MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

MODUL • FIZIK TINGKATAN 4

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
JAWAPAN / ANSWERS

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Unit
Unit PENGUKURAN Berikan definisi kuantiti magnitud
151 MEASUREMENT skalar. [suhu, masa, laju,
jarak, isi padu]
magnitude

1.1 Define scalar quantity.

[temperature, time, speed,
Apakah itu kuantiti fizik? / What is physical quantity? distance, volume]
asas; terbitan / base; derived
Berikan definisi kuantiti magnitud; arah
Apakah itu kuantiti terbitan? / What is derived quantity? vektor. [halaju, pecutan, magnitude; direction
kuantiti asas / base quantities sesaran, momentum,
daya]
Nyatakan perbezaan antara unit metrik dan unit imperial. Define vector quantity.
State the differences between metric unit and imperial unit. [velocity, acceleration,
(a) Inci / Inch displacement, momentum,
(b) Kaki / Foot force]
(c) Ela / Yard
Pertimbangkan
kuantiti-kuantiti yang Kuantiti vektor / Vector quantity
disenaraikan di dalam Terdapat arah / There is direction
1 l
jadual. Kategorikan Kuantiti vektor / Vector quantity
kilogram setiap kuantiti sama Terdapat arah / There is direction
ada kuantiti vektor atau
s
kuantiti skalar. Kuantiti skalar / Scalar quantity
T Consider the following Arah tidak terlibat
quantities listed in the No direction involved
ampere table. Categorise each
quantity as being either a Kuantiti skalar / Scalar quantity
2 vector quantity or a scalar Arah tidak terlibat
quantity. No direction involved
V l × l × l = l3 m3
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Kuantiti skalar / Scalar quantity

m m m Arah tidak terlibat
ρ ρ= = 3
v l×l×l l No direction involved

v m s–1
Contoh / Example
m m
a = 2 m s–2
t×t t (a) 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
kg m s ; –2
3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0
F
newton (N)
(b)
p p=m×v kg m s–1 Isi padu, V / cm3
Volume, V / cm3
kg m–1 s–2;
P
pascal (Pa)
16
kg m s ;
2 –2
W 14
joule (J)

Q Q=I×t 12

10
ml2 1 ml2 kg m2 s–3;
P × = 2 8
t2 t t watt (W)

( ) = ml2t
2
1 1 1 2
6 Δy = y2 – y1
Ke Ke = × m × v2 ×m×
2 2 t 2

4
l ml2
Ep m× ×l= 2
t2 t 2
Δx = x2 – x1
W
V V= Jisim, m / g
Q 0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass, m / g

V
R R=
I

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(c) V berkadar terus dengan m. (d) Elakkan ralat paralaks dengan memastikan aras mata adalah
V is directly proportional to m. sama dengan aras penunjuk.
(d) V = 7.4 cm3 Avoid parallax errors by making sure that the eye-level is
Δy the same as the pointer level.
(e) m =
Δx
y –y
= 2 1 Unit
x2 – x1 Unit DAYA DAN GERAKAN I
=
(15 – 0) cm3 152 FORCE AND MOTION I
(100 – 0) g
= 0.15 cm3 g–1 2.1
(f) Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph
1 Terangkan jarak. Skalar / Scalar
= × 100 g × 15 cm3 Explain distance. meter / metre (m)
2
= 750 cm3 g Terangkan sesaran. Vektor / Vector
(g) V = 18.0 cm3 Explain displacement. meter / metre (m)

Eksperimen / Experiment (SPM K3) Contoh / Example

3 (a) (i) Panjang bandul, l / The length of the pendulum, l (a) (i) 1.5 km ke timur / 1.5 km to the east
(ii) Tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas, T (ii) 0.5 km ke barat / 0.5 km to the west
The period of the simple pendulum, T (b) (i) 1.5 km + 1.5 km + 0.5 km + 0.5 km = 4 km
(ii) 0 km
(b) 10.0
20.0 Terangkan halaju. 1 Vektor / Vector
Explain velocity. m s–1
30.0
2 (a) arah gerakan / direction
40.0 (b) magnitud / magnitude
50.0
Contoh / Example

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
60.0
(a) Jarak antara dua gambar berturut-turut bertambah. Halaju kereta
70.0 itu bertambah. Kereta itu memecut.
The distance between two consecutive images increases. Velocity
(c) T2 / s2 of the car is increasing. The car accelerates.
(b) Jarak antara dua gambar berturut-turut berkurang. Halaju kereta
itu berkurang. Kereta itu mengalami nyahpecutan.
The distance between two consecutive images decreases. Velocity
of the car is decreasing. The car decelerates.
(x2, y2) Latihan / Exercises
Jumlah jarak
(x1, y1) 1 (a) Laju purata =
Jumlah masa
0 l / cm Jarak OA = LajuOA × MasaOA

= 300 km j–1 × 1 jam
(d) T2 berkadar terus dengan l / T2 directly proportional to l = 300 km
y –y Jarak AB = LajuAB × MasaAB
(e) Gunakan formula: / Use formula: m = 2 1
x2 – x1
= 400 km j–1 × 1 jam
(f) Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang = 400 km
tempoh ayunan. (300 + 400) km
The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the longer its ∴ Laju purata =
2 jam
period of oscillation. 700 km
=
2 jam
LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE = 350 km j–1
Total distance
Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions Average speed =
Total time
1 B 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 C Distance OA = SpeedOA × TimeOA
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question

= 300 km h–1 × 1 hour
= 300 km
1 (a) x bertambah apabila F bertambah.
Distance AB = SpeedAB × TimeAB
x increases with F.
= 400 km h–1 × 1 hour
(b) Bagi setiap nilai F, ambil sekurang-kurangnya dua bacaan
= 400 km
bagi x. Kemudian ambil nilai purata bagi x.
(300 + 400) km
Take at least two measurements of x for each value of F. ∴ Average speed =
2 hours
Then take the average of x.
(c) x adalah berkadar terus dengan F. 700 km
=
x is directly proportional to F. 2 hours
= 350 km h–1

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(b) Dari (a); / From (a); Latihan / Exercises

JarakOA / DistanceOA = 300 km 0.2 cm
JarakAB / DistanceAB = 400 km 1 u = = 10 cm s–1
0.02 s
∴ SesaranOB / DisplacementOB
1.4 cm
v= = 70 cm s–1

= (300)2 + (400)2 0.02 s

= 400 km t = (5 – 1) × 0.02 s = 0.08 s
∴ Halaju purata / Average velocity (70 – 10) cm s–1
a= = 750 cm s–2 = 7.5 cm s–2
Sesaran / Displacement 0.08 s
=
Masa / Time 8.0 cm
2 u = = 80.0 cm s–1
500 km 0.1 s
=
2j/h 2.0 cm
v= = 20.0 cm s–1
= 250 km j–1 / km h–1 0.1 s
2 Kelajuan kedua-dua kereta itu adalah sama iaitu 80 km j–1 tetapi t = (4 – 1) × 0.1 s = 0.3 s
halaju adalah tidak sama kerana arah kedua-dua kereta itu (20.0 – 80.0) cm s–1
berbeza. a= = –200 cm s–2 = –2.0 cm s–2
0.3 s
The speed of both cars is the same, that is, 80 km h–1 but the 1
velocity is not the same because the cars are in different 3 (a) s = 0.02 s
50
directions. (b) 0.02 × 10 = 0.2 s
3 Halaju awal / Initial velocity, u = 0 m s–1
2.0 cm
Halaju akhir / Final velocity, v = 70 m s–1 (c) u = = 10.0 cm s–1
0.2 s
Masa yang diambil / Time taken, t = 10 s
12.0 cm
v–u (d) v = = 60.0 cm s–1
pecutan / acceleration, a = 0.2 s
t
(e) t = (11 – 1) × 0.2 s = 2.0 s
(70 – 0) m s–1
a = (60.0 – 10.0) cm s–1
10 s (a) a = = 25.0 cm s–2
2.0 s
a = 7 m s–2
4 u = 50 m s–1, v = 0 m s–1, t = 20 s
Mengkaji jenis pergerakan linear
v–u
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Pecutan / acceleration, a = Study the types of linear motion

t
0 – 50 (i) • Halaju seragam / Uniform velocity
=
20
= –2.5 m s–2 (ii) • Pecutan seragam / Uniform acceleration
Nyahpecutan / Deceleration = 2.5 m s–2 • bertambah / i ncreases

(iii) • Nyahpecutan seragam / Uniform deceleration

Kaedah pengiraan halaju dan pecutan bagi gerakan linear
• berkurang / decreases
Calculation method of velocity and acceleration of linear motion

LANGKAH 1: Menentukan masa diambil untuk jumlah detik. Latihan / Exercises

STEP 1: Determine the time taken for total ticks. 1 u = 0, v = 25 m s–1, t = 4 s, a = ?
v = u + at
(b) 0.02
(c) 10; 0.2 a=
v–u
t
= ( 4s )
25 – 0 m s–1
= 6.25 m s–2
LANGKAH 2: Menentukan sesaran 2 u = 0, a = 3 m s–2, t = 4 s, s = ?
STEP 2: Determine the displacement 1 2
s = ut + at
2
8.0
1
= 0 + (3)(4)2
LANGKAH 3: Menentukan halaju 2
STEP 3: Determine the velocity = 24 m
3 u = 20 m s–1, t = 5 s, a = –3 m s–2, v = ?
40.0 v = u + at
= 20 m s–1 + (–3)(5)
LANGKAH 4: Menentukan pecutan
= 5 m s–1
STEP 4: Determine the acceleration
4 u = 40 m s–1, v = 0, t = 8 s, s = ?

uAB =
1.5 cm
2s
= 7.5 cm s–1 t = (4 – 1) × 0.2 s = 0.6 s s = (
u+v
2 )
(37.5 – 7.5) cm s–1
7.5 cm a = (40 + 0)(8)
vDE = = 37.5 cm s–1 0.6 s t= = 160 m
0.2 s 2
= 50.0 cm s–2
Jarak penghalang dari kereta itu selepas berhenti
The distance of the obstacle from the car after it stopped
= 180 m – 160 m
= 20 m

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2.2 (iii) Sesaran / Displacement

Pentafsiran jenis gerakan daripada graf halaju-masa 1
= (10 m s–1)(10 s)
Interpretation of types of motion for velocity-time graph 2
= 50 m
1 • 0 (pada arah bertentangan / in opposite direction)
• 0 (d) (i) Jarak / Distance
• rehat / rest 1 1 1
= (10)(20) + (10 + 20)10 + (10)(10) + (5)(10)
2 2 2
2 • 0
1
• 10 m s–1 × 2 s = 20 m (10)(10)
2
• 20
= (100 + 150 + 100 + 25 + 50) m
• seragam / uniform
= 425 m
3 18 m s–1 (ii) Sesaran / Displacement
• = 6 m s–2
3s
• 6 m s–2
= [ 1
2
1
(10)(20) + (10 + 20)10 + (10)(10) +
2

•
1
2
(18 m s–1)(3 s) = 27 m
1
2 ] 1
(5)(10) – (10)(10)
2
• 27 = (100 + 150 + 100 + 25) m – 50 m
• seragam / uniform = 325 m
(e) (i) Laju purata / Average speed
4 • malar; negatif / constant; negative 425 m
• nyahpecutan / deceleration = = 9.44 m s–1
45 s
(ii) Halaju purata / Average velocity
Latihan / Exercises 325 m
= = 7.22 m s–1
20 m 45 s
1 (a) (i) v = = 2 m s–1
10 s
(ii) v=0 Ringkasan bagi bentuk graf gerakan linear
20 m Summary of shapes of linear motion graphs

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
(iii) v= = –4 m s–1
5s s
(b) (i) A dan B: Halaju malar
A and B: Constant velocity
Halaju sifar
(ii) B dan C: Dalam keadaan rehat
Zero velocity
B and C: At rest
(iii) B dan C: Halaju malar tetapi objek bergerak dalam
0 t
arah bertentangan atau bergerak semula ke belakang
B and C: Constant velocity but the object moves in v
opposite direction or going backward
(c) (i) (20 + 0 + 20) m = 40 m Halaju negatif
0 t
(ii) (20 + 0 – 20) m = 0 Negative velocity
jumlah jarak / total distance
(d) (i)
masa / time
40 m a
= = 1.14 m s–1
35 s
sesaran / displacement Halaju seragam
(ii) =0
masa / time Uniform velocity
20 m s–1
2 (a) (i) a = = 2 m s–2 0 t
10 s
(10 – 20) m s–1 v
(ii) a= = –1 m s–2
(20 – 10) s
(iii) a = 0
Pecutan seragam
10 m s–1 Uniform acceleration
(iv) a = – = –2 m s–2
5s
(b) (i) JK: pecutan malar / constant acceleration 0 t
(ii) LM: halaju malar / pecutan sifar
(iii) KL: nyahpecutan malar (tetap) / constant deceleration s
(iv) MN: nyahpecutan malar (tetap) / constant deceleration
(c) (i) Sesaran / Displacement Nyahpecutan seragam
1 Uniform deceleration
= (20 m s–1)(10 s)
2
0 t
= 100 m
(ii) Sesaran / Displacement (LM)
= 10 m s–1 × 10 s = 100 m

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Latihan / Exercises 2 (a) Halaju meningkat dengan seragam.

20 m The velocity increases uniformly.
1 (i) OP: halaju / velocity = = 10 m s–1 (b) Sama / Same
2s
(c) Jisim tidak mempengaruhi pecutan.
20 m
QR: halaju / velocity = – = –10 m s–1 Mass does not affect the acceleration.
2s
10 m Eksperimen / Experiment
RS: halaju / velocity = – = –10 m s–1
1s
(ii) s = (20 + 0 – 20 – 10) m = –10 m Tujuan / Aim
Menentukan nilai pecutan graviti Bumi.
10 m s–1
2 (i) OA: pecutan / acceleration = = 1 m s–2 To determine the Earth’s gravitational acceleration.
10 s
10 m s–1 Perbincangan / Discussion
BC: pecutan / acceleration = = –2 m s–2
50 s 1 Objek bergerak sangat laju. / The object moves very fast.
(ii) Jumlah sesaran / Total displacement 2 Pecutan seragam. / Uniform acceleration.
1 3 Rintangan udara yang kecil boleh diabaikan.
= (25 + 10)s (10 m s–1) The small air resistance is negligible.
2
= 175 m 4 Pegang pita detik dalam keadaan menegak dan lepaskannya.
Pastikan ia jatuh melalui jangka masa detik dengan lancar.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion Hold the ticker tape vertically when releasing it. Make sure it
1 halaju / velocity slips through the ticker timer smoothly.
2 pecutan / acceleration 5 Pengiraan akan menjadi lebih tepat kerana ralat eksperimen
3 sesaran / displacement dikurangkan.
The calculation will be more accurate because experimental
2.3 errors are reduced.
s s v–u
Apakah jatuh bebas? / What is free fall? 6 u = 1     v = 2     a =
t1 t2 t
• vakum / vacuum
• graviti / gravitational 7 Nilai daripada eksperimen adalah lebih rendah berbanding
dengan nilai sebenar. Alasannya ialah rintangan yang disebabkan
Contoh / Example oleh jangka masa detik.
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

1 (a) (i) Bola golf. / The golf ball. The value from the experiment is lower than the actual value.
(ii) Kertas mempunyai luas permukaan yang besar. Jadi The reason is the resistance caused by the ticker timer.
lebih banyak rintangan udara yang bertindak ke 8 Keputusan sepatutnya sama.
atasnya. The result should be the same.
The paper has large surface area. As such, the air 9 Jisim tidak mempengaruhi pecutan graviti, g.
resistance acting on it is greater. Mass does not affect the gravitational acceleration, g.
(b) (i) Kedua-duanya mencecah tanah pada masa yang sama.
Both reach the floor at the same time. Latihan / Exercises
(ii) Kedua-dua objek mempunyai saiz dan luas permukaan 1 (a) u = 0, s = 45 m,
yang sama. Jisim tidak memberi kesan kepada pecutan g = 9.81 m s–2, t = ?
graviti. 1
s = ut + gt2
Both objects have same size and surface area. Mass 2
does not affect the gravitational acceleration. 1
2 (a) Penjelasan bagi (a) / Explanation on (a) 45 m = 0 + (9.81 m s–2)(t2)
2
Rintangan udara; luas permukaan; graviti; rintangan udara t2 = 9.17 s2
air resistance; surface area; gravitational; air resistance t = 3.03 s
(b) Pemerhatian / Observation (b) v = u + gt
Kedua-dua objek mencecah ke bawah pada masa yang = 0 + (9.81 m s–2)(3 s)
sama. = 29.43 m s–1
Both objects reach the bottom at the same time. 2 Untuk gerakan ke atas, / For the upward motion,
Penjelasan bagi (b) / Explanation on (b) u = 30 m s–1, v = 0, g = –9.81 m s–2,
rintangan udara; graviti / air resistance; gravity v = u + gt
jatuh bebas; jisim; bentuk / free fall; mass; shapes ∴0 = 30 m s–1 + (–9.81 m s–2)(t)
Terangkan pecutan yang disebabkan oleh graviti, g 9.81 = 30 s
Explain acceleration due to gravity, g t = 3.06 s (gerakan ke atas / upward motion)
kekuatan medan graviti / gravitional field strength Maka, masa untuk gerakan ke bawah juga mengambil 3.06 saat.
kekuatan medan graviti / gravitional field strength Oleh itu, ia mengambil masa 6.12 saat.
The time taken for the downward motion is also 3.06 seconds.
Contoh / Example So it takes a total of 6.12 seconds.
3 (a) u = 0, s = 20 m, g = 9.81 m s–2, t = ?
1 (a) Halaju bola itu meningkat dengan seragam
1
The velocity of the ball increases uniformly s = ut + gt2
2
(b) Kecerunan ialah pecutan bola itu
1
The gradient is the acceleration of the ball 20 m = 0 + (9.81 m s–2)(t2)
2
(c) Bola tersebut bergerak dengan pecutan seragam
t2 = 4.08 s2
The ball moves with uniform acceleration
t = 2.02 s

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(b) v2 = u2 + 2gs 2.5

v2 = 0 + 2(9.81 m s–2)(20 m)
∴v = 19.80 m s–1 Berikan definisi • kg m s–1; N s (Newton saat)
4 (a) W = 5 kg × 9.81 m s–2 = 49.05 N momentum. kg m s–1; N s (Newton second)
(b) g = 9.81 N kg–1 atau / or 9.81 m s–2 Define momentum.
(c) u = 0, s = 500 m, g = 9.81 m s–2 Apakah unit S.I. bagi
1 momentum?
s = ut + gt2
2 What is the S.I. unit
1 for momentum?
500 m = 0 + (9.81 m s–2)(t2)
2
t2 = 101.94 s2 Contoh / Example
t = 10.10 s
2 Momentum nenek / Momentum of granny, p1
= m1v1 = (80 kg)(6 m s–1)
2.4
= 480 kg m s–1
Momentum Bobby / Momentum of Bobby, p2
Apakah Hukum • daya luar
= m2v2 = (40 kg) × (0 m s–1)
Gerakan Newton external force
= 0 kg m s–1 (dalam keadaan rehat / at rest)
Pertama?
What is the Newton’s
Situasi-situasi yang melibatkan Prinsip Keabadian Momentum
First Law of Motion?
Situations that involved the Principle of Conservation of
Momentum
Eksperimen / Experiment (SPM K3) 1 (a) berkurang; bertambah / decreases; increases
3 (a) (i) Jisim plastisin, m / Mass of plasticine, m (b) Ya / Yes
(ii) Tempoh ayunan, T / Period of oscillation, T 2 (a) Duit syiling A berhenti, duit syiling B bergerak.
(b) (Jawapan murid / Student’s answer) Coin A stops, coin B moves.
(b) Momentum duit syiling A dipindahkan kepada duit syiling
(c) T / s B selepas perlanggaran.
Momentum of coin A is transferred to coin B after collision.

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
3 (a) sama / same
(b) Ya / Yes
(c) Bola A dan B akan bergerak ke ketinggian yang sama
0 m/g dengan bola D dan E masing-masing. Bola C akan berada
dalam keadaan rehat.
(d) Semakin berat jisim, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan. Balls A and B will move rise to the same heights of balls D
The greater the mass, the longer the period of oscillation. and E respectively. Ball C is at rest.
(e) Gunakan formula: / Use formula:
y –y Letupan / Explosion
m = 2 1 • bercantum bersama; arah yang bertentangan
x2 – x1
stick together; opposite directions
• sistem tertutup / closed system
Contoh-contoh situasi yang melibatkan inersia
• momentum / momentum
Examples of situations involving inertia
Kapal minyak yang besar mempunyai jisim yang lebih besar, jadi
Eksperimen / Experiment
inersianya juga lebih besar. Oleh itu, ia adalah lebih sukar untuk
memberhentikan kapal minyak. Perbincangan / Discussion
The massive oil tanker has larger mass, so it has a larger inertia. So 1 Jumlah momentum sebelum dan selepas perlanggaran adalah
it is more difficult to stop the oil tanker. sama.
The total momentum before collision and after collision are
Kaedah mengurangkan kesan buruk inersia equal.
Method to reduce the negative effects of inertia 2 Tanpa kehadiran daya luar, jumlah momentum sebelum
2 Perabot yang dibawa oleh lori biasanya perlu diikat dengan tali perlanggaran adalah sama dengan jumlah momentum selepas
pada bahagian-bahagian lori yang tertentu supaya apabila lori perlanggaran.
bergerak atau berhenti dengan tiba-tiba, perabot itu tidak akan In the absence of any external force, the total momentum before
jatuh atau tidak akan terhumban ke hadapan. collision is equal to total momentum after collision.
Furniture carried by a lorry is normally tied by ropes to 3 Troli bergerak dengan halaju malar.
certain fixed parts of the lorry so that when the lorry moves or The trolley moves with constant velocity.
stops suddenly, the furniture will not fall or will not be thrown
forward. Latihan / Exercises
3 Lori tangki mempunyai empat tangki kecil di mana jisim muatan 1 mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
dibahagi antara tangki-tangki tersebut akan mempunyai inersia (1 000 kg)(20 m s–1) + (1 200 kg)(10 m s–1) = (1 000 kg)vA + (1 200 kg)(15 m s–1)
yang lebih kecil. Ini akan mengurangkan impak pada setiap 20 000 kg m s–1 + 12 000 kg m s–1 = (1 000 kg)(vA) + 18 000 kg m s–1
tangki yang disebabkan oleh inersia jika lori tangki itu berhenti (1 000 kg)(vA) = 14 000 kg m s–1
dengan tiba-tiba. ∴ vA = 14 m s–1
Four small tanks with distributed mass will have smaller inertia.
This will greatly reduce the inertial impact on each tank if the
tanker stops suddenly.

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v

Pemboleh ubah Jisim, m Daya yang dikenakan
(5 kg)(20 km j–1) + (60 kg)(0 km j–1) = (5 + 60) kg × v
dimalarkan Mass, m ke atas objek, F
(100 + 0) kg km j–1 = (65 kg)v
Constant Force applied on the
∴ v = 1.54 km j–1
variable object, F
3 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2)v
(1 200 kg)(30 m s–1) + (1 000 kg)(–20 m s–1) = (1 200 + 1 000)kg × v Jangka masa detik dan pita detik, bekalan
(36 000 – 20 000) kg m s–1 = (2 200 kg)v kuasa, landasan terpampas geseran, pembaris,
(2 200 kg)v = 16 000 kg m s–1 Bahan dan troli, takal licin (dengan pengapit), tali tak
v = 7.27 m s–1 radas kenyal, pemberat berslot
4 0 = m1v1 + m2v2 Materials and Ticker timer and ticker tape, power supply,
m1v1 = –m2v2 apparatus friction-compensated runaway, ruler, trolley,
(1.5 kg)(v1) = –(0.010 kg)(300 m s–1) smooth pulley (with clamp), inelastic string,
∴ v = –2.0 m s–1 slotted weights

Aplikasi Prinsip Keabadian Momentum dalam teknologi

Latihan / Exercises
pelancaran roket air
Application of Principle of Conservation of Momentum in water 1 (a) F = ma
rocket launching technology 8 N = 2 kg(a)
8.0 N
a =
• dimampatkan / compressed 2 kg
• Tekanan / Pressure = 4 m s–2 / 4 N kg–1
• ditolak; halaju / pushed; velocity (b) F = ma
• bawah / Downward (14 + 6) N = 8 kg(a)
• Momentum; magnitud / momentum; magnitude (14 + 6) N
• diabadikan / conserved a =
8 kg
20 N
=
2.6 8 kg
= 2.5 m s–2 / 2.5 N kg–1
Nyatakan definisi • berkadar terus (c) F = ma
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Hukum Gerakan directly proportional (18 – 2) N = 10 kg(a)

Newton Kedua. (18 – 2) N
a =
State the definition of 10 kg
Newton's Second Law 16 N
of motion. =
10 kg
= 1.6 m s–2 / 1.6 N kg–1
Hubungan antara a • berkadar terus
(d) F = ma
dan F directly proportional
10 N – (5 + 5) N = 12 kg(a)
Relationship between
10 N – (5 + 5) N
a and F a =
12 kg
Hubungan antara a • berkadar songsang = 0
dan m inversely proportional
= 0 m s–2
Relationship between 2 (a) R ialah daya geseran / R is the frictional force
a and m F1 – R = ma
∴ R = F1 – ma
Oleh kerana halaju malar / Because the velocity is constant,
Eksperimen / Experiment
a = 0
∴ R = F1 – 0
Semakin besar daya, Semakin besar jisim, = F1
semakin besar pecutan. semakin kecil pecutan. = 5 N
Hipotesis
The larger the force, The greater the mass, (b) F2 – R = ma
Hypothesis
the greater the the smaller the 17 N – 5 N = (2 kg) (a)
acceleration. acceleration. a = 12 N
Pemboleh ubah Daya yang dikenakan Jisim, m 2 kg = 6 m s–2
dimanipulasikan ke atas objek, F Mass, m 3 (a) v2 = u2 + 2as
Manipulated Force applied on the 0 = (40 m s–1)2 + 2a(2 500 m)
variable object, F ∴ 5 000a = –1 600 m s–2
a = –0.32 m s–2
Pemboleh ubah Pecutan, a Pecutan, a (b) F = ma
bergerak balas Acceleration, a Acceleration, a = (2 000 kg)(–0.32 m s–2)
Responding = –640 N
variable (Negatif bermaksud daya untuk menentang gerakan)
(Negative means force to resist the motion)

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2.7 Can be compressed during an accident. So it can increase the time

taken by the car for a complete stop. So, it can reduce the impulsive
Berikan definisi daya tindak balas; magnitud force.
Hukum Gerakan reaction force; magnitude
Tali pinggang keselamatan / Safety belt
Newton Ketiga.
Untuk mengurangkan kesan inersia dengan mengelakkan pemandu
Give the definition
daripada tercampak ke hadapan.
of Newton’s Third
To reduce the inertia effect by preventing the driver from being
Law of Motion.
thrown forward.
Berikan definisi • daya; masa
impuls. force; time Latihan / Exercises
Give the definition • perubahan 1 (a) mv – mu = m(v – u)
of impulse. change = (60 kg)(0 – 6) m s–1
= –360 kg m s–1
Berikan definisi kadar perubahan momentum Impuls adalah –360 kg m s–1 kerana momentumnya
daya impuls. change of momentum dikurangkan sehingga sifar.
Give the definition of The impulse is –360 kg m s–1 because its momentum is
impulsive force. reduced to zero.
mv – mu –360 kg m s–1
5 Bahan yang lembut dan mudah dimampatkan menghasilkan (b) F = = = –720 N
t 0.5 s
masa perlanggaran yang panjang. Ia menyerap hentakan. Jadi ia
mv – mu –360 kg m s –1
mengurangkan daya impuls. (c) F = = = –7 200 N
t 0.05 s
Soft and compressible material provides longer time of impact. It
absorbs the shock. So it can reduce the impulsive force. (b) dan (c) : Tanda negatif bagi daya bermakna daya ini telah
menyebabkan kehilangan momentum
Contoh-contoh Situasi Daya Impuls Ditingkatkan [F besar, (b) and (c) : The negative sign to the force means that the force
t pendek] has caused a loss of momentum
Examples of Situation for Impulsive Force Needs to be Increased (d) Dengan membengkokkan kaki semasa mendarat, dia akan
[F larger, t shorter] meningkatkan masa impak dan mengurangkan daya impuls.
Jadi ia dapat mengurangkan kecederaan.

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
• singkat; besar / shorter; large By bending his legs upon landing, he will increase the
time of impact and reduce the impulsive force. So, it will
• pendek; besar / shorter; large minimise the injuries.
2 Impuls/Impulse = Ft = 1 500 N × 0.01 s
• pendek; besar / shorter; large = 15.0 N s
• pendek; besar / shorter; large = 15.0 kg m s–1
mv – mu = 15 kg m s–1   u = 0
(0.5 kg)v = 15 kg m s–1
Aktiviti: Mereka cipta model kenderaan yang mengaplikasikan v = 30 m s–1
Hukum Gerakan Newton 3 (a) Impuls / Impulse = m (v – u)
Activity: Create a vehicle by applying Newton's Laws of Motion = (0.2 kg)[(40 – (–20)] m s–1
= 12.0 kg m s–1
Beg udara / Airbag
= 12.0 N s
Menyerap hentakan dengan menambahkan masa impak apabila
kepala pemandu terhentak ke stereng. Oleh itu, daya impuls 12 N s
(b) F = = 1 200 N
dikurangkan. 0.01 s
Absorbing impact by increasing the impact time when the driver’s
head is thrown towards the steering. So, the impulsive force is 2.8
reduced. • vektor / vector
• Newton, N / Newton, N
Bumper hadapan / Front bumper
Menyerap hentakan akibat daripada kemalangan. Diperbuat daripada Nyatakan perbezaan
keluli, aluminium, plastik, getah dan fiber komposit. antara berat dan Daya graviti yang Jumlah jirim di
Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium, jisim. bertindak ke atas dalam objek.
plastic, rubber and composite fibres. State the difference objek. The amount of
between weight and The force of gravity matter in the
Penyandar kepala / Headrest acting on the object.
Untuk mengurangkan kesan inersia terhadap kepala pemandu. mass.
object.
Mengurangkan kecederaan leher apabila kereta dilanggar daripada
belakang. berubah tidak berubah
To reduce the inertia effect on the driver’s head. Reduce neck injury changes unchanged
when the car is hit from behind.
vektor / Vector skalar / Scalar
Zon remuk belakang / Rear crumple zone
Boleh dimampatkan ketika kemalangan. Jadi ia akan meningkatkan Newton, N Kilogram, kg
masa yang diperlukan kereta untuk berhenti sepenuhnya. Maka, ia Newton, N Kilogram, kg
akan mengurangkan daya impuls.

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE Rajah 1(b) / Diagram 1(b)

Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions 22 + (–2) = 20 N
F = ma
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 A 5 B
25a = 20
a = 0.8 m s–2
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
1 (a) Penumpang bergerak ke hadapan dan sos cili mengalir Lebih kecil Lebih besar
(b)
keluar daripada botol. Smaller Larger
The passengers move forward and the chilli sauce comes
out from the bottle. Lebih besar Lebih kecil
(b) (i) 70 km/j / 70 km/h Larger Smaller
(ii) Halaju yang sama iaitu 70 km/j. Sama Sama
The same velocity that is 70 km/h. Same Same
(c) Halaju sifar. / Zero velocity.
(d) (i) Apabila bas membrek, halaju bas berkurangan dengan
(c) Semakin berkurang jisim troli, semakin bertambah pecutan
tiba-tiba, penumpang terus bergerak dengan halaju
troli.
awalnya.
As the mass of trolley decreases, the acceleration of trolley
When the bus brakes, the velocity of the bus decreases
increases.
suddenly, the passenger continues to move with its
initial velocity. Sama Sama
(ii) Inersia / Inertia 2 (a)
Same Same
(e) Saya perlu berlari secara zig zag. Anak gajah akan terus
bergerak dalam garis lurus apabila saya menukar arah Dua orang Satu orang
dengan tiba-tiba. Two One
I have to run in a zig zag manner. The baby elephant will
continue to move in a straight line when I change my Lebih besar Lebih kecil
direction suddenly. Larger Smaller
2 (a) • Bahan api terbakar di dalam kebuk pembakaran. Lebih besar Lebih kecil
Fuel burns in the combustion chamber. Larger Smaller
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

• Gas panas dipancut keluar dengan halaju tinggi.

Hot gases are expelled at high speed / high momentum. (b) Semakin bertambah daya tujah ke depan, semakin
• Momentum besar ke bawah terhasil. bertambah pecutan basikal.
A large downwards momentum is produced. As the thrust force increases, the acceleration of bicycle
• Roket memperoleh momentum ke atas yang sama increases.
magnitud. (c) Hukum Newton Kedua / Newton's Second Law
Rocket gains upwards momentum of equal magnitude. (d) (i) Daya, F / Force, F
(b) (i) Bentuk aerodinamik / larus / torpedo → (ii) Pecutan, a / Acceleration, a
Mengurangkan rintangan udara (iii) Jisim basikal, m / Mass of bicycle, m
Aerodynamic shape / stream line / torpedo → Reduces
air resistance
(ii) Ketumpatan bahan rendah // Bahan kuat // Takat lebur
tinggi → Lebih ringan // Tidak mudah pecah
Low density material // Strong material // High Unit
Unit KEGRAVITIAN
melting point → Lighter // Does not break easily 153 GRAVITATION
(iii) Ada oksigen cecair → Mencepatkan pembakaran //
membekal oksigen untuk pembakaran 3.1
Has liquid oxygen → Boosting combustion // supply
oxygen for combustion Apa yang • berkadar terus
(iv) Roket retro. Terdapat beberapa peringkat yang boleh dikemukakan oleh directly proportional
ditanggalkan → Untuk mengurangkan jisim Isaac Newton tentang • berkadar songsang
Retro rocket. Has several stages that can slip/strip off daya graviti? inversely proportional
→ To decrease mass What is presented by
(v) Menambah saiz kebuk pembakaran → Lebih ruang Isaac Newton about
untuk pembakaran bahan api the gravitational
Increase the size of combustion chamber → More force?
space for combustion of fuel
(a) Matahari dengan planet pertama
Teknik Menjawab [Format Kertas 2: Perbandingan] The Sun and the first planet
Answering Technique [Paper 2 Format: Comparison] (b) Matahari dengan planet kedua
The Sun and the second planet
1 (a) Rajah 1(a) / Diagram 1(a) (c) Planet pertama dengan planet kedua
22 + (–2) = 20 N The first planet and the second planet
F = ma
20a = 20
a = 1 m s–2

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Latihan / Exercises
Nyatakan ciri-ciri • Bumi
1 Daya graviti antara Bulan dengan Bumi. satelit Geopegun. • 24 jam
The gravitational force between Moon and Earth. State the features of • (a) geosinkronous/geosegerak
GmbmB geostationary satellite. (b) bulat
FbB =
rbB2 (c) landasan khatulistiwa Bumi
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)(5.97 × 1024 kg) • Earth
=
(3.84 × 108 m)2 • 24 hours
= 1.98 × 1020 N • (a) geosynchronous
Daya graviti Bulan dengan Matahari. (b) round
The gravitational force between the Moon and the Sun. (c) equator of the Earth
GmbmM
FbM = Nyatakan ciri-ciri • lebih pendek; lebih panjang
rbM2
satelit bukan • berubah-ubah
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg) (1.99 × 1030 kg)
= geopegun. • shorter; longer
(1.50 × 1011 m)2
State the features of • different
= 4.34 × 10 N 20
non-geostationary
Kerana daya kedua-dua ini saling bersudut tegak maka daya
satellites.
paduan graviti yang bertindak pada bulan ialah:
Because these two forces are perpendicular to each other, the
resultant gravitational force that acts on the moon is: Perbandingan antara satelit geopegun dan satelit bukan
Fb = FbM + FbB
2 2 geopegun
Comparison between geostationary satellites and non-geostationary
= (1.98 × 1020 N)2 + (4.34 × 1020 N)2 satellites
= 4.77 × 1020 N
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(5.97 × 1024 kg) × (200 kg)
2 F =
(3 × 107 m)2
= 88.49 N
lebih pendek;
Contoh gerakan membulat; daya memusat lebih panjang

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
Example circular motion; centripetal force shorter;
24 jam longer
24 hours
Contoh situasi yang 1 geseran
mengaplikasikan frictional
daya memusat 2 daya graviti
Examples of gravitational force
situations which
apply centripetal sama berubah-ubah
√
GM
the same different
force r

3.2
Latihan / Exercises
1 A • Kaji cuaca
2 C Weather forecast
TJ2 rJ3
3 2 = 3
TB rB
(12 tahun / years)2 × rB3
rJ3 =
(1 tahun / year)2
rJ3 = 144 rB3
3
rJ = 144 rB
Berikan definisi halaju minimum; daya graviti
4π2 (3.84 × 108 m)3
4 M = halaju lepas. minimum velocity; gravitational force
(6.7 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(2.5 × 106 s)2
Give the definition
M = 5.34 × 1024 kg
of escape velocity.

3.3 Nyatakan perkaitan mengatasi

antara halaju lepas overcome
Berikan contoh Malaysia East Asia Satellite dengan tenaga.
satelit yang dimiliki Malaysia East Asia Satellite State the relation
oleh Malaysia. between escape
Give examples of velocity and energy.
satellites owned by
Malaysia.

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(b) Bulan / Moon

Mengapakah kapal khatulistiwa
terbang tidak 11.2 km s–1 2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)
vB =
terlepas dari Bumi equator 1.74 × 106 m
berdasarkan halaju 11.2 km s–1 vB = 2.37 × 103 m s–1
lepas Bumi?
Why airplanes did not Marikh / Mars
escape from the Earth 2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(6.39 × 1022 kg)
vM =
based on the escape 3.39 × 106 m
velocity of the Earth? vM = 5.01 × 103 m s–1
(c) Pecutan graviti dan halaju lepas di Bulan lebih kecil
Latihan / Exercises berbanding pecutan dan halaju lepas di Marikh kerana jisim
2GM Bulan lebih kecil daripada jisim Marikh.
1 vescape = The gravitational acceleration and the escape velocity of
R
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(5.97 × 1024 kg) the Moon is smaller than the gravitational acceleration and
= the escape velocity of the Mars because mass of the Moon
6.37 × 106 m
is smaller than the mass of the Mars.
= 1.25 × 108 N m2 kg–1
= 11 181 m s–1
Unit
Unit HABA
2GM
2 vescape =
R 154 HEAT
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg)
= 4.1
1.74 × 106 m
2 (a) darjah kepanasan objek / degree of hotness
= 5.635 × 10 N m kg
6 2 –1
(b) Kelvin (K)
= 2 374 m s–1

( ) Aktiviti : Mengkaji keseimbangan terma di antara dua jasad

1
2GM 2
3 vescape = yang bersentuhan secara terma
R
Activity : To study thermal equilibrium between two bodies in
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

2GM

v escape =
2
thermal contact
R
2GM Perbincangan / Discussion:
R = 2 1 dibebaskan / released
v escape
2 menurun; meningkat; sama / decreasing; increasing; same
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(1.99 × 1030 kg) 3 Haba; B; A; sifar / Heat; B; A; zero
R =
(3.0 × 108 m s–1)2
R = 2.95 km Definisi keseimbangan terma
2GM Definition of thermal equilibrium
4 vesc = • sama / equal
R
∴ Zuhrah / Venus:
Aplikasi keseimbangan terma dalam kehidupan harian
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(4.87 × 1024 kg) Application of thermal equilibrium in daily life
vesc = = 10.36 km s–1
6.05 × 106 m
∴ Marikh / Mars: (b) sama / same (a) terma / thermal
(c) pengaliran bersih haba (b) air sejuk / cold water
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(6.42 × 1023 kg)
vesc = = 5.02 km s–1 net heat flow (c) menurun; meningkat
3.40 × 106 m
decreases; increases
∴ Musytari / Jupiter:
(b) udara panas / hot air (b) mengalir / flows
2(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(1.90 × 1027 kg)
vesc = = 60.22 km s–1 (c) meningkat / increases (c) menurun; segar
6.99 × 106 m
decreases; fresh

LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE • termometer / thermometer

Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
1 C 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 C Latihan / Exercises
7 D 8 B 9 D 1 SuhuP / TemperatureP, θ
lθ – l0
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question = × 100 ºC
l100 – l0
1 (a) Bulan / Moon (23.0 – 5.0) cm
= × 100 ºC
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(7.35 × 1022 kg) (40.0 – 5.0) cm
gB =
(1.74 × 106)2 m 18.0 cm
= × 100 ºC
gB = 1.62 m s–2 35.0 cm
= 51.43 °C
Marikh / Mars
lθ – l0
(6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)(6.39 × 1023 kg) 2 θ = × 100 ºC
gM = l100 – l0
(3.39 × 106)2 m
gM = 3.71 m s–2

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(27.0 – 5.0) cm Latihan / Exercises

θ = × 100 ºC
(65.0 – 5.0) cm 1 Q = mcΔθ
22 cm = (2 kg) × (500 J kg–1 °C–1) × (70 – 30) °C
= × 100 ºC
60 cm = (2 × 500 × 40) J
= 36.67 °C = 40 000 J
24.5 cm Q
3 θ = × 100 ºC = 87.5 °C 2 c =
28.0 cm mΔθ
16 cm (8.4 × 105) J
4 (a) θ = × 100 ºC = 64 ºC =
25 cm 4 kg × (90 – 40) °C
lθ – l0 = 4 200 J kg–1 ºC–1
(b) 30 °C = × 100 ºC
25 cm 3 Haba yang dibebaskan = Haba yang diserap
30 °C × 25 cm Heat released = Heat absorbed
lθ – l0 = = 7.5 cm (0.2 kg)(ca)(100 – θ)°C = (0.25 kg)(ca)(θ – 10)°C
100 °C
di mana ca = muatan haba tentu air
where ca = specific heat capacity of water
4.2
20 – 0.2θ = 0.25θ – 2.5
Nyatakan definisi • meningkatkan; 1 °C 20 + 2.5 = 0.25θ + 0.2θ
dan unit S.I. bagi increase; 1 °C 22.5 = 0.45θ
muatan haba, C. • joules per celsius 22.5
θ =
State the definition joules per celsius 22.5
and the S.I. unit for = 50 ºC
heat capacity, C. 4 Pt = mcΔθ
(2 000 W)(8 × 60 s) = 3 kg × 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1 × Δθ
(2 × 103 × 8 × 60) J
Nyatakan definisi 1; 1 Δθ =
3 kg × 4 200 J °C–1
bagi muatan haba
tentu, c. = 76.2 ºC
State the definition of 5 Pt = mcΔθ
(1.2 × 103 W) × t = macaΔθ + mkckΔθ

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
specific heat capacity,
c. (1 200 W) × t = Δθ (maca + mkck)
1 200 t = 20°C [(0.2 kg × 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1)
+ (0.05 kg × 400 J kg °C–1)]
Eksperimen / Experiment 17 200 J
t =
1 200 J s–1
Untuk menentukan Untuk menentukan t = 14.33 s
nilai muatan haba nilai muatan haba
Tujuan tentu air. tentu aluminium. 4.3
Aim To determine the To determine the
specific heat capacity specific heat capacity Nyatakan definisi diserap; dibebaskan
of water. of aluminium. haba pendam. absorbed; released
State the definition of
1 (a) • tinggi / higher latent heat.
• lama / longer
Terangkan konsep (a) pepejal; cecair; gas
• haba / heat
bagi haba pendam solid; liquid; gases
(b) • tinggi / high
tentu dengan (b) perubahan keadaan jirim
2 Badan / Body
perubahan keadaan change in state of matter
• rendah / Low
jirim. (c) penyerapan; pembebasan
Pemegang / Handle
Explain the concept absorption; release
• plastik / plastic
of latent heat with (d) haba pendam; melemahkan;
• tinggi / High
the change of state of mengatasi
3 (a) Bayu laut / Sea breeze matter. latent heat; weaken; overcome
• lebih / more (e) tidak berubah / unchanged
• tinggi / higher (f) malar / constant
• lebih lambat / slower
• rendah / lower • Pendidihan / Boiling

• lebih cepat / faster Gas

Gas
• Peleburan / Melting
(b) Bayu darat / Land breeze • Haba pendam diserap • Kondensasi / Condensation
Latent heat is absorbed
• kurang / less • Haba pendam dibebaskan
Latent heat is released
• tinggi / higher Pepejal / Solid
• lebih lambat / slower
• Pembekuan / Freezing
• rendah / lower • Haba pendam dibebaskan
Cecair / Liquid

• lebih lambat / slower Latent heat is released

• lebih / more

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Eksperimen / Experiment
Nyatakan definisi Kuantiti haba, Q yang diserap atau
bagi haba pendam dibebaskan semasa perubahan fasa bagi
Untuk menentukan Untuk menentukan
tentu, l. 1 kg bahan tanpa perubahan suhu.
haba pendam tentu haba pendam tentu
State the definition of The quantity of heat, Q that is absorbed or
pelakuran ais, lf pengewapan air, lv
specific latent heat, l. released during the change of phase of Tujuan
To determine the To determine the
1 kg of substance without the change of Aim
specific latent heat of specific latent heat of
temperature.
fusion of ice, lf vaporisation of water,
Nyatakan rumus dan J kg–1 lv
unit S.I. bagi haba
1. Radas disusun 1. Radas disusun
pendam tentu, l.
seperti yang seperti yang
State the formulae
ditunjukkan. ditunjukkan.
and S.I. unit for
2. Jisim bagi setiap 2. Satu bikar
specific latent heat, l.
bikar kosong, A diletakkan di atas
Berikan dua jenis (i) Haba pendam tentu pelakuran (lf) dan B ditimbang neraca elektronik.
haba pendam tentu. Specific latent heat of fusion (lf ) menggunakan 3. Pemanas rendam
Give two types of (ii) Haba pendam tentu pengewapan (lv) neraca. elektronik direndam
specific latent heat. Specific latent heat of vaporisation (lv) 3. Setiap satu daripada sepenuhnya di
dua corong penapis dalam air dan diapit
dipenuhi dengan menggunakan kaki
Lengkung Pemanasan / Heating Curve kiub ais. retort.
(a) AB Pepejal / Solid 4. Pemanas rendam 4. Pemanas elektrik
dalam Set A dihidupkan untuk
BC Pepejal dan cecair / Solid and liquid ialah eksperimen memanaskan air
CD Cecair / Liquid kawalan (tidak tersebut pada takat
Prosedur
disambungkan didih.
DE Cecair dan gas / Liquid and gas Procedure
kepada bekalan 5. Apabila air mula
EF Gas / Gas kuasa). Ini adalah mendidih pada
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

untuk menentukan kadar yang tetap,

jisim ais dicairkan jam randik
(b) AB / CD / EF
oleh haba sekitar. dimulakan dan
1 diserap / absorbed
Pemanas di Set B bacaan pada neraca
2 meningkat / increases
dihidupkan. elektronik, m1
3 kinetik; bertambah / Kinetic; increases
5. Apabila air mula direkodkan.
BC menitis dari corong 6. Air dibiarkan
1 diserap / absorbed penapis pada kadar mendidih selama
2 dibebaskan / released yang tetap, jam tempoh t saat.
3 tidak berubah / unchanged randik dimulakan
dan bikar kosong,
DE A dan B diletakkan
2 dipisahkan / separated di bawah corong
penuras.
Lengkung Penyejukan / Cooling Curve

(a) NO Gas / Gas

OP Gas dan cecair / Gas and liquid
PQ Cecair / Liquid
QR Cecair dan pepejal / Liquid and solid
RS Pepejal / Solid

(b) NO / PQ / RS
1 dibebaskan / released
2 menurun / decreases
3 berkurang / decreases

OP
1 dibebaskan / released
3 tidak berubah / unchanged

QR
1 menguatkan / strengthen
2 bergetar / vibrate
3 suhu / temperature

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Latihan / Exercises
6. Selepas tempoh 7. Pada akhir tempoh
1 Air / Water mcΔθ Air / Water mlf
t saat, pemanas B t saat, bacaan pada Ais / Ice
dimatikan. Jisim neraca elektronik, 20 °C 0 °C 0 °C
kedua-dua bikar m2, direkodkan.
berisi air, A dan 8. Kuasa pemanas Jumlah tenaga haba / Total heat energy
B ditentukan rendam, P, = mcΔθ + mlf
menggunakan direkodkan. = [(4.0 kg) × (4.2 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1) × (20 – 0)°C]
neraca elektronik. 1. The apparatus was + [(4 kg) × (3.34 × 105 J kg–1)]
Kuasa pemanas, P set up as shown. = (3.36 × 105 J) + (13.36 × 105 J)
direkodkan. 2. A beaker is placed = 16.72 × 105 J
1. The apparatus was on a platform of an = 1.672 × 106 J
set up as shown. electronic balance. 2 Tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan
2. The mass of each 3. An electronic Electric energy provided
of the two empty immersion heater = Tenaga haba yang diterima / Heat absorbed
beakers, A and is fully immersed in Pt = mlv
B is determined the water and held (800 W) t = 4 kg × 2.26 × 106 J kg–1
using the electronic in this position by a 4 × 2.26 × 106) J
t =
balance. retort stand. 800 J s–1
3. Each of the two 4. The electric heater = 1.13 × 104 s
filter funnels is filled is switched on to 3 Ais / Ice miciΔθi Ais / Ice mlf Air / Water
with ice cubes. heat the water to its –15 °C 0 °C 0 °C
4. The immersion boiling point.
mwcwΔθw mlv
heater in Set A 5. When the water Air / Water Stim / Steam
is the control starts to boil at a 100 °C 100 °C
experiment (not steady rate, the
Jumlah tenaga haba / Total heat energy
connected to the stopwatch is started
power supply). This and the reading
= miciΔθi + mlf + mwcwΔθw + mlv
is to determine the on the electronic miciΔθi = (4 kg) × (2.1 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1) × (15 °C)
= 1.26 × 105 J

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
mass of ice melted balance, m1 is
by the surrounding recorded. mlf = (4 kg) × (3.34 × 105 J kg–1)
heat. The heater in 6. The water is = 1.336 × 106 J
Set B is switched allowed to boil for a mwcwΔθw = (4 kg) × (4.2 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1) × (100 °C)
on. period of t seconds. = 1.68 × 106 J
5. When water starts 7. At the end of the mlv = (4 kg) × (2.26 × 106 J kg–1)
to drip from the period of t seconds, = 9.04 × 106 J
filter funnels at a the reading on the ∴ Jumlah tenaga haba / Total heat energy
steady rate, the electronic balance, = (1.26 × 105 J) + (1.336 × 106 J) + (1.68 × 106 J) + (9.04 × 106 J)
stopwatch is started m2, is recorded. = 1.218 × 107 J
and the empty 8. The power of the 4 Q = mlf
beakers, A and immersion heater, P, = (2.0 kg) × (3.34 × 105 J kg–1)
B are placed on is recorded. = 6.68 × 105 J
beneath the filter 5 Pt = mlf
funnels. (100 W) × (1 050 – 300) s = 0.5 kg × lf
6. After a period of t 75 000 J
seconds, the heater lf =
0.5 kg
B is switched off. = 1.5 × 105 J kg–1
The masses of
both beakers of 4.4
water, A and B are
2 (a) berkadar songsang / inversely proportional
determined using
(b) tekanan / pressure
the electronic
(c) berkadar terus / directly proportional
balance. Power
of heater, P is
Eksperimen / Experiment
recorded.
Hubungan antara isi padu gas dan tekanan gas
Relationship between volume of gas and pressure of gas
Aplikasi haba pendam tentu dalam kehidupan harian Tujuan / Aim
Application of specific latent heat in daily life Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara isi padu dan tekanan untuk jisim
2 • tersejat / evaporates gas yang tetap pada suhu yang malar.
• menurun / drops To investigate the relationship between the volume and pressure for a
3 • tinggi / high fixed mass of gas at constant temperature.
• diserap / absorbed
Pemboleh ubah / Variables
Isi padu, V / Volume, V
Tekanan, P / Pressure, P
Jisim dan suhu udara / Mass and temperature of air

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Prosedur / Procedure Eksperimen / Experiment

1. Radas disediakan seperti dalam rajah di atas. Hubungan antara suhu gas dan tekanan gas
The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. Relationship between temperature of gas and pressure of gas
2. Pam ditekan supaya aras minyak pada tiub kapilari adalah Tujuan / Aim
20 cm3. Isi padu direkodkan. Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara suhu dengan tekanan untuk jisim
The pump is pushed so that the level of oil in the capillary tube gas yang ditetapkan pada isi padu malar.
is 20 cm3. The volume is recorded. To investigate the relationship between the temperature and pressure
3. Bacaan tekanan udara pada tolok Bourdon dicatatkan. for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.
The reading of pressure of air on Bourdon gauge is recorded.
4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan isi padu, V = 25 cm3, 30 cm3, Pemboleh ubah / Variables
35 cm3 dan 40 cm3. Suhu, θ / Temperature, θ
The experiment is repeated with volume, V = 25 cm3, 30 cm3, Tekanan, P / Pressure, P
35 cm3 and 40 cm3. Jisim dan isi padu udara / Mass and volume of air
1 Prosedur / Procedure
5. Nilai-nilai isi padu, V, tekanan, P, dan dijadualkan.
V 1. Radas disediakan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas.
1
The values of volume, V, pressure, P, and are tabulated. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above.
V
2. Campuran air dan ais dikacau secara berterusan supaya udara di
Analisis data / Analysis of data dalam kelalang mempunyai suhu yang sama seperti air.
2 Ya / Yes The mixture of water and ice is stirred continuously so that the
air in the flask has the same temperature as the water.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
4. Apabila bacaan termometer adalah 30 °C, bacaan tekanan, P,
Apabila isi padu gas menurun, tekanan gas meningkat.
pada tolok Bourdon direkodkan.
When the volume of the gas decreases, the pressure of the gas
When the reading of the thermometer is 30 °C, the reading of the
increases.
pressure, P on Bourdon gauge is recorded.
5. Eksperimen diulang dengan suhu air yang berlainan, iaitu
Eksperimen / Experiment
θ = 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C dan 70 °C.
Hubungan antara suhu gas dan isi padu gas The experiment is repeated with different temperatures of water,
Relationship between temperature of gas and volume of gas that is, θ = 40 °C, 50°C, 60 °C and 70 °C.
Tujuan / Aim 6. Nilai-nilai tekanan udara, P dijadualkan.
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara suhu dan isi padu untuk jisim gas The values of pressure of the air, P is tabulated.
yang tetap pada tekanan malar.
To investigate the relationship between the temperature and volume Analisis data / Analysis of data
for a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure. 2 Ya / Yes

Pemboleh ubah / Variables Kesimpulan / Conclusion

Suhu, θ / Temperature, θ Apabila suhu gas meningkat, tekanan gas meningkat.
Isi padu, V / Volume, V When the temperature of the gas increases, pressure of gas increases.
Jisim dan tekanan udara / Mass and pressure of air
Rumusan bagi 3 hukum gas / Summary of 3 gas laws
Prosedur / Procedure
1. Radas disediakan seperti rajah di atas. (i) • berkurang (i) • meningkat (i) • meningkat
The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above. decreases increases increases
2. Air di dalam bikar dipanaskan perlahan-lahan dan dikacau • bertambah • tidak berubah • tetap
dengan seragam dan perlahan. Apabila bacaan termometer itu increases constant constant
adalah 30 °C, panjang turus udara yang terperangkap, l cm, • bertambah • tetap • meningkat
direkodkan. increases constant increases
The water in the beaker is heated slowly and stirred unifromly • tetap (ii) terus • meningkat
and gently. When the reading of the thermometer is 30 °C, the constant directly increases
length of the trapped air, l cm is recorded. (ii) songsang (iii) terus (ii) terus
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan suhu, θ = 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C dan inversely directly directly
70 °C. (iii) songsang (iii) terus
The experiment is repeated with θ = 40 °C, 50° C, 60 °C and inversely directly
70 °C.
4. Nilai-nilai panjang turus udara, l, dijadualkan. Latihan / Exercises
The values of length of column of air l, are tabulated. 1 Menggunakan Hukum Boyle, / Using Boyle’s Law,
Analisis data / Analysis of data P1V1 = P2V2
2 Ya / Yes (60 m) (250 cm3) = (10 m) × V2
(60 m × (250 cm3)
Kesimpulan / Conclusion V2 =
10 m
Apabila suhu gas meningkat, isi padu gas meningkat. = 1 500 cm3
When the temperature of the gas increases, the volume of the gas
increases.

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

2 Menggunakan Hukum Charles, / Using Charles’ Law, (d) Hukum Tekanan / Pressure Law
V1 V2 2 (a) (i) Kedalaman gelembung udara di kedudukan X >
=
T1 T2 Kedalaman gelembung udara di kedudukan Y
A (L1) A (L2) The depth of air bubble at position X > The depth of
= air bubble at position Y
T1 T2
29 cm L2 (ii) Tekanan yang dialami oleh gelembung udara di
= kedudukan X > Tekanan yang dialami oleh gelembung
(17 + 273) K (57 + 273) K
udara di kedudukan Y
29 cm × 330 K
L2 = = 33 cm The pressure acting on the air bubble at position X >
290 K
The pressure acting on the air bubble at position Y
3 Menggunakan Hukum Boyle, / Using Boyle’s Law,
(iii) Isi padu gelembung udara di kedudukan X < Isi padu
P1V1 = P2V2
gelembung udara di kedudukan Y
1 atm × 100 cm3 = P2 × 20 cm3
The volume of the air bubble at position X < The
100 cm3
P2 = × 1 atm = 5 atm volume of the air bubble at position Y
20 cm3
(iv) Suhu udara gelembung udara di kedudukan X = Suhu
4 Menggunakan Hukum Charles, / Using Charles’ Law, udara gelembung udara di kedudukan Y
V1 V2 The temperature of the air bubble at position X = The
=
T1 T2 temperature of the air bubble at position Y
20 cm3 V2 (b) (i) Semakin bertambah kedalaman gelembung udara,
=
(37 + 273) K (87 + 273) K semakin bertambah tekanan udara di dalam
20 cm3 × 360 K gelembung udara
V2 = = 23.23 cm3
310 K As the depth of the air bubble increases, the pressure
Peningkatan isi padu / Increase in volume inside the air bubble increases
= (23.23 – 20) m3 = 3.23 m3 (ii) Semakin bertambah tekanan udara di dalam
5 Menggunakan Hukum Tekanan, / Using Pressure Law, gelembung, semakin berkurang isi padu gelembung
P1 P2 udara ATAU sebaliknya
= As the pressure inside the air bubble increases, the
P1 P2
1.4 × 105 N m–2 P2 volume of air bubble decreases OR vice versa
= (c) Hukum Boyle / Boyle’s law
(33 + 273) K (55 + 273) K

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
1.4 × 105 N m–2 × 328 K
P2 = = 1.5 × 105 N m–2 Eksperimen / Experiment (SPM K3)
360 K
1 (i) Balut bikar dengan kertas tisu.
LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE Wrap a beaker with tissue paper.
Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions (ii) Letakkan bikar di atas neraca elektronik dan set semula
1 A 2 D 3 B 4 D 5 C 6 C bacaan neraca itu kepada nilai sifar.
7 C 8 A Place the beaker on top of an electronic balance and reset
the reading of the balance to zero.
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question (iii) Isi air ke dalam bikar sehingga tiga per empat penuh.
1 (a) Tekanan udara. Pascal atau N m–2 Fill the beaker with water until it is third quarter full.
Air pressure. Pascal or N m–2 (iv) Ambil bacaan jisim air, m yang ditunjukkan oleh neraca
(b) (i) Bacaan tolok Bourdon dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi elektronik. Rekodkan bacaan anda.
daripada bacaan tolok Bourdon dalam Rajah 1.1. Record the reading of the mass of the water, m shown on
The reading of Bourdon gauge in Diagram 1.2 is the electronic balance.
higher than that of Diagram 1.1. (v) Rekodkan bacaan suhu awal air, θ1.
(ii) Bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi Record the initial temperature of the water, θ1.
daripada bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 1.1. (vi) Hidupkan pemanas rendam dan pada masa yang sama,
The reading of the thermometer in Diagram 1.2 is mulakan jam randik.
higher than that of Diagram 1.1. Switch on the immersion heater and start the stopwatch at
(iii) Apabila suhu menaik, tekanan gas, X dalam kelalang the same time.
menaik. (vii) Perhatikan perubahan bacaan termometer.
When the temperature increases, the pressure of gas, X Observe the changes of the thermometer reading.
in the flask increases. (viii) Selepas masa lima minit, matikan pemanas rendam.
(c) Apabila molekul-molekul gas dalam kelalang menerima Ambil bacaan termometer tertinggi sebagai suhu akhir air,
haba, halaju molekul-molekul gas bertambah. Ini θ2.
menyebabkan tenaga kinetik molekul-molekul gas itu After five minutes, switch off the immersion heater.
bertambah. Apabila tenaga kinetik molekul-molekul gas 2 (a) P = W
bertambah, frekuensi perlanggaran di antara molekul- t = s
molekul gas dengan dinding kelalang bertambah, maka m = kg
tekanan gas dalam kelalang bertambah. θ1 = °C
When the gas molecules in the flask receive heat, the θ2 = °C
velocity of these molecules increases. This causes the (c) Nilai muatan haba tentu yang diperoleh daripada
kinetic energy of the gas molecules to increase. When the eksperimen adalah lebih tinggi berbanding nilai yang diberi
kinetic energy of the gas molecules increases, the frequency kerana haba telah hilang ke permukaan.
of collision between the gas molecules and the walls of the The value of the specific heat capacity obtained from the
flask increases, thus the gas pressure in the flask increases. experiment is higher than the value given because the heat
has been lost to the surface.

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(d) Balut bikar dengan penebat yang lebih baik seperti kain
Satu ayunan lengkap kedudukan yang asal
untuk mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran.
One complete original position
Wrap the beaker with a better insulator to reduce heat loss
oscillation
to the surrounding.
Record the highest thermometer reading as the final water Graf T = Tempoh / Period
temperature, θ2. Graph λ = Panjang gelombang / Wavelength

Eksperimen / Experiment
Unit
Unit GELOMBANG Radas dan bahan / Apparatus and materials
155 WAVES Tangki riak, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris meter, motor penggetar,
kertas putih, bekalan kuasa, lampu dan bar kayu.
5.1 Ripple tank, mechanical stroboscope, metre rule, vibrator motor,
Aktiviti : Mengkaji bahawa gelombang memindahkan tenaga white paper, power supply, lamp and wooden block.
tanpa memindahkan jirim. Prosedur / Procedure
Activity : To study on waves that transfer energy without 1 Tangki riak disediakan seperti dalam rajah dan sehelai kertas
transferring matter. putih diletakkan di bawah tangki riak.
Perbincangan / Discussion: A ripple tank is set up as shown and a sheet of white paper is
2 tenaga / energy placed under the ripple tank.
3 memindahkan jirim / transferring matter 2 Hidupkan suis motor penggetar pada frekuensi 10 Hz.
Switch on the vibrator motor at a frequency of 10 Hz.
Nyatakan dua jenis • Gelombang progresif
3 Perhatikan gelombang air dengan menggunakan stroboskop,
gelombang. Progressive waves
ukur panjang gelombang dan rekodkan.
State two types of • Gelombang pegun
Observe the water waves by using the stroboscope, measure the
waves. Stationary waves
wavelength and record it.
4 Ulangi eksperimen sekurang-kurangnya empat kali pada
Perbandingan antara gelombang melintang dan gelombang frekuensi yang berbeza.
membujur Repeat the experiment at least four times at different frequencies
Comparison between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

of vibrator motor.
Gelombang melintang Gelombang membujur
Latihan / Exercises
ialah gelombang di ialah gelombang yang
mana zarah-zarah mana zarah-zarah 1 Diberi / Given
medium bergetar pada medium bergetar pada f = 4 Hz, λ = 0.6 m
arah yang berserenjang arah yang selari v = f λ = 4 Hz × 0.6 m = 2.4 m s–1
dengan arah dengan arah 2 Diberi / Given
perambatan perambatan v = 3 × 108 m s–1, f = 200 MHz
Definisi gelombang. gelombang. v = f λ
Definition Transverse waves are Longitudinal waves (3 × 108 m s–1) = (200 × 106 Hz) × λ
waves in which the are waves in which the λ = 1.5 m
particles of the particles of the 3 (a) a = 0.5 m
medium vibrate in the medium vibrate in the (b) λ = 0.8 m
direction direction parallel to (c) v = f λ = 8 Hz × 0.8 m = 6.4 m s–1
perpendicular to the the direction of 4 cm
4 (a) (i) a = = 2 cm
direction of propagation of wave. 2
propagation of wave. (ii) 3λ = 150 cm
λ = 50 cm
Gelombang air, Gelombang bunyi (b) v = f λ
Contoh gelombang cahaya Sound waves 330 m s–1 = f × 0.5 m
Example Water waves, light f = 660 Hz
waves 5 (a) a = 10 m
(b) T = 0.4 s
Definisi istilah-istilah yang berkaitan dengan gelombang: 1
(c) f =
The definition of terms related to waves: T
1
=
Frekuensi, f 1 0.4 s
•
Frequency, f f = 2.5 Hz
Puncak sesaran positif
Crest maximum positive 5.2
Resonans / Resonance
Lembangan sesaran negatif • maksimum / maximum
Trough maximum negative
• tenaga / energy
• malar / constant

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Teknik Menjawab [Format Kertas 2 : Kefahaman / Esei Pendek] Teknik Menjawab [Format Kertas 2 : Kefahaman / Esei Pendek]
Answering Technique [Paper 2 Format : Comprehension / Short Answering Technique [Paper 2 Format : Comprehension / Short
Essay] Essay]
• Bandul B berayun dan memindahkan tenaga kepada bandul-bandul • Lapisan udara di lapisan bawah lebih sejuk berbanding lapisan
lain. atas.
Pendulum B oscillates and transfers energy to others pendulum. Air layer near the ground is colder than the top layer.
• Panjang bandul B = Panjang bandul D • Ketumpatan lapisan udara sejuk lebih tinggi daripada lapisan udara
Length of pendulum B = Length of pendulum D panas.
• Frekuensi bandul B = Frekuensi bandul D The density of colder air layer is greater than hotter air layer.
Frequency of pendulum B = Frequency of pendulum D energy to • Gelombang bunyi terbias menjauhi normal.
others pendulum. Sound waves refracted away from normal.
• Bandul D mengalami resonans • Panjang gelombang di lapisan udara sejuk lebih kecil daripada
Pendulum D undergoes resonance lapisan udara panas.
• Bandul D berayun dengan amplitud maksimum Wavelength of colder air layer is smaller than hotter air layer.
Pendulum D oscillates with the maximum amplitude • Laju gelombang di lapisan udara sejuk lebih kecil daripada lapisan
udara panas.
5.3 Wave speed of colder air layer is smaller than hotter air layer.
• Gelombang bunyi terbias dan mendekati permukaan darat
Nyatakan definisi fasa disebabkan pantulan dalam penuh.
muka gelombang. in phase Sound waves is refracted and move towards the ground surface
State the definition due to total internal reflection.
of wavefront.
Eksperimen / Experiment
Nyatakan definisi • Berlaku apabila gelombang tuju terkena
Pembiasan gelombang air / Refraction of water waves
pantulan gelombang. pemantul dan mengubah arah
Inferens / Inference
State the definition of perambatannya.
Panjang gelombang air bergantung pada kedalaman air.
reflection of waves. Occurs when an incident wave strikes a
The wavelength of water waves depends on the depth of water.
reflector and undergoes a change in
direction of propagation. Hipotesis / Hypothesis

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
• Berlaku kepada gelombang air, Apabila kedalaman air meningkat, maka panjang gelombang air
gelombang bunyi, gelombang cahaya meningkat.
dan gelombang elektromagnet. When the depth of water increases, the wavelength of the water
Occurs to water waves, sound waves, waves increases.
light waves, and electromagnetic waves.
Tujuan / Aim
Mengkaji hubungan antara kedalaman air dan panjang gelombang air.
Latihan / Exercises To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the
1 A 2 D 3 D wavelength of water waves.
Pemboleh ubah / Variables
5.4 1 Kedalaman air / Depth of water
2 Panjang gelombang / Wavelength
Halaju Lebih laju Lebih perlahan 3 Frekuensi / Frequency
Speed Faster Slower
Menjadualkan data / Tabulation of the data
Panjang gelombang Lebih panjang Lebih pendek
Wavelength Longer Shorter Kedalaman air, d / cm
Depth of water, d / cm
Frekuensi Tidak berubah Tidak berubah
Frequency Panjang gelombang, λ / cm
Unchanged Unchanged
Wavelength, λ / cm

(a) Analisis data / Analysis of data

λ / cm

0 d / cm

(b) Latihan / Exercises

Sinar terbias
1 Kedalaman P: / Deep region P:
r
Refracted ray 4λp = 12 cm
r Sinar terbias 12
Refracted ray
λp = cm
4
Pembiasan gelombang air / Refraction of water waves λp = 3 cm
(e) • lebih besar daripada / is larger than vp = f λp
• lebih besar daripada / is larger than 18 cm s–1 = f (3 cm)
(f) bertambah / increases \ f = 6 Hz

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Frekuensi gelombang di kawasan Q adalah bersamaan dengan Eksperimen / Experiment

frekuensi gelombang di kawasan P. Pembelauan gelombang cahaya / Diffraction of light waves
Frequency of wave in region Q is the same as the frequency of Tujuan / Aim
wave in region P. Mengkaji hubungan lebar pinggir cerah di tengah dengan saiz celah.
8λQ = 12 cm To investigate the relationship between the width of the middle bright
12 fringe and the size of the slit.
λQ = cm = 1.5 cm
8
Pemboleh ubah / Variables
Oleh itu, / Hence, vQ = f λQ
1 Saiz celah / Size of slit
vQ = (6 Hz) × 1.5 cm = 9.0 cm s–1 2 Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah
The width of the middle bright fringe
5.5 3 Cahaya monokromatik (cahaya dengan satu panjang gelombang
sahaja)
Kesan pembelauan Monochromatic light (light of one wavelength only)
ke atas ciri-ciri Panjang Amplitud
gelombang, λ berkurang Keputusan / Results
gelombang.
Effects of the Wavelength, λ Amplitude
Frekuensi, f decreases Lebar celah, a / mm
diffraction on 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Frequency, f Arah perambatan Width of slit, a / mm
charactenistics of
waves. Laju, v / Speed, v Direction of Lebar pinggir tengah cerah, x / cm
propagation Width of middle bright fringe, x / cm
Tenaga berkurang
Energy decreases
5.6

Interferens membina maksimum

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembelauan gelombang dan Constructive maximum
kesannya: interference
Factors which affecting diffraction of waves and their effects:
Lebih ketara / More significant
Kurang ketara / Less significant Eksperimen / Experiment
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

Kurang ketara / Less significant Interferens gelombang air / Interference of water waves
Lebih ketara / More significant Tujuan / Aim
Mengkaji hubungan antara jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a, dan
Eksperimen / Experiment jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x.
Pembelauan gelombang air / Diffraction of water waves To investigate the relationship between the distance of two coherent
Tujuan / Aim sources, a, and the distance of two consecutive nodal lines, x.
Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut bengkokan gelombang air dan saiz Pemboleh ubah / Variables
celah. 1 Jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a
To investigate the relationship between the angle of bending of the The distance between two coherent sources, a
waves and the size of the slit. 2 Jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x
Pemboleh ubah / Variables The distance between two consecutive nodal lines, x
1 Saiz celah, a / Size of slit, a 3 Frekuensi penggetar, panjang gelombang, jarak antara sumber
2 Sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ (pencelup) dan kedudukan di mana x diukur.
Angle of bending of the water waves, θ Frequency of vibrator, the wavelength, distance between sources
3 Frekuensi penggetar / Frequency of vibrator and the position where x is measured.

Keputusan / Results Keputusan / Results

Saiz celah, a / cm a / cm 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Size of slit, a / cm x / cm
Sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ / °
Angle of bending of water waves, θ / °
Eksperimen / Experiment
Perbincangan / Discussions Interferens gelombang cahaya / Interference of light waves
3 Ya / Yes Pemboleh ubah / Variables
1 Panjang gelombang cahaya laser, λ.
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
The wavelength of the laser light waves, λ
Sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ meningkat apabila saiz celah, a
2 Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah berturutan, x.
berkurang.
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x.
The angle of bending of the waves, θ increases as the size of slit, a
3 Jarak pemisahan antara celah, a dan jarak antara dwicelah dan
decreases.
skrin, D.
Slit separation, a, and the distance between double slit and
screen, D.

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Keputusan / Results 5 (a) (i) v = fλ

300 = 1 200 × λ
λ / nm λ = 0.25 m
x / cm ax
(ii) λ =
D
Eksperimen / Experiment (2.0)x
0.25 =
5.0
Interferens gelombang bunyi / Interference of sound waves
\ x = 0.625 m
Pemboleh ubah / Variables
1 Jarak antara pendengar dan dua pembesar suara, D. (b) • Waktu malam, suhu udara menurun. [M1]
The distance between the listener and two loudspeakers, D. At night, temperatures drop.
2 Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan, x. • Ketumpatan udara bertambah. [M2]
The distance between two successive loud regions, x. Density of air increases.
3 Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang bunyi / Jarak antara dua • Panjang gelombang bunyi berkurang. [M3]
pembesar suara. The wavelength of sound wave decreases.
The wavelength of sound waves / Distance between the two • x berkadar langsung dengan λ. [M4]
loudspeakers. x is directly proportional to λ.

Keputusan / Results 5.7

D/m 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 Ciri-ciri Gelombang Elektromagnet
Charateristics of Electromagnet Waves
x/m

Latihan / Exercises
1 Diberi / Given a = 2.5 cm, x = 5.0 cm, D = 10.0 cm
ax 2.5 cm × 5.0 cm
λ = = = 1.25 cm
D 10.0 cm
2 2d = v × t melintang dikutubkan
2d = (1 500 m s–1) × (0.8 s) Transverse polarised

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
1 500 m s–1 × 0.8 s
d = = 600 m
2
3 Diberi λHijau / Given λGreen = 5 × 10–7 m,
xHijau / Green = 4 × 10–4 m, xs = 4.8 × 10–4 m
ax
Dengan menggunakan λ / By using λ = ,
D
a
λHijau = ( )(xHijau ) (“a” dan D adalah malar di sini),
D
a
λGreen = ( )(xGreen ) (here, “a” and D are constants),
D
Tenaga
a λ
\ ( ) = Hijau / Green (i) Energy
D xHijau / Green
a
Tetapi / But λS = ( )(xS)
D
a λ Pantulan, pembiasan, pembelauan
\ ( ) = s (ii) medium
D xS dan interferens
medium Reflection, refraction, diffraction
Pers. (i) = Pers. (ii); / Equation (i) = Equation (ii); and interference
λ λ
\ Hijau / Green = s
xHijau / Green xS
λHijau / Green
\ λ = ( ) (xS)
S xHijau / Green Aplikasi gelombang elektromagnet dan kesan buruknya
(5 × 10 m) –7 The applications of electromagnetic waves and its negative effects
= × (4.8 × 10–4 m)
(4 × 10–4 m)
Dos berlebihan boleh
= 6.0 × 10–7 m menyebabkan kanser atau
4 Diberi / Given: Gelombang radio
leukimia
a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m Radio wave
Large doses of radio wave may
D = 3.0 m cause cancer or leukaemia
1.4 cm
x = = 0.28 cm = 0.28 × 10–2 m
5 Gelombang mikro Katarak, kesan pada otak
ax Microwave Cataracts, effects on the brain
λ =
D
Sinaran inframerah Pemanasan melampau
(0.5 × 10–3 m) × (0.28 × 10–2 m)
= Infrared ray Overheating
3.0 m
= 4.67 × 10–7 m

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(b)
Terlalu banyak cahaya
Cahaya nampak menyebabkan kerosakan retina Magnitud daya yang digunakan • Amplitud lebih besar
Visible light To much light can damage the untuk memetik tali gitar Larger amplitude
retina mestilah lebih besar • Tenaga lebih besar
The magnitude of the force used Larger energy
Dos sinaran UV yang tinggi to pluck the strings of a guitar • Lebih nyaring
boleh merosakkan retina dan must be larger Louder
Sinar ultraungu menyebabkan kanser kulit
Ultraviolet ray High doses of UV ray can Tindakan pelarasan melalui • Frekuensi lebih tinggi
damage retina and causes skin tombol gitar iaitu tombol Higher frequency
cancer diputar untuk mengetatkan tali- • Lebih langsing
tali gitar Higher pitch
Kerosakan sel yang Action of adjustment made
Sinar-X
menyebabkan kanser through the knob which is the
X-rays
Cell damage that cause cancer knob is rotated to tighten the
strings of the guitar
Kerosakan sel yang
Sinar gama menyebabkan kanser dan mutasi Saiz kotak mesti lebih besar • Lebih banyak molekul udara
Gamma ray Cell damage that cause cancer Size of the box must be larger bergetar
and mutations More air molecules vibrates
• Lebih banyak tenaga
dipindahkan
More energy transferred
LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE Pengubahsuaian- • Tali tidak mudah terputus
Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions pengubahsuaian lain: Strings are not easily broken
Other modifications: • Frekuensi lebih tinggi / lebih
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 B 6 C
• Tali yang lebih kuat langsing
7 C 8 D 9 C 10 C 11 B
Stronger strings Higher frequency / Higher
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question • Tali yang lebih halus pitch
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

1 (a) (i) Q ialah sinaran inframerah / Q is infrared ray Thinner strings

(ii) Alat kawalan jauh. / Remote control.
(b) Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro lebih panjang
daripada panjang gelombang sinar-X. Teknik menjawab [Format Kertas 2: Bahagian B]
The wavelength of microwave is longer than wavelength of Answering technique [Paper Format 2: Part B]
X-ray. Gelombang mikro • Tenaga lebih tinggi
(c) Gelombang radio // gelombang mikro. Gelombang mikro Higher energy
Radio wave // microwave. • Frekuensi lebih tinggi
(d) Semua gelombang elektromagnet mempunyai laju yang Higher frequency
sama dalam vakum.
All electromagnetic waves have the same speed in vacuum.
(e) Gelombang elektromagnet ialah gelombang melintang Lebih besar Menerima lebih banyak isyarat
manakala gelombang bunyi ialah gelombang membujur. // Larger gelombang pantulan
Gelombang elektromagnet boleh merambat dalam vakum Receive more reflected signals
manakala gelombang bunyi tidak boleh.
Electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave whereas sound
wave is a longitudinal wave. // Electromagnetic waves can Cekung Menumpukan isyarat gelombang
travel in vacuum whereas sound waves cannot. Concave pantulan yang dikesan
2 (a) • Tali gitar dipetik dan bergetar. To converge the reflected wave
Strings of guitar are plucked and strings vibrates. signals detected
• Getaran tali gitar menggetarkan molekul-molekul udara
sekeliling.
Vibration guitar strings vibrate the air molecules around. Pada titik fokus Isyarat gelombang tuju dapat
• Molekul-molekul udara mengalami mampatan dan At focal point dipancarkan ke jarak yang lebih
renggangan secara berselang seli. jauh
The molecules of air undergoes compression and Incident wave signal can be
rarefaction alternately. transmitted to longer distances
• Tenaga dipindahkan ke telinga pendengar.
Energy is transferred to the listener’s ears.
Pada titik fokus Isyarat gelombang terpantul
• Gegendang telinga bergetar. / Eardrum vibrates.
At focal point ditumpukan pada penerima
Reflected signals wave is focused
on a receiver

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Tempat yang lebih tinggi dan • Kurang halangan 1 Dalam nyata, H / Real depth, H
terbuka Less obstacle Pemboleh ubah 2 Dalam ketara, h / Apparent depth, h
Higher and open place • Tiada gangguan isyarat Variables 3 Indeks biasan air, n
There is no signal interruption Refractive index of water, n

Apabila dalam nyata, H suatu objek bertambah,

Lebih besar Isyarat gelombang pantulan dapat Kesimpulan dalam ketara, h turut bertambah.
Larger dikesan dengan lebih mudah Conclusion When the real depth, H of an object increases,
Reflected signals can be detected its apparent depth, h also increases.
easily
Latihan / Exercises
Berkilat Pemantul yang lebih baik sin i sin 60°
1 n = = = 1.51
Shiny Good reflector sin r sin 35°
2 Halaju dalam vakum / Speed in vacuum,
c = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
Halaju dalam medium / Speed in medium,
v = 1.6 × 108 m s–1
Unit
Unit CAHAYA DAN OPTIK Halaju cahaya di udara, c / Speed of light in air, c
156 LIGHT AND OPTICS n =
Halaju cahaya dalam medium, v / Speed of light in medium, v
3 × 108 m s–1
6.1 n = = 1.88
1.6 × 108 m s–1
1 • lebih besar / bigger 3 n = 2.2
c = Halaju dalam vakum / Speed in vacuum = 3.0 × 108 m s–1
Halaju cahaya di udara, c / Speed of light in air, c
n =
Halaju cahaya dalam medium, v / Speed of light in medium, v
Hitung indeks
3 × 108 m s–1 3 × 108 m s–1
biasan, n, bagi n= = 1.33 2.2 =
2.26 × 108 m s–1 v
medium berikut
3.0 × 108 m s–1

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
di dalam jadual. v = = 1.36 × 108 m s–1
3 × 108 m s–1 2.2
Calculate the n= = 1.46
2.05 × 108 m s–1 Dalam nyata/Real depth H
refractive index, n, 4 n = =
for the following Dalam ketara/Apparent depth h
3 × 108 m s–1
mediums in the n= = 1.52 0.5 m
1.97 × 108 m s–1 1.33 =
table. h
3 × 108 m s–1 0.5 m
n= = 2.38 h = = 0.38 m
1.26 × 108 m s–1 1.33
5 Pemerhati
Observer
Eksperimen / Experiment (SPM K3)
2 (a) (i) Sudut tuju, i / Incidence angle, i
(ii) Sudut biasan, r / Refracted angle, r
y –y
(d) Gunakan formula: / Use formula: m = 2 1
x2 – x1 N
(e) Nilai indeks biasan blok kaca Imej
Value of refractive index of glass block Image
1
=
m Z
Objek / Object
(f) Sin r berkadar terus dengan sin i
Sin r is directly proportional to sin i

2 di atas / above 6.2

Contoh / Examples
Eksperimen / Experiment 1
Hubungan antara dalam nyata dan dalam ketara 1 n =
sin c
Relationship between real depth and apparent depth 1
1.51 =
sin c
Inferens Dalam ketara dipengaruhi oleh dalam nyata.
sin c = 0.6667
Inference The apparent depth influenced by the real depth.
c = 41.8°
Apabila dalam nyata, H suatu objek bertambah, 2 C
Hipotesis dalam ketara, h turut bertambah. Aplikasi Pantulan dalam Penuh dalam Kehidupan Harian
Hypothesis When the real depth, H of an object increases, Applications of Total Internal Reflection in Daily Life
its apparent depth, h also increases. 2 (a) Lebih sejuk / Cooler
(b) Lebih tumpat / Denser
(c) Lebih panas / Hotter

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

(d) Kurang tumpat / less dense Latihan / Exercises

• besar / bigger 1 Jarak imej / Image distance, v = 70 cm
• Pantulan dalam penuh / Total internal reflection Jarak objek / Object distance, u = 100 cm – 70 cm = 30 cm
ho = 6 cm
Latihan / Exercises hi v
m = =
1 ho u
1 (a) n =
sin c h 70 cm
=
1 6 cm 30 cm
1.47 =
sin c 70 cm
hi = × 6 cm
sin c = 0.6803 30 cm
c = 42.86° = 14 cm
(b)
45° 6.4
O Eksperimen / Experiment
Prisma kaca
Hubungan antara jarak objek dan jarak imej
45°
Glass prism The relationship between object distance and image distance

Sinar cahaya / Light ray 1 Jarak objek, u. / Object distance, u.

Pemboleh ubah 2 Jarak imej, v. / Image distance, v.
(c) Pantulan dalam penuh. Variables 3 Panjang fokus kanta, f.
Total internal reflection. Focal length of the lens, f.
1
2 n = Apabila jarak objek, u berkurang, jarak imej, v
sin c
1 Kesimpulan bertambah.
2.4 = Conclusion When the object distance, u decreases, the
sin c
c = 24.6° image distance, v increases.
1 1
3 n = = = 1.22
sin c sin 55° Latihan / Exercises
JAWAPAN / ANSWER

1 (a) ho = 8 cm
6.3 u = +20 cm
f = –10 cm
Apakah itu kanta menumpu 1 1 1
cembung? converge = +
f u v
What is convex lens?
1 1 1
= +
Apakah itu kanta mencapah –10 cm 20 cm v
cekung? diverge v = –6.7 cm
What is concave lens? hi v
(b) =
ho u
Cara Melukis Rajah Sinar bagi Kanta Cembung dan Kanta 6.7 cm
hi = × 8 cm = 2.68 cm
Cekung 20 cm
Way to Draw a Ray Diagram for Convex Lens and Concave Lens 2 (a) Kanta cembung kerana imej yang terhasil berada
1 bertentangan dengan kedudukan kanta dan objek. Imej yang
terbentuk adalah imej nyata.
(c) • Songsang / Inverted Convex lens because the image formed is at the opposite
• Nyata / Real side of the lens and object. The image formed is a real
• Sama saiz dengan objek / Same size as the object image.
v
(d) • Songsang / Inverted (b) m =
u
• Nyata / Real v
• Diperbesar / Magnified 6 =
u
(e) • Tegak / Upright v = 6u
• Maya / Virtual 1 1 1
+ =
• Diperbesar / Magnified u v f
1 1 1
(f) • Tegak / Upright + =
u 6u 12
• Maya / Virtual 7 1
• Diperbesar / Magnified =
6u 12
u = 14 cm
2 Diperkecil, tegak, maya
Diminished, upright, virtual

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 MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

6.5 (0 – 0.10) cm–1

(b) m =
1 Ciri-ciri imej: / The characteristics of the image: (0.10 – 0) cm–1
Diperbesar, tegak, maya / Magnified, upright, virtual –0.10
=
2 Ciri-ciri imej pertama, I1 / Characteristics of first image, I1 0.10
Songsang, nyata, diperbesar / Inverted, real, magnified = –1.0
2 (a) (i) Diameter kanta di kedua-dua rajah adalah sama.
Ciri-ciri imej terakhir, I2 / Characteristics of final image, I2 Diameter of lens in both diagram are the same.
Songsang, maya, diperbesar / Inverted, virtual, magnified (ii) Ketebalan kanta di Rajah (a) > Ketebalan kanta di
3 Ciri-ciri imej pertama, I1 / Characteristics of first image, I1 Rajah (b)
Nyata, songsang, diperkecil / Real, inverted, diminished Thickness of lens in Diagram (a) > Thickness of lens
in Diagram (b)
Ciri-ciri imej terakhir, I2 / Characteristics of final image, I2 (iii) Panjang fokus kanta di Rajah (a) < Panjang fokus
Songsang, maya, diperbesar / Inverted, virtual, magnified kanta di Rajah (b)
Focal length of lens in Diagram (a) < Focal length of
6.6 lens in Diagram (b)
Ciri-ciri imej oleh cermin cekung (iv) Kuasa kanta di Rajah (a) > Kuasa kanta di Rajah (b)
Characteristics of image by concave mirror Power of lens in Diagram (a) > Power of lens in
1 • Nyata / Real Diagram (b)
• Songsang / Inverted (b) (i) Ketebalan kanta semakin bertambah, panjang fokus
• Diperkecil / Diminished semakin berkurang.
2 • Nyata / Real As the thickness of lens increases, the focal length of
• Songsang / Inverted lens decreases.
• Diperkecil / Diminished (ii) Panjang fokus semakin berkurang, kuasa kanta
3 • Songsang / Inverted semakin bertambah.
• Nyata / Real As the focal length decreases, the power of lens
• Sama saiz dengan objek / Same size as the object increases.
4 • Songsang / Inverted
• Nyata / Real
• Diperbesar / Magnified

JAWAPAN / ANSWER
5 • Maya / Virtual
• Tegak / Upright
• Diperbesar / Magnified
6 • Tegak / Upright
• Maya / Virtual
• Diperbesar / Magnified

Ciri-ciri imej oleh cermin cembung

Charateristics of image by convex mirror
1 • Diperkecil / Diminished
• Tegak / Upright
• Maya / Virtual
2 • Diperkecil / Diminished
• Tegak / Upright
• Maya / Virtual

LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN / ENRICHMENT EXERCISE

Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
1 C 2 A 3 B 4 D 5 C 6 C
Soalan Struktur / Structure Question
1
1 (a) (i) Apabila / When = 0
u
1
= 0.10 cm–1
v
\ 1 = 1 + 1
f u v
1

= 0.10 cm–1
f
1

f = = 10.0 cm
0.10 cm–1
(ii) Panjang fokus / Focal length

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