MySQL:

o Inner Join
o Left Join
o Right Join
o Cross Join

To read more information, click here

25) How to join three tables in MySQL?

Sometimes we need to fetch data from three or more tables. There are two types available to do
these types of joins. Suppose we have three tables named Student, Marks, and Details.

Let's say Student has (stud_id, name) columns, Marks has (school_id, stud_id, scores) columns,
and Details has (school_id, address, email) columns.

1. Using SQL Join Clause

This approach is similar to the way we join two tables. The following query returns result from
three tables:
1. SELECT name, scores, address, email FROM Student s   
2. INNER JOIN Marks m on s.stud_id = m.stud_id   
3. INNER JOIN Details d on d.school_id = m.school_id;  

2. Using Parent-Child Relationship

It is another approach to join more than two tables. In the above tables, we have to create a
parent-child relationship. First, create column X as a primary key in one table and as a foreign
key in another table. Therefore, stud_id is the primary key in the Student table and will be a
foreign key in the Marks table. Next, school_id is the primary key in the Marks table and will be a
foreign key in the Details table. The following query returns result from three tables:

1. SELECT name, scores, address, email   
2. FROM Student s, Marks m, Details d   
3. WHERE s.stud_id = m.stud_id AND m.school_id = d.school_id;  

To read more information about the foreign key, click here

26) How to update the table in MySQL?

We can update existing records in a table using the UPDATE statement that comes with the SET
and WHERE clauses. The SET clause changes the values of the specified column. The WHERE
clause is optional, which is used to specify the condition. This statement can also use to change
values in one or more columns of a single row or multiple rows at a time. Following is a generic
syntax of UPDATE command to modify data into the MySQL table:

1. UPDATE table_name     
2. SET field1=new-value1, field2=new-value2, ...    
3. [WHERE Clause]    
 To read more information, click here

27) What is MySQL Workbench?

MySQL Workbench is a unified visual database designing or GUI tool used for working on
MySQL databases. It is developed and maintained by Oracle that provides SQL development,
data migration, and comprehensive administration tools for server configuration, user
administration, backup, etc. We can use this Server Administration to create new physical data
models, E-R diagrams, and SQL development. It is available for all major operating systems.
MySQL provides supports for it from MySQL Server version v5.6 and higher.

It is mainly available in three editions, which are given below:

o Community Edition (Open Source, GPL)

o Standard Edition (Commercial)
o Enterprise Edition (Commercial)

To read more information, click here

28) How to drop the primary key in MySQL?

MySQL primary key is a single or combination of the field used to identify each record in a table
uniquely. A primary key column cannot be null or empty. We can remove or delete a primary key
from the table using the ALTER TABLE statement. The following syntax is used to drop the
primary key:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name  DROP PRIMARY KEY;    

To read more information, click here

29) How to create a Stored Procedure in MySQL?

 A stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that we save in the database. The SQL queries,
including INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc. can be a part of the stored procedure. A procedure
allows us to use the same code over and over again by executing a single statement. It stores in
the database data dictionary.

We can create a stored procedure using the below syntax:

1. CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name [ (parameter datatype [, parameter datatype]) ]    
2. BEGIN    
3.     Body_section of SQL statements  
4. END;    

This statement can return one or more value through parameters or may not return any result.
The following example explains it more clearly:

1. DELIMITER $$    
2. CREATE PROCEDURE get_student_info()    
3. BEGIN    
4. SELECT * FROM Student_table;    
5. END$$    

To read more information, click here

30) How to execute a stored procedure in MySQL?

We can execute a stored procedure in MySQL by simply CALL query. This query takes the name
of the stored procedure and any parameters we need to pass to it. The following is the basic
syntax to execute a stored procedure:
1. CALL stored_procedure_name (argument_list);  

Let's understand it with this example:

1. CALL Product_Pricing (@pricelow, @pricehigh);  

Here, a stored procedure named Product_Pricing calculates and returns the lowest and highest
product prices.

31) How to create a View in MySQL?

A view is a database object whose values are based on the base table. It is a virtual
table created by a query by joining one or more tables. It is operated similarly to the base table
but does not contain any data of its own. If any changes occur in the underlying table, the same
changes reflected in the View also.

Following is the general syntax of creating a VIEW in MySQL:

1. CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW view_name AS    
2. SELECT columns    
3. FROM tables    
4. [WHERE conditions];  

To read more information, click here

32) How to create a Trigger in MySQL?

A trigger is a procedural code in a database that automatically invokes whenever certain events
on a particular table or view in the database occur. It can be executed when records are inserted
into a table, or any columns are being updated. We can create a trigger in MySQL using the
syntax as follows:
1. CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name    
2.     [before | after]    
3.    {insert | update | delete}    
4.     ON table_name [FOR EACH ROW]    
5.     BEGIN    
6.         --variable declarations    
7.         --trigger code    
8.     END;   

To read more information, click here

33) How to clear screen in MySQL?

If we use MySQL in Windows, it is not possible to clear the screen before version 8. At that time,
the Windows operating system provides the only way to clear the screen by exiting the MySQL
command-line tool and then again open MySQL.

After the release of MySQL version 8, we can use the below command to clear the command
line screen:

1. mysql> SYSTEM CLS;  

34) How to create a new user in MySQL?

A USER in MySQL is a record in the USER-TABLE. It contains the login information, account
privileges, and the host information for MySQL account to access and manage the databases.
We can create a new user account in the database server using the MySQL Create User
statement. It provides authentication, SSL/TLS, resource-limit, role, and password management
properties for the new accounts.

The following is the basic syntax to create a new user in MySQL:

1. CREATE USER [IF NOT EXISTS] account_name IDENTIFIED BY 'password';   

To read more information, click here

35) How to check USERS in MySQL?

If we want to manage a database in MySQL, it is required to see the list of all user's accounts in a
database server. The following command is used to check the list of all users available in the
database server:

1. mysql> SELECT USER FROM mysql.user;   

To read more information, click here

36) How to import a CSV file in MySQL?

MySQL allows us to import the CSV (comma separated values) file into a database or table. A
CSV is a plain text file that contains the list of data and can be saved in a tabular format. MySQL
provides the LOAD DATA INFILE statement to import a CSV file. This statement is used to read a
text file and import it into a database table very quickly. The full syntax to import a CSV file is
given below:

1. LOAD DATA INFILE 'C:/ProgramData/MySQL/MySQL Server 8.0/Uploads/filename.csv'     
2. INTO TABLE tablename     
3. FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','    
4. OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'    
5. LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n'     
6. IGNORE 1 ROWS;    

To read more information, click here

37) How to insert Date in MySQL?

MySQL allows us to use the INSERT STATEMENT to add the date in MySQL table. MySQL
provides several data types for storing dates such as DATE, TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, and YEAR.
The default format of the date in MySQL is YYYY-MM-DD. Following is the basic syntax to insert
date in MySQL table:

1. INSERT INTO table_name (column_name, column_date) VALUES ('DATE: Manual Date', '2008-7-
04');   

If we want to insert a date in the mm/dd/yyyy format, it is required to use the below statement:

1. INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (STR_TO_DATE(date_value, format_specifier));  

38) How to check database size in MySQL?

MySQL allows us to query the information_schema.tables table to get the information about the
tables and databases. It will return the information about the data length, index length, collation,
creation time, etc. We can check the size of the database on the server using the below syntax:

1. SELECT table_schema AS 'Database Name',  
2. SUM(data_length + index_length) 'Size in Bytes',  
3. ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024, 2) 'Size in MB'  
4. FROM information_schema.tables  
5. WHERE table_schema = 'testdb'  
6. GROUP BY table_schema;  

It will return the output as follows:

If we want to check the size of the table in a specific database, use the following statement:

1. SELECT table_name AS 'Table Name',  
2. ROUND(((data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024), 2) AS 'Size in MB'  
3. FROM information_schema.TABLES  
4. WHERE table_schema = 'testdb'  
5. ORDER BY (data_length + index_length) DESC;  

It will return the output as follows:

39) How does indexing works in MySQL?
Indexing is a process to find an unordered list into an ordered list. It helps in maximizing the
query's efficiency while searching on tables in MySQL. The working of MySQL indexing is similar
to the book index.

Suppose we have a book and want to get information about, say, searching. Without indexing, it
is required to go through all pages one by one, until the specific topic was not found. On the
other hand, an index contains a list of keywords to find the topic mentioned on pages. Then, we
can flip to those pages directly without going through all pages.

40) Who owns MySQL?

MySQL is the most popular free and open-source database software which comes under the
GNU General Public License. In the beginning, it was owned and sponsored by the Swedish
company MySQL AB. Now, it is bought by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation), who is
responsible for managing and developing the database.

To read more information, click here

41) How to view the database in MySQL?

Working with the MySQL server, it is a common task to view or list the available databases. We
can view all the databases on the MySQL server host using the following command:
1. mysql> SHOW DATABASES;  

To read more information, click here

42) How to set auto increment in MySQL?

Auto Increment is a constraint that automatically generates a unique number while inserting a
new record into the table. Generally, it is used for the primary key field in a table. In MySQL, we
can set the value for an AUTO_INCREMENT column using the ALTER TABLE statement as follows:

1. ALTER TABLE table_name AUTO_INCREMENT = value;  

43) How to find the second highest salary in MySQL?

MySQL uses the LIMIT keyword, which can be used to limit the result set. It will allow us to get
the first few rows, last few rows, or range of rows. It can also be used to find the second, third, or
nth highest salary. It ensures that you have use order by clause to sort the result set first and
then print the output that provides accurate results. The following query is used to get the
second highest salary in MySQL:

1. SELECT salary   
2. FROM (SELECT salary FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 2) AS Emp ORDER BY sa
lary LIMIT 1;  

There are some other ways to find the second highest salary in MySQL, which are given below:

This statement uses subquery and IN clause to get the second highest salary:
1. SELECT MAX(salary)   
2. FROM employees   
3. WHERE salary NOT IN ( SELECT Max(salary) FROM employees);  

This query uses subquery and < operator to return the second highest salary:

1. SELECT MAX(salary) From employees   
2. WHERE salary < ( SELECT Max(salary) FROM employees);  

44) What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE in

MySQL?

o TRUNCATE is a DDL command, and DELETE is a DML command.

o It is not possible to use Where command with TRUNCATE QLbut you can use it with
DELETE command.
o TRUNCATE cannot be used with indexed views, whereas DELETE can be used with
indexed views.
o The DELETE command is used to delete data from a table. It only deletes the rows of
data from the table while truncate is a very dangerous command and should be used
carefully because it deletes every row permanently from a table.

45) How many Triggers are possible in MySQL?

There are only six Triggers allowed to use in the MySQL database.

1. Before Insert
2. After Insert
3. Before Update
4. After Update
 5. Before Delete
6. After Delete

46) What is the heap table?

Tables that are present in memory is known as HEAP tables. When you create a heap table in
MySQL, you should need to specify the TYPE as HEAP. These tables are commonly known as
memory tables. They are used for high-speed storage on a temporary basis. They do not allow
BLOB or TEXT fields.

47) What is BLOB and TEXT in MySQL?

BLOB is an acronym that stands for a large binary object. It is used to hold a variable amount of
data.

There are four types of the BLOB.

1. TINYBLOB
2. BLOB
3. MEDIUMBLOB
4. LONGBLOB

The differences among all these are the maximum length of values they can hold.

TEXT is a case-insensitive BLOB. TEXT values are non-binary strings (character string). They have
a character set, and values are stored and compared based on the collation of the character set.

There are four types of TEXT.

1. TINYTEXT
2. TEXT
3. MEDIUMTEXT
4. LONGTEXT

48) What is a trigger in MySQL?

A trigger is a set of codes that executes in response to some events.

49) What is the difference between the heap table and the temporary
table?
Heap tables:

Heap tables are found in memory that is used for high-speed storage temporarily. They do not
allow BLOB or TEXT fields.

Heap tables do not support AUTO_INCREMENT.

Indexes should be NOT NULL.

Temporary tables:

The temporary tables are used to keep the transient data. Sometimes it is beneficial in cases to
hold temporary data. The temporary table is deleted after the current client session terminates.

Main differences:

The heap tables are shared among clients, while temporary tables are not shared.

Heap tables are just another storage engine, while for temporary tables, you need a special
privilege (create temporary table).

50) What is the difference between FLOAT and DOUBLE?

FLOAT stores floating-point numbers with accuracy up to 8 places and allocate 4 bytes. On the
other hand, DOUBLE stores floating-point numbers with accuracy up to 18 places and allocates
8 bytes.

51) What are the advantages of MySQL in comparison to Oracle?

1. MySQL is a free, fast, reliable, open-source relational database while Oracle is expensive,
although they have provided Oracle free edition to attract MySQL users.
 2. MySQL uses only just under 1 MB of RAM on your laptop, while Oracle 9i installation
uses 128 MB.
3. MySQL is great for database enabled websites while Oracle is made for enterprises.
4. MySQL is portable.

52) What are the disadvantages of MySQL?

1. MySQL is not so efficient for large scale databases.

2. It does not support COMMIT and STORED PROCEDURES functions version less than 5.0.
3. Transactions are not handled very efficiently.
4. The functionality of MySQL is highly dependent on other addons.
5. Development is not community-driven.

53) What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?

1. CHAR and VARCHAR have differed in storage and retrieval.

2. CHAR column length is fixed, while VARCHAR length is variable.
3. The maximum no. of character CHAR data types can hold is 255 characters, while
VARCHAR can hold up to 4000 characters.
4. CHAR is 50% faster than VARCHAR.
5. CHAR uses static memory allocation, while VARCHAR uses dynamic memory allocation.

54) What is the difference between MySQL_connect and

MySQL_pconnect?
Mysql_connect:

1. It opens a new connection to the database.

2. Every time you need to open and close the database connection, depending on the
request.
3. Opens page whenever it is loaded.

Mysql_pconnect:
 1. In Mysql_pconnect, "p" stands for persistent connection, so it opens the persistent
connection.
2. The database connection cannot be closed.
3. It is more useful if your site has more traffic because there is no need to open and close
connection frequently and whenever the page is loaded.

55) What does "i_am_a_dummy flag" do in MySQL?

The "i_am_a_dummy flag" enables the MySQL engine to refuse any UPDATE or DELETE
statement to execute if the WHERE clause is not present. Hence it can save the programmer
from deleting the entire table my mistake if he does not use WHERE clause.

56) How to get the current date in MySQL?

To get current date, use the following syntax:

1. SELECT CURRENT_DATE();    

57) What are the security alerts while using MySQL?

Install antivirus and configure the operating system's firewall.

Never use the MySQL Server as the UNIX root user.

Change the root username and password Restrict or disable remote access.

58) How to change a password for an existing user via mysqladmin?

Mysqladmin -u root -p password "newpassword".
59) What is the difference between UNIX timestamps and MySQL
timestamps?
Actually, both Unix timestamp and MySQL timestamp are stored as 32-bit integers, but MySQL
timestamp is represented in the readable format of YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format.

60) How to display the nth highest salary from a table in a MySQL
query?
Let us take a table named the employee.

To find Nth highest salary is:

select distinct(salary)from employee order by salary desc limit n-1,1

if you want to find 3rd largest salary:

select distinct(salary)from employee order by salary desc limit 2,1

61) What is the MySQL default port number?

MySQL default port number is 3306.

62) What is REGEXP?

REGEXP is a pattern match using a regular expression. The regular expression is a powerful way
of specifying a pattern for a sophisticated search.

Basically, it is a special text string for describing a search pattern. To understand it better, you
can think of a situation of daily life when you search for .txt files to list all text files in the file
manager. The regex equivalent for .txt will be .*\.txt.

63) How many columns can you create for an index?

You can a create maximum of 16 indexed columns for a standard table.
64) What is the difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE()?
NOW() command is used to show current year, month, date with hours, minutes, and seconds
while CURRENT_DATE() shows the current year with month and date only.

65) What is the query to display the top 20 rows?

SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT 0,20;

66) Write a query to display the current date and time?

If you want to display the current date and time, use -

SELECT NOW();

If you want to display the current date only, use:

SELECT CURRENT_DATE();

67) What is the save point in MySQL?

A defined point in any transaction is known as savepoint.

SAVEPOINT is a statement in MySQL, which is used to set a named transaction savepoint with
the name of the identifier.

68) What is SQLyog?

SQLyog program is the most popular GUI tool for admin. It is the most popular MySQL manager
and admin tool. It combines the features of MySQL administrator, phpMyadmin, and others.
MySQL front ends and MySQL GUI tools.
69) How do you backup a database in MySQL?
It is easy to back up data with phpMyAdmin. Select the database you want to backup by clicking
the database name in the left-hand navigation bar. Then click the export button and make sure
that all tables are highlighted that you want to back up. Then specify the option you want under
export and save the output.

70) What are the different column comparison operators in MySQL?

The =, <>, <=, <, >=, >, <<, >>, < = >, AND, OR or LIKE operator are the comparison operators
in MySQL. These operators are generally used with SELECT statement.

71) Write a query to count the number of rows of a table in MySQL.

SELECT COUNT user_id FROM users;

72) Write a query to retrieve a hundred books starting from 20th.

SELECT book_title FROM books LIMIT 20, 100;

73) Write a query to select all teams that won either 1, 3, 5, or 7 games.
SELECT team_name FROM team WHERE team_won IN (1, 3, 5, 7);

74) What is the default port of MySQL Server?

The default port of MySQL Server is 3306.

75) How is the MyISAM table stored?

MyISAM table is stored on disk in three formats.
 o '.frm' file : storing the table definition
o '.MYD' (MYData): data file
o '.MYI' (MYIndex): index file

76) What is the usage of ENUMs in MySQL?

ENUMs are string objects. By defining ENUMs, we allow the end-user to give correct input as in
case the user provides an input that is not part of the ENUM defined data, then the query won't
execute, and an error message will be displayed which says "The wrong Query". For instance,
suppose we want to take the gender of the user as an input, so we specify ENUM('male',
'female', 'other'), and hence whenever the user tries to input any string any other than these
three it results in an error.

ENUMs are used to limit the possible values that go in the table:

For example:

CREATE TABLE months (month ENUM 'January', 'February', 'March'); INSERT months VALUES
('April').

77) What are the advantages of MyISAM over InnoDB?

MyISAM follows a conservative approach to disk space management and stores each MyISAM
table in a separate file, which can be further compressed if required. On the other hand, InnoDB
stores the tables in the tablespace. Its further optimization is difficult.

78) What are the differences between MySQL_fetch_array(),

MySQL_fetch_object(), MySQL_fetch_row()?
Mysql_fetch_object is used to retrieve the result from the database as objects, while
mysql_fetch_array returns result as an array. This will allow access to the data by the field names.

For example:

Using mysql_fetch_object field can be accessed as $result->name.

Using mysql_fetch_array field can be accessed as $result->[name].

 Using mysql_fetch_row($result) where $result is the result resource returned from a successful
query executed using the mysql_query() function.

Example:

1. $result = mysql_query("SELECT * from students");    
2. while($row = mysql_fetch_row($result))    
3. {    
4.         Some statement;    
5. }    

79) What is the difference between mysql_connect and

mysql_pconnect?
Mysql_connect() is used to open a new connection to the database, while mysql_pconnect() is
used to open a persistent connection to the database. It specifies that each time the page is
loaded, mysql_pconnect() does not open the database.

80) What is the use of mysql_close()?

Mysql_close() cannot be used to close the persistent connection. However, it can be used to
close a connection opened by mysql_connect().

81) What is MySQL data directory?

MySQL data directory is a place where MySQL stores its data. Each subdirectory under this data
dictionary represents a MySQL database. By default, the information managed my MySQL =
server mysqld is stored in the data directory.

82) How do you determine the location of MySQL data directory?

 The default location of MySQL data directory in windows is C:\mysql\data or C:\Program Files\
MySQL\MySQL Server 5.0 \data.

83) What is the usage of regular expressions in MySQL?

In MySQL, regular expressions are used in queries for searching a pattern in a string.

o * Matches 0 more instances of the string preceding it.

o + matches one more instances of the string preceding it.
o ? Matches 0 or 1 instances of the string preceding it.
o . Matches a single character.
o [abc] matches a or b or z
o | separates strings
o ^ anchors the match from the start.
o "." Can be used to match any single character. "|" can be used to match either of the two
strings
o REGEXP can be used to match the input characters with the database.

Example:

The following statement retrieves all rows where column employee_name contains the text 1000
(example salary):

1. Select employee_name    
2. From employee    
3. Where employee_name REGEXP '1000'    
4. Order by employee_name    

84) What is the usage of the "i-am-a-dummy" flag in MySQL?

In MySQL, the "i-am-a-dummy" flag makes the MySQL engine to deny the UPDATE and DELETE
commands unless the WHERE clause is present.
 85) Which command is used to view the content of the table in MySQL?
The SELECT command is used to view the content of the table in MySQL.

Explain Access Control Lists.

An ACL is a list of permissions that are associated with an object. MySQL keeps the Access
Control Lists cached in memory, and whenever the user tries to authenticate or execute a
command, MySQL checks the permission required for the object, and if the permissions are
available, then execution completes successfully.

86) What is InnoDB?

InnoDB is a storage database for SQL. The ACID-transactions are also provided in InnoDB and
also includes support for the foreign key. Initially owned by InnobaseOY now belongs to Oracle
Corporation after it acquired the latter since 2005.

87) What is ISAM?

It is a system for file management developed by IBM, which allows records to access
sequentially or even randomly.

88) How can we run batch mode in MySQL?

To perform batch mode in MySQL, we use the following command:

1. mysql;  
2. mysql mysql.out;  

89) What are federated tables?

Federated tables are tables that point to the tables located on other databases on some other
server.

90) What is the difference between primary key and candidate key?
To identify each row of a table, we will use a primary key. For a table, there exists only one
primary key.

A candidate key is a column or a set of columns, which can be used to uniquely identify any
record in the database without having to reference any other data.

91) What are the drivers in MySQL?

Following are the drivers available in MySQL:

o PHP Driver
o JDBC Driver
o ODBC Driver
o C WRAPPER
o PYTHON Driver
o PERL Driver
o RUBY Driver
o CAP11PHP Driver
o Ado.net5.mxz

92) What are DDL, DML, and DCL?

Majorly SQL commands can be divided into three categories, i.e., DDL, DML & DCL. Data
Definition Language (DDL) deals with all the database schemas, and it defines how the data
should reside in the database. Commands like CreateTABLE and ALTER TABLE are part of DDL.

Data Manipulative Language (DML) deals with operations and manipulations on the data. The
commands in DML are Insert, Select, etc.
Data Control Languages (DCL) are related to the Grant and permissions. In short, the
authorization to access any part of the database is defined by these.