LES SON Solving Problems Involving Permutations

111
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary
(14)
(Experimental, Theoretical ) probability is found
by analyzing a situation and finding the ratio of favorable outcomes to all
possible outcomes.
2. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 3 on a number
(14)
cube labeled 1–6?
3. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 7 on a number
(14)
cube labeled 1–6?

Identify each set of events as independent or dependent.

4. Rolling a 5 on one number cube and a 3 on another.
(33)
5. Drawing a blue marble from a bag, keeping it, and then drawing a red
(33)
marble.

New Concepts A tree diagram can be used to determine the number of ways 2 pairs of pants
and 4 shirts can be arranged to make different outfits. However, the number
of possible outcomes can be determined by multiplying the number of ways
the first event can occur by the number of ways the second event can occur.
first event second event total possible outcomes
2 pairs of pants × 4 shirts = 8 outfits
This method is an application of the Fundamental Counting Principle. The
Fundamental Counting Principle can be used to determine the number of
possible outcomes in situations involving independent events.

Fundamental Counting Principle

If an independent event M can occur in m ways and another independent
event N can occur in n ways, then the number of ways that both events can
occur is
m · n.
Example: A restaurant offers 4 entrées and 5 vegetable dishes. How many
meals with one entrée and one vegetable dish are possible?
20 meals may be ordered since 4 · 5 = 20.

Example 1 Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

Math Reasoning
A 1-topping pizza can be ordered with a choice of 4 different toppings:
Predict How many
different pizzas would pepperoni, sausage, mushrooms, or onion. There is also a choice of
be possible if you had 5 different types of crust: thin, thick, or traditional. Find the number of ways
choices for toppings and
that a 1-topping pizza can be ordered using the Fundamental Counting
2 choices for crust?
Principle.

754 Saxon Algebra 1

 SOLUTION
Determine the number of ways each event can occur and then find their
product.
4 types of toppings × 3 types of crust = 12 possible pizza combinations
Check Use a tree diagram to verify that there are 12 possible pizza
combinations.
Topping Crust Outcomes
Thin Pepperoni Thin
Pepperoni Thick Pepperoni Thick
Traditional Pepperoni Traditional

Thin Sausage Thin

Sausage Thick Sausage Thick
Traditional Sausage Traditional

Thin Mushroom Thin

Mushrooms Thick Mushroom Thick
Traditional Mushroom Traditional

Thin Onion Thin

Onions Thick Onion Thick
Traditional Onion Traditional

The tree diagram verifies that there are 12 possible outcomes.

When a group of people or objects are arranged in a certain order, the

arrangement is called a permutation. The unique ways that 5 different colored
blocks can be arranged are examples of permutations.
The factorial operation can be used to find different ways to arrange a set
of n different items, where the first item may be selected n different ways, the
second item may be selected n - 1 ways, and so on.

Reading Math Factorial

The expression 8! is read The factorial n! is defined for any natural number n as n! = n(n - 1)…(2)(1).
“eight factorial.”
Zero factorial is defined to be 1. 0! = 1.
Example: 5! = 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1

There are n! ways to position n students in a line. For example, the number
of ways 6 students can be positioned in a line can be described by 6!. As each
position in the line is filled, the number of students that can be chosen to fill
each position decreases by 1.

1st 2nd 3rd ...

6 Students 5 Students 4 Students

Notice only 5 students can be chosen for the 2nd position because 1 student has
Online Connection already filled the 1st position. Continuing this pattern shows that 6 students can
www.SaxonMathResources.com be arranged in order 6!, or 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 720, different ways.

Lesson 111 755

 Example 2 Simplifying Expressions with Factorials
a. Find 7!.
SOLUTION

7!
= 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 5040 Write the factors of 7! and multiply.

_
9!
b. Find 4! .

SOLUTION

_
9!
4!

= ___
9·8·7·6·5·4·3·2·1 Write the factors of 9! and 4!.
4·3·2·1
= 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 = 15,120 Multiply.

Exploration Finding Possibilities When Order is Important

Materials a. On an index card, list all possible ways that the 4 colored ribbons can
be arranged.
• index cards
• 4 different colored b. On a second index card, list all possible ways that any two of the four
ribbons colored ribbons can be arranged.

When choosing 3 of 8 contestants as finalists in a competition, order

doesn’t matter. However, in naming a first, second, and third place from
the 8 contestants, the order does matter. Since order is important it is a
permutation.

Permutation
The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is given by the
formula nPr = _ n!
(n-r)!
.

Example 3 Finding the Number of Permutations

a. Your school is running a recycling campaign in which 6 classes are
competing to see who can collect the most recyclable materials. In how
many ways can the classes finish in first through sixth place?
SOLUTION
Caution
Remember that 0! is This is a permutation of 6 things taken 6 at a time.
equal to 1, not 0.
n Pr = _ n! Write the formula.
(n - r)!

6P6 = _ 6! =_
6! Simplify.
(6 - 6)! 0!

= __
6·5·4·3·2·1 Write the factors of 6! and 0!.
1
= 720 Multiply.
756 Saxon Algebra 1
 b. A total of 6 classes are competing to see who can collect the most
recyclable materials. In how many different ways can the classes finish
in first and second place?
SOLUTION

This is a permutation of 6 things taken 2 at a time.

n Pr = _ n! Write the formula.

(n - r)!

P2 = _ 6! =_
6!
Math Reasoning
6 Simplify.
Generalize Another
(6 - 2)! 4!
way to think about
permutations of n Pr = __
6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 ·1 = 6 · 5 Write the factors of 6! and 4!. Then simplify.
is to multiply the first 4·3·2·1
r numbers of n! . So 5P3
= 30 Multiply.
would be 5 · 4 · 3 = 60.
Explain how to find 7P2
and then find its value.
Example 4 Application: Uniform Numbers
The 15 members of a softball team have uniform numbers 1 through 15.
They are introduced randomly at a pep rally. What is the probability
that the first 4 players introduced will have uniform numbers 1, 2, 3,
and 4 in that order?
SOLUTION

Of the possible permutations only 1, 2, 3, 4 is favorable.

The probability is represented by:
number of ways to choose 1, 2, 3, 4
____ =_
1 = __
1 =_
1
number of ways to choose 4 numbers P4
15 15 · 14 · 13 · 12 32,760

Lesson Practice
a. While trying to schedule a flight for vacation, you are given two choices
(Ex 1)
for departure and four choices for the return flight. How many ways can
you schedule your flights for the trip?
b. A video game character has 6 choices each for hair color, face, attitude,
(Ex 1)
and outfit as well as a choice of male or female. How many different
characters are possible?
c. Find 5!.
(Ex 2)

d. Find _ .
6!
(Ex 2) 3!
e. You are selecting your class schedule for the school year. If there are
(Ex 3)
7 periods and each of the seven classes are taught each period, how
many possible ways are there for your schedule to be determined?
f. There are 10 people in the Activities Club. In how many different ways
(Ex 3)
can a president, vice-president and treasurer be selected from the club
members?

Lesson 111 757

 g. A popular TV series ran for 10 seasons. You are buying the seasons
(Ex 4)
from an online DVD service. If each season arrives at random, what
is the probability that the first 5 seasons you receive in the mail are the
first 5 seasons that were made, in the correct order?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. Draw a tree diagram to represent the possible outcomes of flipping a coin
(111)
three times.

*2. Multiple Choice Evaluate 10!.

(111)
A 3,628,800 B 362,880 C 55 D 9

*3. Video Rental For movie night, you want to rent one drama, one comedy, and one
(111)
science fiction movie. The video store has 5 new releases for drama, 6 new releases
for comedy, and 3 new releases for science fiction. How many possible movie
combinations are there?

4. Simplify the rational expression _ -_

3d 5d
2x3 2x3
if possible.
(51)

Find the zeros of each function.

5. y = x2 - 8x + 16 6. y = 3x2 + 36x - 39
(96) (96)

*7. Model Draw a tree diagram to determine the number of possible outcomes of
(111)
earning an A, B, or C in history, English, and math classes.

*8. Justify Explain how to find the number of outfits possible if you have 5 shirts and
(111)
4 pairs of pants to choose from.

*9. Use the quadratic formula to solve c2 + 16c - 36 = 0. Check the solutions.
(110)

*10. Estimate Find the best whole number estimate for the solutions to 70 - 52x = -x2.
(110)

y - 2.5 > 0
11. Find and correct the error the student made in graphing .
(109) y - 4 < -2x
y
4

2
O x
-4 -2 4
-2

-4

4x - 2y < 6
12. Graph the system .
(109) y + 1 ≥ 2x

13. Solve r2 - 24r = -144 by completing the square.

(104)

758 Saxon Algebra 1

 *14. Error Analysis Two students used the quadratic formula to solve a quadratic
(110)
equation. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
8a = -10a2 + 1 8a = -10a2 + 1
8a - 10a2 + 1 = 0 10a2 + 8a - 1 = 0
-(-10) ± √
___ -102 - 4(8)(1) -8 ± √
___ 82 - 4(10)(-1)
x= x=
2(8) 2(10)
10 ± √
100 + 32 -8 ± √
64 + 40
x = __ x = __
16 20
10 ± √132

x=_
-8 ± √
__ 104
x=
16 20
10 ± 2 √
x=_
33 -8 ± 2 √
x = __
26
16 20
5 ± √
x=_
33 -4 ± √
x=_
26
8 10

*15. Space Shuttle The external tank of the space shuttle separates after 8.5 minutes at
(110)
a velocity of 28,067 kilometers per hour. Can the formula -4.9t2 + v0t + y0 = 0 be
used to find the distance above earth? Explain.
3 4
16. Measurement The length of a piece of wood must measure between 15 and
(109)
17 centimeters and the width must measure between 9 and 11 centimeters. Write
a system of linear inequalities to represent the possible dimensions of the wood
piece, in inches, given that 1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters.

17. Business The total profit on a particular skateboard is represented as p2 - 7p

(104)
where p is the number of units sold in thousands. How many units need to be sold
to have a profit of $23,750? Round to the nearest hundred.

18. Find the next 3 terms of the sequence _ _

1 1 _ 1 _ 1
(105) 2187 , 729 , 243 , 81 , ... .

19. Chemistry Oxygen evaporation from a body of water increases with the
(106)
temperature. This process of oxygen depletion can be modeled by the
√x
expression _ 
6 where x is the temperature in C°. What value of x corresponds to
an evaporation of 9 cubic feet of oxygen?

20. Graph the function f(x) = 3⎢x.

(107)

21. Multiple Choice Which function is not an exponential function? x

D y = 4 _3
(108)
A y = 4(3)x B y = -4(3)x C y = 43x
1
()
22. Analyze For an exponential function with a = 5 and b = 3, why is it necessary to put
(108)
parentheses around the 3 when writing the function rule?

23. Geometry The diagram shows a right triangle with a hypotenuse that is
(1)
an irrational number. What set of numbers would include the √2
1
hypotenuse?
1

Lesson 111 759

 24. Evaluate x2 - 8x + 15 and its factors for x = -2.
(72)

25. Oven Temperature The actual temperature (t) of Jeannine’s oven varies by no more
(101)
than 9°F from the set temperature. Jeannine sets her oven to 350°F. Write an
absolute-value inequality that models the possible actual temperatures inside the
oven. What is the lowest possible temperature?

26. Multi-Step The length of a picture is 2 inches greater than x + 2 inches

(98)
its width. A 3-inch-wide border is added to the bottom of
the picture for a scrapbook page. x inches
a. Write expressions for the width and length of the
picture with the border.
3 inches
b. The area of the picture with the border is 110 square
inches. Find the length and width of the original photo.

27. Multi-Step Jasmine wants to plant tulips around the perimeter of her property. The
(102)
property is the shape of a square. The area of the yard is 21,000 square feet and
the area of the house is 1500 square feet.
a. Write a formula to find the length of the sides of the property.
b. Solve for x.
c. Jasmine changes her mind and decides to buy enough bulbs to plant them 6
inches apart along just one edge of the property. How many bulbs will she need
if she starts at the first corner and goes to the second corner?

28. Justify Explain how to simplify _

6
√
.
(103) 5-7

29. Subtract _2
2x2 - __
2
x-7 .
(95) x - 49 x - 6x - 7
x
*30. If f(x) = _13 and g(x) = 3x, which function represents exponential growth and
(Inv. 11)
which function represents exponential decay?

760 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Graphing and Solving Systems of Linear
112 and Quadratic Equations

Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A set of linear equations with the same variables is called
(55)
a of linear equations.
2. Write 2x2 = -x + 8 in standard form.
(84)
3. Solve 5x - y = 4 + 9x for y.
(29)
4. Evaluate 50 - 2x2 for x = -5.
(9)
x-y=7
5. Multiple Choice Which ordered pair is a solution of the system ?
(55) 2x + y = -1
A (2, -5) B (6, -1) C (_83 , -_3)
13 D (3, -4)

New Concepts The equations y = 14 - 4x and y = x + 4 are a y

y = 14 - 4x
system of linear equations. The solution (2, 6) is a
point at which the graphs of the equations intersect. 8
y=x+4
x
A system of equations can also consist of a linear -4 -2 2 4
equation and a quadratic equation. The graphs
of three systems each consisting of a quadratic
equation, y = x2, and a linear equation are shown.
System A y y = x2
16
y = x2 (-2, 4) (3, 9)
8
y=x+6 y=x+6
x
System A has two solutions because the graphs of -4 -2 2 4
Math Reasoning
the system intersect at two points.
Analyze What are the
cordinates of the vertex System B y = x2 y
16
for every equation of the
form y = ax2? y = x2
8
y = 2x - 1 (1, 1)
x
System B has only one solution. -4 -2 2 4
y = 2x -1

System C y
16
y = x2 y = x2
8
y = 3x - 5 x
Online Connection System C has no solution because the graphs do not -4 -2 2 4
y = 3x - 5
www.SaxonMathResources.com intersect.

Lesson 112 761

 Example 1 Solving by Graphing
Solve each system of equations by graphing. Then check the solution.

a. y = x2
y=4
y
SOLUTION Graph the parabola y = x2 and the 16 y = x2
(-2, 4)
horizontal line y = 4. y=4 8 (2, 4)

The line intersects the parabola at (2, 4) and x

-4 -2 2 4
(-2, 4). The solution of the system is the ordered
-8
pairs (2, 4) and (-2, 4).
-16
Check

y = x2 y = x2
4  (2)2 4  (-2)2
4=4 ✓ 4=4 ✓

b. y = x2
Caution
y = -4x - 4
Be sure to check all
solutions in both of the SOLUTION Graph the parabola and the line. y
original equations of the 16 y = x2
system. The line intersects the parabola at only one
8
point. The solution is (-2, 4).
(-2, 4) x
Check -4 -2 2 4
y = -4x - 4
-8
y = x2 y = -4x - 4
-16
4  (-2)2 4  -4(-2) - 4
4=4 ✓ 4=4 ✓

c. y = 2x2 - 9
y = 4x - 9
SOLUTION The graphs of y = 2x2 - 9 and y = 4x - 9 y
16 y = 2x 2 -9
show two points of intersection. The coordinates of
those two points are (2, -1) and (0, -9). 8 (2, -1)
x
Check Verify that (2, -1) is a solution.
-4 4
y = 2x2 - 9 y = 4x - 9
y = 4x -9 (0, -9)
-1  2(2)2 - 9 -1  4(2) - 9
-1 = -1 ✓ -1 = -1 ✓
Verify that (0, -9) is a solution.
y = 2x2 - 9 y = 4x - 9
2
-9  2(0) - 9 -9  4(0) - 9
-9 = -9 ✓ -9 = -9 ✓

762 Saxon Algebra 1

Math Reasoning Example 2 Solving with a Graphing Calculator
Verify Use a graphing Solve each system of equations by using a graphing calculator.
calculator to show that
_
x2
- 3 is the same
a. y = _
2
2 x -3
as _
( )
x2
- 3. Explain.
2 2
y=x-3
SOLUTION

Enter Y1 = _
2
x - 3 and Y = x - 3.
2
2
The display shows two graphs: a parabola
and a line.
Use TRACE to approximate the solutions first.
Then confirm the answers using INTERSECT.
The display shows the coordinates of the two
Graphing points of intersection.
Calculator Tip
The first point of intersection is (2, -1) and the
For help with graphing
systems, refer to the second point of intersection is (0, -3).
graphing calculator
keystrokes in Graphing Check
Calculator Lab 5 on p. 352.
Substitute (2, -1) into both equations.

y=_
2
x -3 y=x-3
2 -1  2 - 3
(2)2
-1  _ - 3 -1 = -1 ✓
2
-1 = -1 ✓
Substitute (0, 3) into both equations.

y=_
2
x -3 y=x-3
2 -3  0 - 3
(0)2
-3  _ - 3 -3 = -3 ✓
2
-3 = -3 ✓

b. y = x2
y = 2x - 2
SOLUTION

Enter Y1 = x2 and Y2 = 2x - 2.
The display shows two graphs: a parabola
and a line.
The display shows that the parabola and the line
do not intersect, so there are no solutions to this system.
If the calculator is used to find a point of intersection, an error message
is displayed.

Lesson 112 763

 Example 3 Solving Using Substitution
Solve each system of equations by substitution.

a. y = x2 + 5x - 1
y = 5x + 3
SOLUTION

x2 + 5x - 1 = 5x + 3 Substitute the quadratic equation into the

linear equation.
-5x - 3
____ -5x - 3
____ Add the expression -5x - 3 to both sides.
2
x -4=0 Recognize the left side of the equation as a
difference of squares.
Math Reasoning
(x + 2)(x - 2) = 0 Factor.
Verify Show that the
ordered pairs (-2, -7) x + 2 = 0 and x - 2 = 0 Solve both equations.
and (2, 13) are solutions
to Example 3a and that x = -2 x=2
the ordered pairs
(-2, -7) and Determine the corresponding values of y by y
16
(-3, -9) are the substituting the values of x into either equation. (2, 13)
solutions to Example 3b. 8
y = 5x + 3 y = 5x + 3 y = x 2 + 5x 1 x
y = 5(-2) + 3 y = 5(2) + 3 -2 2 4

(-2, -7) -8
y = -10 + 3 y = 10 + 3
-16
y = -7 y = 13 y = 5x + 3
The solutions are the ordered pairs (-2, -7) and (2, 13). The solutions
appear at the intersections of the two graphs.

b. y = x2 + 7x + 3
y = 2x - 3
SOLUTION

x2 + 7x + 3 = 2x - 3 Substitute the quadratic equation into the

linear equation.
-2x + 3 ____
____ -2x + 3 Add the expression -2x + 3 to both sides.
2
x + 5x + 6 = 0 Recognize the left side of the equation as a
trinomial that can be factored.
(x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 Factor.
x + 3 = 0 and x + 2 = 0 Solve both equations.
y x
x = -3 and x = -2 -4 -2 2 4
Determine the values of y. y = x 2 + 7x + 3
y = 2x - 3
y = 2x - 3 y = 2x - 3
y = 2(-3) - 3 y = 2(-2) - 3 (-2, -7) -6
y = -6 - 3 y = -4 - 3 -8
y = -9 y = -7 (-3, -9)

The solutions are the ordered pairs (-3, -9) and (-2, -7).

764 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Application: Avalanches
A ski patrol fires an explosive arrow to trigger a controlled avalanche. The
path of the arrow is modeled by the equation y = -_ x2
1600
+ 2x and the
shape of the mountainside is modeled by y = _
3x
4 where x is the horizontal
distance and y is the vertical distance. At what altitude will the arrow strike
the mountain? (Assume all dimensions are in feet.)
SOLUTION
Math Reasoning
Write Describe the Understand The path of the arrow
path of arrow
meaning of the is modeled by a parabola. The
x-coordinate in the
solution (2000, 1500).
mountainside is modeled by a
straight line.
mountain
y = -_
x2 + 2x
1600
cannon
y=_
3x
4

Plan The equation of the arrow’s path and the equation of the shape of the
mountain form a system of equations.
Solving this system will determine the points at which the two graphs
intersect.

Solve One way of solving the system is y

Vertical distance (ft)

by graphing the two equations. The 1500
cannon is located at the base of the
1000
mountain, so both graphs pass through
(0, 0). The non-origin solution to the 500
system is (2000, 1500). The altitude at 0
x

which the arrow will strike the side of 1000 2000

Horizontal distance (ft)
the mountain is 1500 feet.

Check

y=_ y = -_
2
3x x + 2x
4 1600
3(2000)
1500  _ 1500  -_
2
2000 + 2(2000)
4 1600
4,000,000
1500  _
6000 1500  -_ + 4000
4 1600
1500 = 1500 ✓ 1500  -2500 + 4000
1500 = 1500 ✓

Lesson Practice
Solve each system of equations by graphing.
(Ex 1)
a. y = x2 b. y = x2 c. y = x2
y = 16 y = 6x - 9 y = -2x + 3

Lesson 112 765

 Solve each system of equations by using a graphing calculator.
(Ex 2)

d. y = _
x2 + 1 e. y = -2x2 - 1
2
y = -x - 2
y = -_3x
2

Solve each system of equations by substitution.

(Ex 3)
f. y = x2 - 3x - 17 g. y = x2 + 7x + 5
y = -3x + 8 y = 2x - 1

h. Physics A gardener places a sprinkler at the bottom of a gently rising

(Ex 4)
hillside described by the equation y = _ 2x
5
. The equation y = -_ x2
25
+x
represents the path of the water. If the water splashes onto a rock on the
hillside, what is the rock’s altitude? (Assume all dimensions are in feet.)

Practice Distributed and Integrated

y = -x2 + 12
*1. Solve this system by graphing: .
(112) y = -x + 6
*2. Multiple Choice Which system of equations has no solution?
(112)
y = x2 + 2 y = x2 - 2 y = -x2 + 2 y = -x2 - 2
A B C D
y=3 y=3 y=3 y = -3
3. Simplify the rational expression c -2f -5 + _ , if possible.
6
(51) c 2f 5

4. Write a compound inequality that represents all real numbers that are greater than
(73)
-4 and less than 8.

*5. Architecture In a European castle, a room with an arched ceiling is covered by a

(112)
slanted roof. The ceiling is modeled by the equation y = -x2 + 4 and the roofline
by the equation y = -2x + 5. Assume that the dimensions are in meters. What are
the coordinates for the point of intersection of the roof with the ceiling assuming
that the vertex of the parabola is (0, 4)?

*6. Analyze A system of three equations consists of the quadratic equation y = x2 and
(112)
two linear equations that do not describe the same line. What is the maximum
number of ordered pairs in the solution set? Explain.

7. A six-sided number cube is rolled three times. How many outcomes are possible?
(111)

*8. Error Analysis Two students are finding the value of 6P6. Which student is correct?
(111)
Explain the error.

Student A Student B

P6 = _
6
6!
6 P6 = _ 6!
(6 - 6)! (6 - 6)!
=_6! =_6!
0! 0!
= undefined _
= 720 = 720
1
766 Saxon Algebra 1
 9. Geometry A triangle can be classified according to its sides or according to its
(111)
angles. There are three side length categories—equilateral, isosceles, and
scalene—and three angle categories—acute, obtuse, and right.
a. How many possibilities are there for classifying triangles according to both
sides and angles?
b. How many of these triangles are not possible? Which ones are they?

10. Multi-Step There are 7 runners on the track team. Runners will be selected
(111)
randomly for the first, second, third, and final positions on the 4-member
relay team.
a. How many different relay teams can be formed?
b. What is the probability that a runner at random is chosen to be on the
relay team?

11. Use the quadratic formula to solve x2 - 60 + 17x = 0. Check the solutions.
(110)

12. Multiple Choice What are the solutions to 2a2 + 20a - 30 = 0 ?

(110)
A 20 ± 4 √ 10 B -20 ± √ 10
C -5 ± 2 √
10 D -5 ± √
10
3 4
*13. Measurement A rectangle has sides of length x feet and 2x + 2 feet with an area
(110)
of 24 square feet. Cassandra uses the quadratic formula and finds that x equals
3 and -4. She determines that this means the sides of the rectangle are -4 by -6
or 3 by 8. Why is she incorrect?

14. Construction Suzanne would like to place a fence around her rectangular yard, which
(110)
has a perimeter of 200 feet. The fencing for the front length of the house will cost $5
per foot and the fencing for the side and back of the yard will cost $3 per foot. Her
total cost is $720. What are the dimensions of her property?

15. Find the next 3 terms of the sequence -0.032, 0.16, -0.8, 4, ….
(105)

16. Paper Folding Solange folds a piece of paper, making two rectangles. When she
(105)
folds it again, she makes 4 rectangles. Each fold doubles the number of rectangles.
A sequence describing this process is 2, 4, 8, …. If someone folds a piece of paper is
12 times, how many rectangles did the 12 folds form?
√x
17. Solve the equation _
6

= 12. Check your answer.
(106)

18. Population The exponential function y = 11.35(1.00183)x can model the

(108)
approximate population of Ohio from 2000 to 2006, where x is the number of
years after 2000 and y represents millions of people. What was the population
in 2003?

19. Evaluate the function f(x) = -2(4)x for x = -2, 0, and 2.

(108)

20. Multiple Choice Which system has no solutions?

(109)
y<2 y>2 y<2 y>2
A B C D
y<1 y>1 y>1 y<1

Lesson 112 767

 21. Analyze What inequality symbols should go into the boxes so that the solution set
(109)
lies between the lines and does not include the boundary points?

y _3 x + 7
5

y _3 x + 1
5

22. Find the zeros of the function y = x2 - 6x - 72.

(96)

23. Graph the inequality 4x - y ≤ -5.

(97)

24. Multi-Step A girl takes 4 hours to complete a job. Her mother can complete the
(99)
same job in 3 hours. Her little sister takes 6 hours to complete it.
a. Write an equation representing how long it takes the three of them to complete
the job working together.
b. How long will it take to complete the job, in hours, if all three famiy members
work together?
c. How many minutes is that?

25. Biking Dustin and Roberto leave their house at the same
(102)
time. Dustin rides his bike 49 feet east. Roberto rides his
bike 81 feet south. Use the formula (49)2 + (81)2 = x2 to
x 81 ft
find the distance between Dustin and Roberto.

49 ft
2
y=x -3
*26. Formulate In the system y = a , a is a real number. What is the minimum value
(112)
of a so that the system will have two solutions?

 miles per hour. How

27. Multi-Step A race-car driver is driving at a rate of √10,800
(103)
long does it take the driver to go 85 miles? Give the answer as a rational expression
in simplest form. (Hint: distance = rate times time)
a. Write the equation to find the driver’s travel time using the given values.
b. Find the solution.

28. Write Tell how to remove any coefficients of the x2-term in a quadratic equation
(104)
before completing the square.

*29. Describe the transformation of f (x) = -x2 + 2 from the parent quadratic function.
(Inv 10)

*30. Charlotte invested $1000 in an account that doubles her balance every 7 years.
(Inv 11)
Does this situation model exponential growth or decay? Express the function that
represents this situation. After 42 years, how many times will her balance have
doubled? What will that balance be after 42 years?

768 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Interpreting the Discriminant
113
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The
(13)
is the number or expression under a radical
symbol.

Evaluate each expression for the given values.

2. -x2 - xy - y for x = -5 and y = -1
(9)
3. b2 + 3ab - a for a = -7 and b = -2
(9)
4. ab - 5b2 for a = 3 and b = 4
(9)
5. 7y2z + 9 for y = -3 and z = -1
(9)

New Concepts The quadratic formula is one method used to solve quadratic equations.
Recall the quadratic formula for a quadratic equation of the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is:
-b ± √b
2
x = __
- 4ac
2a
In the formula, the expression under the radical sign, b2 - 4ac, is called the
discriminant.
Consider the graphs below and the value of the discriminant for each equation.
0 = x2 - 4x + 3 y
2
b - 4ac a = 1, b = -4, c = 3
4
= (-4)2 - 4(1)(3) Substitute. x
O
=4 -8 -4 4 8
-4
There are 2 x-intercepts. The discriminant is positive.
-8

0 = x2 - 4x + 4 y
2
b - 4ac a = 1, b = -4, c = 4
4
=(-4)2 - 4(1)(4) Substitute. x
O
=0 -8 -4 4 8
-4
There is one x-intercept. The discriminant is zero.
-8

0 = x2 - 4x + 5 y
2
b - 4ac a = 1, b = -4, c = 5
4
(-4)2 - 4(1)(5) Substitute. x
O
= -4 -8 -4 4 8
-4
Online Connection There are no x-intercepts. The discriminant is
www.SaxonMathResources.com negative. -8

Lesson 113 769

 Math Reasoning The value of the discriminant indicates the number of solutions.
Analyze What does
the discriminant Using the Discriminant
tell about the real
solutions of a quadratic For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a ≠ 0, find the value
equation? What does of the discriminant, b2 - 4ac, to determine the number of real solutions,
the discriminant not tell
which represents the number of x-intercepts of the graph of its related
about the solutions of a
quadratic equation? function.
If b2 - 4ac < 0, then there are no real solutions and no x-intercepts.
If b2 - 4ac = 0, then there is one real solution and one x-intercept.
If b2 - 4ac > 0, then there are two real solutions and two x-intercepts.

If b2 - 4ac = 0, then there is one real solution, which means there is one
x-intercept. The real solution is the x value at the vertex of the parabola, which
will be on the x-axis. The solution is called a double root of the equation.

Example 1 Finding the Number of Solutions Without Solving

Use the discriminant to find the number of real solutions to the equation.
Then state the number of x-intercepts of the graph of the related function.

a. x2 - 3x + 9 = 0
SOLUTION

b2 - 4ac
= (-3)2 - 4(1)(9) Substitute.
= 9 - 36 Simplify.
= -27
There are no real solutions, so the graph has no x-intercepts.

b. 2x2 - 3x - 4 = 0
SOLUTION

b2 - 4ac
= (-3)2 - 4(2)(-4) Substitute.
= 9 + 32 Simplify.
= 41
There are two real solutions, so the graph has two x-intercepts.

c. x2 + 8x + 16 = 0
SOLUTION

b2 - 4ac
= 82 - 4(1)(16) Substitute.
= 64 - 64 Simplify.
=0
There is one real solution, so the graph has one x-intercept.

770 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 2 Application: Baseball

Math Reasoning A baseball is thrown in the air with an initial velocity of 20 feet per second
from 5 feet off the ground. Use the equation h = -16t2 + 20t + 5 to model
Generalize What are the
values of a, b, and c in the
the situation. Will the ball reach a height of 30 feet?
quadratic equation
x2 -4 = 0?
SOLUTION

h = -16t2 + 20t + 5
30 = -16t2 + 20t + 5 Substitute 30 for h.
2
0 = -16t + 20t - 25 Set the equation equal to 0.

Use the discriminant to determine if the ball will reach a height of 30 feet.
b2 - 4ac = 202 - 4(-16)(-25)
= 400 - 1600
= -1200

Since the discriminant of the equation is negative, there are no solutions.

The ball will not reach a height of 30 feet.

Lesson Practice
Use the discriminant to find the number of real solutions to the equation. Then
state the number of x-intercepts of the graph of the related function.
a. x2 - 2x - 35 = 0
(Ex 1)
b. 4x2 + 20x + 25 = 0
(Ex 1)
c. 2x2 - 3x + 7 = 0
(Ex 1)
d. A football is punted from 2 feet off the ground with an initial velocity
(Ex 2)
of 60 feet per second. Use the equation y = -16t2 + 60t + 2 to model
the situation. Will the ball reach a height of 45 feet?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. Find the value of the discriminant of the equation 3x2 - x + 2 = 0.

(113)

2. The new rectangular basketball court at the high school has a width of
(53)
9x2 + x + 36 and a length of 4x2 + 2x + 2. What is the perimeter of the new
court?

3. Solve 6⎢z - 3 = 18.

(74)

4. Find 8!.
(111)

Lesson 113 771

 *5. Multiple Choice Which is a possible value for the discriminant of the equation
(113)
graphed?

A -5 B 0
C3 D 5

*6. Model Draw the graph of a quadratic equation that has a discriminant
(113)
that is greater than zero.

*7. Generalize Describe the values of the discriminant that indicate two real
(113)
solutions.
y = -_x2 + 8
2
*8. Solve this system by graphing.
(112) y = -2x + 10
y = x2 + 3
*9. Error Analysis Two students are solving the system of equations
(112) y = -3x + 1
by substitution. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y = x2 + 3 y = -3x + 1 y = x2 + 3 y = -3x + 1
x2 + 3 = -3x + 1 x2 + 3 - 3x + 1 = 0
x2 + 3 + 3x - 1 = 0 x2 - 3x + 4 = 0
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 no solution
(x + 2)(x + 1) = 0
So, x = -2, x = -1, and
the solutions are (-2, 7)
and (-1, 4).

10. Geometry For safety reasons, a guy wire must connect the top of a utility pole to
(112)
the ground at a particular angle. The utility pole is located at the base of a hill
described by the equation y = -_ x2
25
+ 2x. The equation for the correct angle of
the wire is y = -x + 14. At what altitude on the hill should the ground stake be
located? (Assume all dimensions are in feet.)

*11. In designing a necklace, a goldsmith places a gold wire on a workbench so that

(112)
the wire takes on the shape of a parabola described by the equation y = _ x2
2
. The
goldsmith then lays a straight wire across the first so that the second follows the
equation y = _ x
6
+ 6. Use a graphing calculator to determine the coordinates for the
points of intersection. Round answers to the nearest whole number.

772 Saxon Algebra 1

*12. Error Analysis Two students are finding the number of ways to choose a president
(111)
and a vice president from a list of eight candidates. Which student is correct?
Explain the error.

Student A Student B

8P2 = _ 8!
8 P2 = _
8!
(8-2)! 2!
_
= 8!
= 20,160
6!
= 56

13. Dining A restaurant offers a choice of 3 sandwiches, 3 chips, and 5 soft drinks.
(111)
How many different meal combinations are offered?

14. Probability A CD has 9 tracks. The CD player is set to play the songs randomly so
(111)
that each song plays only once. What is the probability that the first 3 songs are
the first 3 tracks in order?

15. Solve the equation √x

 + 2 = 8. Check your answer.
(106)

16. Architecture An architect is designing a structure that merges two different right
(106)
triangles along the hypotenuse of each triangle. The hypotenuse of one triangle
x + 2 units long and the hypotenuse of the second is √
is √ 2x - 4 . At what value
of x are the two lengths equal?

17. Graph the function f(x) = ⎢x + 4.

(107)

*18. Multi-Step A plot of land is 143 square feet with dimensions of x and x + 2. What
(110)
is the perimeter of the plot of land?
a. Use the quadratic formula to find the dimensions of the plot of land.
b. What is the perimeter of the plot of land?

19. Multi-Step Emmanuel throws a football into the air. Its movement forms a parabola
(100)
given by the quadratic equation h = -16t2 + 14t + 50, where h is the height in feet
and t is the time in seconds.
a. Find the time t when the ball is at its maximum height. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
b. Find the time t when the ball hits the ground. Round to the nearest hundredth.
c. Find the maximum height of the arc the ball makes in its flight. Round to the
nearest tenth.

20. Firefighting A forest ranger is stationed at the Delilah Lookout fire tower in the
(103)
Sequoia National Forest in California. The distance d (in miles) he can see to
the horizon can be estimated by the formula d =  _
3h
√2
, where h is the height of
the observer’s eyes (in feet) above sea level. If Delilah Lookout is located at an
elevation of 5176 feet above sea level, write a radical expression that shows the
distance the ranger can see to the horizon.

Lesson 113 773

 y ≥ -_3x + 3
5
21. Graph the system: .
y≥_x+3
(109) 3
4

22. Analyze Compare -4.9t2 + v0t + y0 = 0 and -4.9t2 + v0t = 0.

(110)

23. Write the inequality that is graphed on the coordinate plane. y

(97) 8

4
O x
-8 -4 8
-4

*24. Projectile Motion A projectile is shot up in the air from the ground with an initial
(113)
velocity of 84 feet per second. Using y = -16t2 + 84t, write an equation to model the
situation and use the discriminant to determine if the projectile will reach a height
of 200 feet.

25. Find the roots of 36x = 9x2 + 36.

(98)

26. Finance The amount of money Ricardo has after x years of investing $100 at his
(108) x
local bank is f(x) = 100(1.065) . Which graph could represent this function?
A y B y C y
O x
240
-8 8 16
80 160

40 -160

O x O x
-240
-8 -4 4 8 -16 -8 8 16

27. Multi-Step The time in minutes t it takes for a projectile to strike the ground is
(104)
described by the equation -4.9t2 - 29.4t + 34.3 = 0.
a. Write the quadratic equation in the form x2 + bx = c.
b. Find the real-number solutions by completing the square.
c. At what time does the object strike the ground? Explain your answer.

28. Verify The fifth term of a geometric sequence is -1. The first is -81. Randy thinks
(105)
the common ratio is _13 . Robin says it could be - _13 . Could both be correct? Explain.

29. If a quadratic function has been vertically compressed, does that mean the
(Inv 10)
parabola is wider or narrower than the parent quadratic function f(x) = x2?

30. For all real values of the domain, describe the relationship between the graphs of
(Inv 11)
an exponential growth and an exponential decay function.

774 Saxon Algebra 1

LAB

10 Graphing Radical Functions

Graphing Calculator Lab (Use with Lesson 114)

A graphing calculator can be used to graph radical functions and to locate

points on the graph.

Graph the function y = 2 √

x - 1.

1. To enter the equation into the Y= editor, press

the key. Then press 2
1 .

2. Graph the function by pressing

6:ZStandard.

3. Press and use the key to move along

the x-axis until the cursor locates a point on
the graph.

The first point on the graph appears to

be (1.064, 0.505).

4. Investigate actual points on the graph of

y = 2 √
x - 1.

Press 0 1. Then press

.

The first point on the graph is (1, 0). Note that

this is different from (1.064, 0.505); the graph
does not appear to pass through the point (1,
0). Therefore, it is important to use the Table
feature to determine values of the function.

Lab Practice
a. Graph the function y = 3 √
x + 2 . At what point does the graph start?

b. Graph the function y = 2 √

x + 2 . At what point does the graph start?

Lab 10 775
LES SON Graphing Square-Root Functions
114
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary Radicals that have the same radicands and roots such as
(69)
2 √
7 + 4 √7 are ________, and radials that have different radicands and/or
7 + 2 √
roots such as 4 √ 11 are ________.

Add or subtract.
2. -6 √
2 + 8 √
2 3. 31 √
5 - 13 √
5
(69) (69)

Find each product.

4. (7 + √
6 )(4 - √
9) 3 - 12)2
5. ( √
(76) (76)

New Concepts The square root of a number x is the number whose square is x.
√
9=3 32 = 9
The square root of x can be a function. For the function y = √ x when x is 9,
y is 3 since the square root of 9 is 3. Use the table to make connections with
the graph.

Math Language y
x y
A function is a 6
mathematical
0 0
relationship that pairs 4
each value in the domain
1 1
with exactly one value in 2
4 2
the range. O x
9 3 4 8 12

16 4

A square-root function is a function that contains a square root of a variable.

Example 1 Graphing a Square-Root Function

Make a table of y = 2 √x
 + 1. Then graph the function.
SOLUTION

Hint Evaluate the function when x is 0, 1, 4, and 9.

Try choosing x values y = 2 √0 + 1 = 2(0) + 1 = 1 x y y
that are perfect squares.
y = 2 √
1 + 1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3 6
This may make it easier 0 1
to graph.
y = 2 √
4 + 1 = 2(2) + 1 = 5 4
1 3
y = 2 √
9 + 1 = 2(3) + 1 = 7 2
4 5
O x
9 7 2 4 6 8

Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com In order for a square root to be a real number, the radicand cannot be negative.

776 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 2 Determining the Domain of a Square-Root Function
Math Language a. Determine the domain of y = √
x - 4.
Remember that the
domain is the set of SOLUTION
possible input values for
a function. The domain is the values for x that make the radicand greater than or equal
to zero. Solve x - 4 ≥ 0.
x-4≥0 Set the radicand greater than or equal to 0.
x≥4 Solve for x by adding 4 to both sides.

The domain is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to 4.

_
x

√
b. Determine the domain of y = 3 2 + 4 - 7.

SOLUTION

Hint
_
x
+4≥0 Set the radicand greater than or equal to 0.
2
When graphing square-
root functions, always _
x
≥ -4 Subtract 4 from both sides.
plot the smallest value 2
for x so that the graph
will be complete. x ≥ -8 Multiply both sides by 2.

The domain is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal to -8.

All square-root functions look similar to the graph of y = √x , which is

called the parent function. A transformation of a function is an alteration of
the parent function that produces a new function.
Compare the parent function y = x
√ to the function y = x
√ + 3.

x y= x
√ y= x
√ +3 y
0 0 3 6
y = √x + 3
1 1 4 4
4 2 5 2 y = √x

9 3 6 O x
4 8 12 16
16 4 7

The function y = √ x + 3 has been shifted 3 units up from the parent

function y = √ x . Transformations that involve vertical and horizontal
shifting are called translations.

Transformations of the Graph of f(x) = √x


Vertical translation: The graph of f(x) = √x + c is c units up from the
parent graph if c > 0 and the graph is c units down from the parent graph
if c < 0.
Horizontal translation: The graph of f(x) = √x - c is c units to the right

of the parent graph if c > 0 and the graph is c units to the left of the
parent graph if c < 0.

Lesson 114 777

 Example 3 Translating the Square-Root Functions
a. Describe the transformations applied to the y
4
parent function to form y = √x - 3. y = √x
2
SOLUTION
O x
This function can be written in the form 2

f(x) = √x -2
 + c by changing -3 to + (-3). The y = √x + (–3)
function can be written as y = √x  + (-3) which is
a translation of the parent function that shifts the
graph 3 units down.

b. Describe the transformations applied to the parent function to form

y = √
x + 2.
y

4 y = √x + 2

2
y = √x x
-2 2 4
-2

SOLUTION

This function y = √x 

+ 2 is written in the form f(x) = √x- c , where c is
Math Reasoning -2, which is a translation of the parent function 2 units left.
Analyze What is the
domain of g(x) = √
-x ? Reflections of the Graph of f (x) = √x

If f(x) = √x, then g(x) = - √x
 is a reflection of the graph of f across
the x-axis.
If f(x) = √x, then g(x) = √-x
 is a reflection of the graph of f across
the y-axis.

Example 4 Reflecting a Square-Root Function

a. Describe the transformations applied to the y
parent function to form y = - √x
. y = √x
y=√ x +3
SOLUTION 2

The graph of y = - √x x
 is a reflection of the O
-8 -4 4 8
parent function over the x-axis.
-2

b. Describe the transformations applied to the y= √x

parent function to form y = √-x

 + 3.
SOLUTION

The graph of y = √-x  + 3 is a reflection of the parent function over the

y-axis, and then a vertical shift of 3 units up.

778 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 5 Application: Horizon
The distance d (in kilometers) that Meliza can see on a clear day to the
horizon from a height of h meters is approximately d = √15h. Find the
distance she can see from a height of 2160 meters.
SOLUTION

Evaluate d = √15h
 for h = 2160 m.
d= 
√15(2160)
= √32400
 = 180
180 km is the distance she can see from a height of 2160 m.

Lesson Practice
a. Graph y = 3 √
x + 1 using a table.
(Ex 1)

Determine the domain of each of the following functions.

(Ex 2)

b. f(x) = √_x3 c. f(x) = √

x-2

Describe the transformations applied to the parent function to form the

given function.
d. f(x) = x
√ -2 e. f(x) = √
x-2
(Ex 3) (Ex 3)
f. f(x) = - √
x+3 g. f(x) = √-x
 -4
(Ex 4) (Ex 4)

h. Physics An acorn fell from a tree limb. The function t = 0.45 √

x
(Ex 5)
represents how many seconds it takes something to fall from a height of
x meters to the ground. Estimate how long it would take the acorn to fall
if the limb were 8 meters above the ground.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve.
1. ⎢z + 5 + 11 = 10 2. 10x2 = 70x
(74) (98)

3. 24x = 32x2 4. _
5
-_
2 =_
5
(98) (99) x+1 x 10x

*5. Multiple Choice Evaluate the equation y = √

x + 6 - 1 for x = 2.
(114)
A √ 2 B √ 7 C 2 √2-1 D no solution

*6. Oceanography A good approximation of the speed of a wave in deep ocean water
(114)
is given by the equation y = √
10d . In this equation, y is the wave’s speed in meters
per second and d is the ocean’s depth in meters. What is the speed of a wave if the
depth is 400 meters? Round to the nearest whole number.
_
*7. Analyze Given the function f(x) =
(114)
greater than 5? Show your work.
√
4x
3
- 1 , for what values of x will f(x) be

*8. Analyze Explain how to graph f(x) = √

x - 2 + 3 in terms of its parent function.
(114)

Lesson 114 779

 9. Find the value of the discriminant of the equation 2x2 - 5x - 4 = 0.
(113)

*10. Error Analysis Two students are using the discriminant to find the number of
(113)
real solutions to the equation 5x2 - 3x = 2. Which student is correct? Explain
the error.

Student A Student B
5x2 -3x = 2 5x2 -3x = 2
b2 - 4ac = (-3)2 - 4(5)(2) 2
5x - 3x - 2 = 0
= 9 - 40 b2 - 4ac = (-3)2 -4(5)(-2)
= -31 = 9 + 40
= 49
As the discriminant is negative, As the discriminant is positive,
there are no x-intercepts. there are two x-intercepts.

*11. Geometry The length of a rectangle is x + 12 inches and the width is x + 8 inches.
(113)
Is there a value for x that makes the area of the rectangle 50 square inches?
Explain your reasoning.

*12. Multi-Step The equation 288 = (3 + x)(6 - x) can be used to determine if the base
(113)
of a rectangular box with a length of (3 + x) inches and a width of (6 - x) inches
can have an area of 288 square inches.
a. Write the equation setting it equal to zero.
b. Use the equation to find the values of a, b, and c.
c. Find the value of the discriminant.
d. Can a box with these dimensions be made? Explain.

y = x2 + 3
13. Solve this system by graphing: .
(112) y = -2x + 3
y = x2 + 4x
*14. Error Analysis Two students are solving the system of equations by
(112) y = -4
substitution. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y = x2 + 4x y = -4 y = x2 + 4x y = -4
x2 + 4x = -4 x2 + 4x = -4
(x2 + 4x) -4 = 0 (x2 + 4x) + 4 = 0
x2 + 4x - 4 = 0 x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
no solution (x + 2)(x + 2) = 0 So, x = -2,
and the solution is (-2, -4).

*15. Physics Miguel is standing at the base of a ramp. He tosses a ball into the air. The
(112)
path of the ball is described by the equation y = -x2 + 7x. The equation y = x
represents the ramp. At what altitude does the ball strike the ramp? Assume that
dimensions are in feet.
3 4
16. Measurement On what scale would the distance between the x-coordinates in the
(112)
y=_ x2
2
solution set of the system be 8 centimeters?
y = 4x - 6

780 Saxon Algebra 1

 17. Graph the function f(x) = ⎢x - 2.
(107)

18. Temperature The temperature outside yesterday was 65°. Today the temperature
(107)
changed by ⎢5°. Give the possible temperatures outside today.

19. Determine if the set of ordered pairs {(6, 3), (4, 2), (2, 1), (8, 4)} satisfies an
(108)
exponential function.

20. Engineering A small bridge has a weight limit of 8000 pounds. A photographer
(109)
wants to photograph at least 5 vehicles on the bridge. The cars weigh about
1800 pounds each and the motorcycles weigh about 600 pounds each. There
must be at least one car and four motorcycles in the photo. Graph a system of
linear equations to describe the situation. Give two combinations of cars and
motorcycles that are solutions.

21. Use the quadratic formula to solve x2 = 19x - 60. Check the solutions.
(110)

22. Multiple Choice There are three numbers in a locker combination: 19, 22, and 28.
(111)
How many different ways can the numbers be arranged?
A 3 B 6 C 12 D 24

*23. Write Explain what types of situations apply to permutations.

(111)

24. Multi-Step In a bowling lane, the distance (d) from the foul line to the center of
(101)
the Number 1 pin should be 60 feet and should vary from this length by no more
than _12 inch.
a. Convert 60 feet to inches.
b. Write and solve an absolute-value inequality that models the acceptable
distances from the foul line to the center of the Number 1 pin.
c. If the diameter of the base of the Number 1 pin is 4_ inches, what is the shortest
1
8
possible distance between the foul line and the front of the Number 1 pin?

25. Evaluate y = √
2x + 3 for x = 8.
(114)

26. Property Mr. Kinsey’s property is in the shape of a right triangle. The legal description
(104)
states that the property has an area of 900 yd2 and that the base of the property is 30
yards longer than the height. What are the actual dimensions of the property?

27. Multi-Step A company gives its employees a 4% raise at the beginning of every year.
(105)
This year, Jordan earns $32,000.
a. Write a rule that can be used to find Jordan’s salary after n years.
b. How many years will it take for Jordan to earn $40,000?
c. What will Jordan’s salary be in 12 years? Round to the nearest cent.

28. Analyze Write the radical equation √

x + 3 = 2x so that the equation has no radical
(106)
and is equal to zero.

29. Has the graph of the parent quadratic function been stretched or compressed to
(Inv 10)
produce the graph f(x) = 4x2 + 2?

30. Describe the similarity and difference between the graphs of f(x) = 3 x and
(Inv 11)
g(x) = 4 · 3 x.

Lesson 114 781

LES SON Graphing Cubic Functions
115
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The polynomial x - 5x2 + 3x3 - 1 written in
(53)
form
is 3x3 - 5x2 + x - 1.

Find the degree of each polynomial expression and write the polynomial in
descending order.
2. 8 + x2 + 2x 3. 2x3 - 6x + x4
(53) (53)
_1
4. Simplify (125) 3 .
(46)
3
5. Multiple Choice Which value is equivalent to √-343
 ?
(46)
A 7 B -7 C 114.3 D -114.3

New Concepts A cubic function is a polynomial function in which the greatest power of any
variable is 3. In other words, a cubic function is a polynomial function of
degree 3.
The degree of a polynomial function determines many characteristics of its
graph.

Function x-Intercepts
Graph Degree End Behavior
Type (Maximum)
y
4

2
Ends go in
x
Linear -4 -2 2 4
1 1 opposite
-2
directions.

-4

y
4

2
Reading Math Ends go in
O x
3
The equation y = x is Quadratic -4 4
2 2 the same
read, “y is equal to x direction.
cubed” or “y is equal to x -2
to the third power.”

2
O x Ends go in
-2 2
Cubic 3 3 opposite
directions.
-4
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com

782 Saxon Algebra 1

 The parent function for cubic polynomials is y = x3. The graph of y = -x3 is
related to the graph of the parent function y = x3.

Example 1 Graphing Cubic Functions

Evaluate the cubic parent function y = x3 and the function y = -x3 for
x = -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2. Then graph the functions.
SOLUTION Make tables of values. Then plot points to graph the functions.
Math Reasoning
y
Generalize Which x -2 -1 0 1 2 8
transformation changes y = x3
the graph of y = x3 into y -8 -1 0 1 8 4
the graph of y = -x3? x
O
-8 -4 4 8

y
x -2 -1 0 1 2 8

y 8 1 0 -1 -8 y= x3 4
x
-8 -4 4 8
-4

-8

Example 2 Solving Cubic Equations by Graphing

Math Reasoning a. Solve 0 = x3 - 1 by graphing.

Verify In Example 2a, SOLUTION
how can you check
whether x = 1 is the To solve 0 = x3 - 1, begin by graphing the related y
4
exact solution or not? function y = x3 - 1.
2
Then find the x-intercepts of y = x3 - 1 since these x
O
are the x-values where y = 0. -4 -2 2 4

The only x-intercept is near 1, so the approximate

solution to 0 = x3 - 1 is x ≈ 1. -4

b. Solve 2 = -2x3 - 7 by graphing.

SOLUTION

Write 2 = -2x3 - 7 so that one side is equal to y

Hint
zero. Then graph the related function and find its 4
Another way to solve
2 = -2x3 - 7 is to graph x-intercepts. O x
y = -2x3 - 7 and y = 2, -4 -2 2 4
and then to find the x Subtracting 2 from both sides of 2 = -2x3 - 7
-4
value(s) at their point(s) gives the equation 0 = -2x3 - 9. To solve
of intersection.
0 = -2x3 - 9, graph the related function
y = -2x3 - 9.
The only x-intercept is between -1 and -2, at about -1.7.
The approximate solution to 2 = -2x3 - 7 is x ≈ -1.7.

Lesson 115 783

 Example 3 Solving Cubic Equations Using a Graphing
Calculator
Solve -2x2 = _12 x3 - 1 by graphing on a graphing calculator.
SOLUTION

Graphing Write -2x2 = _12 x3 - 1 so that one side is equal

Calculator Tip to zero. Then graph the related function and
find its x-intercepts.
For help with graphing
functions, refer to the
Adding 2x2 to both sides of the original
graphing calculator
keystrokes in Lab 3 on equation gives the equation 0 = _12 x3 + 2x2 - 1.
p. 305. Use the graphing calculator to graph the related
function y = _12 x3 + 2x2 - 1.
The graph shows that there are three x-intercepts. Trace to estimate
their values.

Math Language The approximate solutions are x ≈ -3.9,

x ≈ -0.8, and x ≈ 0.7.
Remember that the
zeros of a function are its For better estimates, use the Zero function.
x-intercepts or solutions.
To the nearest hundredth, the solutions are
x ≈ -3.87, x ≈ -0.79, and x ≈ 0.66.

Example 4 Application: Volume of a Cube

A cube of pure gold weighing 100 pounds would have a volume of about
143 cubic inches. Use a graphing calculator to estimate the side length of
a 100-pound cube of gold.
SOLUTION

The formula for the volume of a cube is V = s3.

To graph this equation on a graphing calculator,
let y represent V and x represent s. Then graph
y = x3.
Adjust the window to make sure that 143 is
included in the y-values.
Window Settings
Xmin = 0
Xmax = 12
Ymin = 0
Ymax = 200
Trace to estimate the x-value where y = 143.
When y = 143, x ≈ 5.2.
The side length of a cube of gold weighing 100 pounds would be about
5.2 inches—about the width of a DVD case.

784 Saxon Algebra 1

 Lesson Practice
a. Graph y = x3 + 1.
(Ex 1)
b. Solve 0 = -4x3 by graphing.
(Ex 2)
c. Solve 3 = -x3 + 8 by graphing.
(Ex 2)
d. Solve x2 - _1 = _1 x3 by graphing on a graphing calculator.
4 4
(Ex 3)
e. The volume of a rectangular prism is represented by the equation
(Ex 4)
V = x3 + 4. Use a graphing calculator to find the volume when
x = 25.5 units.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

Solve and check.

1. _x-2 =_ 2. _x-4 =_
x-6 x+5
(99) x + 7 3x + 21 (99) x + 1 2x + 2

*3. Graph the cubic function y = _13 x3. Use it to solve the equation 0 = _3 x .
1 3

(115)

*4. Multiple Choice Which equation represents a cubic function?

(115)
A y = 3x - 4y B y = 6x2 + 2
C y = x3 - 4x + 1 D y = 10x4 + 3x2 - 5

*5. Capacity The volume of a box is represented by the equation V = x3 - 4. Use a

(115)
table or graph to find the value of x that corresponds to a volume of 23 cubic
units.

*6. Games The volume of a whiffle ball is represented by the equation V = _43 πr3. Use
(115)
a graphing calculator to graph the equation and then use the graph to estimate the
volume of air in a ball with a radius of 2 inches.

*7. Write Describe the characteristics of the graph of a cubic function.

(115)

*8. Formulate Write an example of a cubic function.

(115)

9. Evaluate y = √
4x - 5 for x = 3. Round to the nearest tenth.
(114)

*10. Error Analysis Two students are evaluating the equation y = √
2x - 5 + 2 for
(114)
x = 6. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y = √
2x - 5 + 2 y= √
2x - 5 + 2
√
y= 2·6-5+2 y= √2

·6-5+2
y = √
2 +2 y= √12
-5+2
y= √
7 +2

Lesson 115 785

 11. Multi-Step An apple fell from a tree limb. The function t = 0.45 √x represents how
(114)
long it takes an object to fall from a height of x meters.
a. Graph the function. (Hint: Increment the x-axis by 1 and the y-axis by 0.1, and
if a graphing calculator is not used, then use the following values for
x: 0, 4, 9, and 16.)
b. Use the graph to estimate how long it took the apple to fall if the limb was
12 meters above the ground.

12. Use the discriminant to find the number of real solutions of the equation
(113)
6x2 + 2x - 1 = 0.

*13. Error Analysis Two students are using the discriminant to find the number of real
(113)
solutions to the equation 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0. Which student is correct? Explain the
error.

Student A Student B
2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0 2x2 + 3x - 4 = 0
b2 - 4ac = 32 - 4(2)(4) b2 - 4ac = 32 - 4(2)(-4)
= 9 - 32 = 9 + 32
= -23 = 41
As the discriminant is As the discriminant is positive,
negative, there are no there are two x-intercepts.
x-intercepts.

14. Gardening The length of a garden is 6 + x meters and the width is 10 - x meters.
(113)
Write an equation to model the area of the garden, and use the discriminant to
determine if there is a value for x that will allow the area of the garden to be
50 square meters.
3 4
15. Measurement The length of a fence is 15 - x feet and the width is 12 + x feet.
(113)
Can the fence enclose an area of 200 square feet? Explain.
⎧ 1 ⎫
16. Determine if the set of ordered pairs ⎨⎩ -3, _18 , -1, _12 , -2, _14 , -4, _
( )( )( )( ⎬
16 ⎭ )
(108)
satisfies an exponential function.

21x + 7y ≥ -14
17. Graph the system .
(109) _1 y ≤ -x + 2
2

18. Geometry If the area of the triangle is 48 square units, what are the lengths of
(110)
the base and the height to the nearest whole number?

x+4

*19. Graph the cubic function y = 3x3. Use it to solve the equation 0 = 3x3.
(115)

20. A new 3-digit area code is being created for new telephone numbers. If the first
(111)
digit must be even but not 0, the second digit is 0 or 1, and the third digit can be
any number except 0, how many new area codes are possible?

786 Saxon Algebra 1

 21. Multiple Choice Which system of equations has the solution (-1, 1)?
(112)
A y = x2 B y = x2
y=x+6 y=6
C y = x2 D y = x2
y = -2x - 1 y = -x + 6

*22. Analyze A system of three equations consists of a quadratic, given by

(112)
y = x2 - 3, and two linear equations. One linear equation intersects the parabola
at two points. If the second linear equation is parallel to the first, how many
solutions does the system have? Explain.

23. Accessories Candida has plans to shop for hair bows and does not plan on
(97)
spending more than $20. Each big bow costs $5 and each small bow costs $2.
Write an inequality and graph it to describe the situation.

24. Solve -x2 + 2 = -7x by using a graphing calculator. Round to the nearest tenth.
(100)

25. Multiple Choice Solve x2 + 7 = -42.

(102)
A 7 B ±7 C no solution D ±7 √
1

26. Phone Chains In order to relay information quickly, staff at a school use a phone
(105)
chain. The superintendent first notifies 3 people of a snow day. In the second set of
calls, these 3 people each call 2 people. Each person called then calls 2 other people.
How many sets of calls need to be made to notify 96 people?

27. Multi-Step A square frame is to be made so that its side length is √
x + 1.
(106)
a. What is the perimeter of the square?
b. For what value of x will the perimeter of the frame be equal to 8 units?

28. Generalize Look at the function f(x) = - 0.5⎢x . How can you find the direction of
(107)
the “V” without graphing it?

29. Football The distance d from the goal post in feet of a football during a field goal
(107)
kick is represented by the function d = ⎪60t - 90⎥ where t is the time in seconds.
If the ball were kicked at 80 feet per second how would the graph change?

30. Write, in order, the function that grows the slowest to the one that grows the
(Inv 11)
fastest: exponential, linear, quadratic.

Lesson 115 787

LES SON Solving Simple and Compound Interest
116 Problems

Warm Up 1. Vocabulary Two equivalent ratios form a

(31)
.
2. Change 24% to a fraction and a decimal.
(SB 7)

3. Change _1
40
to a decimal and a percent.
(SB 7)

4. Find 25% of 250.

(42)
5. 36 is what percent of 1125?
(42)

New Concepts Money that is borrowed or invested is called principal. Interest is money paid
for the use of that money. If money is borrowed, interest is paid. If money is
invested, interest is earned.
Simple interest is interest paid on the principal only. To find simple interest,
use the formula I = Prt.

Simple Interest Formula

I = Prt
I the amount of interest
P the principal
r the annual rate, a percent expressed as a decimal
t the time in years

Math Language Example 1 Finding Simple Interest

Even though the account
value grows as interest is a. An account is opened with $4000. The bank pays 5% simple interest
earned, simple interest is annually. How much interest will be earned in 3 years?
only paid on the original
amount deposited into SOLUTION
the account.
Use the simple interest formula.
The principal P is 4000. The rate r is 5%, or 0.05. The time t is 3.
I = Prt Write the formula, then evaluate.
= 4000(0.05)(3) Substitute the values of the variables.
= 600 Simplify.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The account will earn $600 interest in 3 years.

788 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. $12,500 is invested for 15 years at 4% simple interest. How much
money will be in the account after 15 years?
SOLUTION

Use the simple interest formula.

The principal P is 12,500. The rate r is 4%, or 0.04. The time t is 15.
I = Prt Write the formula, then evaluate.
= 12,500(0.04)(15) Substitute the values of the variables.
= 7500 Simplify.

The account will earn $7500 interest in 15 years.

Add this interest to the original amount invested to find the total amount in
the account.
12,500 + 7500 = 20,000
There will be $20,000 in the account after 15 years.

c. $6000 is borrowed at 8.5% simple interest. The total amount of

interest paid is $2040. For how many years was the money borrowed?
SOLUTION

Use the simple interest formula and solve for t.

The principal P is 6000. The interest I is 2040. The rate r is 8.5% or 0.085.
I = Prt Write the formula.
2040 = 6000(0.085)t Substitute the values of the variables.
2040 = 510t Simplify.
4=t Divide both sides by 510.

The money was borrowed for 4 years.

d. After 18 months, $738 had been earned on an $8200 investment. What

was the interest rate?
Hint SOLUTION
The time in the simple Use the simple interest formula and solve for r.
interest formula must
be in years. There are The principal P is 8200. The interest I is 738. The time t is _
18
12
= 1.5 years.
12 months in 1 year. To
change the units from I = Prt Write the formula.
months to years, divide
by 12. 738 = 8200 · r · 1.5 Substitute the values of the variables.
738 = 12,300r Simplify.
0.06 = r Divide both sides by 12,300.

Convert 0.06 to a percent. The interest rate was 6%.

Lesson 116 789

 The amount in an account grows faster with compound interest. Compound
interest is interest that is paid on both principal and on previously-earned
interest. The compound interest formula gives the total amount accumulated
after a given number of years.

Compound Interest Formula

A = P(1 + _ r nt
n)
A the total amount after t years
P the principal
r the annual rate, a percent expressed as a decimal
t the time in years
n the number of times interest is compounded each year

Example 2 Finding Compound Interest

Math Reasoning
Justify Explain why the a. $5000 is invested at 6% compounded annually. Find the value of the
formula for interest investment after 10 years.
compounded annually
is A = P(1 + r)t. SOLUTION

The principal P is 5000. The rate r is 6% or 0.06. The time t is 10 years.

A = P(1 + r)t Write the formula, then evaluate.
= 5000 · (1 + 0.06) 10
Substitute the values of the variables.
= 5000 · (1.06)10 Simplify inside the parentheses.
= 5000 · 1.790847697 Simplify the power, and do not round.
= 8954.24 Multiply, and round to the nearest penny.

The value of the investment will be $8954.24.

b. $5000 is invested at 6% compounded quarterly. Find the value of the

investment after 10 years.
SOLUTION

Hint The principal P is 5000. The rate r is 6% or 0.06. The time t is 10 years and
n = 4 because quarterly means four times per year.
Use a calculator to

A = P(1 + _
r
evaluate the power and nt
to multiply the result by n) Write the formula, then evaluate.
the principal.
= 5000 1 + _
4(10)
( 0.06
4 ) Substitute the values of the variables.

= 5000 · (1.015)40 Use the order of operations to simplify.

= 5000 · 1.814018409 Simplify the power and do not round.
= 9070.09 Multiply and round to the nearest penny.

The value of the investment will be $9070.09.

790 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 3 Comparing Simple and Compound Interest
a. An account has $1000 and earns 20% simple interest. Make a table to
find the total amount in the account after 1, 2, 5, and 10 years.

Caution SOLUTION

Be sure to add the Years Prt = I Total in Account

interest paid to the
original principal to find 1 (1000)(0.20)(1) = 200 $1000 + $200 = $1200
the total amount in the
account.
2 (1000)(0.20)(2) = 400 $1000 + $400 = $1400
5 (1000)(0.20)(5) = 1000 $1000 + $1000 = $2000
10 (1000)(0.20)(10) = 2000 $1000 + $2000 = $3000

b. An account has $1000 and earns 20% interest compounded annually.

Make a table to find the total amount in the account after 1, 2, 5, and
10 years.
SOLUTION

t
Years A = P (1 + r) Total in Account
1 A = 1000(1 + 0.20)1 $1200
2 A = 1000(1 + 0.20)2 $1440
5 A = 1000(1 + 0.20)5 $2488.32
10 A = 1000(1 + 0.20)10 $6191.74

c. Use the table in a to graph the account earning simple interest and the
table in b to graph the account earning compound interest on the same
coordinate plane. Compare the growth of the two accounts over time.
SOLUTION
$8,000
Total Amount in Account

$6,000

Compound Interest
$4,000

$2,000
Simple Interest

$0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Years

Simple interest grows linearly because it adds the same amount each year.
Compound interest grows exponentially because it pays interest on the
previously-earned interest as well as the principal. The account earning
compound interest grows more rapidly than the account earning simple
interest.

Lesson 116 791

 Example 4 Application: Retirement Investments
Two people plan to retire at age 65. A 25-year-old woman invests $2000 in
a bond that pays 7% per year, compounded annually. A 45-year-old man
invests $5000 in a bond that pays 7% per year, also compounded annually.
Whose investment will be worth more when they reach retirement age and
Math Reasoning by how much?

Analyze Why was the SOLUTION

man’s account value less
than the woman’s? Use A = P(1 + r)t to calculate the value of the investment for each person.
For the 25-year-old woman, P = 2000, r = 0.07, and t = 40.
A = 2000(1 + 0.07)40 Substitute.
A = 2000(1.07) 40
Add inside the parentheses.
A = 29,948.92 Simplify using the order of operations.

The total value of her account will be $29,948.92.

For the 45-year-old man, P = 5000, r = 0.07, and t = 20.
A = 5000(1 + 0.07)20 Substitute.
A = 5000(1.07) 20
Add inside the parentheses.
A = 19,348.42 Simplify using the order of operations.

The total value of his account will be $19,348.42. The woman’s investment
will be worth $10,600.50 more.

Lesson Practice
a. An account is opened with $5600. The bank pays 4% simple interest
(Ex 1)
annually. How much interest will be earned in 10 years?
b. $25,000 is invested for 12 years at 6% simple interest. How much will be
(Ex 1)
in the account after 12 years?
c. $4500 is borrowed at 2.5% simple interest. The total amount of interest
(Ex 1)
paid is $562.50. For how many years was the money borrowed?
d. After 15 months, $130 had been earned on a $2600 investment. What
(Ex 1)
was the interest rate?
e. $12,000 is invested at 4% compounded annually. Find the value of the
(Ex 2)
investment after 30 years.
f. $12,000 is invested at 4% compounded quarterly. Find the value of the
(Ex 2)
investment after 30 years.
g. An account has $2500 and earns 12% simple interest. Complete the table
(Ex 3)
to find the total amount in the account after 1, 2, 5, and 10 years.

Total Amount
Years Prt = I
in Account
1
2
5
10

792 Saxon Algebra 1

 h. A second account has $2500 and earns 12% compounded annually.
(Ex 3)
Complete the table to find the total amount in each account after 1, 2,
5, and 10 years.

Total
Principal Rate Years Amount in
Account
$2500 12% 1
$2500 12% 2
$2500 12% 5
$2500 12% 10

i. Use the table in problem g to graph the account earning simple interest
(Ex 3)
and the table in problem h to graph the account earning compound
interest on the same coordinate plane. Compare the growth of the two
accounts over time.
j. Retirement Investments Two people plan to retire at age 60. A 30-year-old
(Ex 4)
man invests $4000 in a bond that pays 5% per year, compounded annually.
A 40-year-old man invests $6000 in a bond that pays 5% per year, also
compounded annually. Whose investment will be worth more when they
reach retirement age and by how much?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. $900 is invested at 3% simple interest for 5 years. How much interest is
(116)
earned?

*2. Write Explain the difference between simple and compound interest.
(116)

*3. Formulate The graph shows the value of a money market account that pays
(116)
compound interest. How much principal was originally invested?
y
Total Amount in Account

800

600

400

200
x
2 4 6 8
Years

4. Population The exponential function y = 3.45(1.00617)x can model the

(108)
approximate population of Oklahoma from 2000 to 2006, where x is the
number of years after 2000 and y represents millions of people. Assuming the
model does not change, predict when the population will reach 4 million?

Lesson 116 793

 *5. Multiple Choice $600 is invested at 11% simple interest. What is the value of
(116)
the investment after 14 years?
A $924 B $1524 C $2586.26 D $92,400

*6. Mutual Funds Over the past 20 years, a mutual fund averages paying
(116)
10% interest compounded annually. If a woman had invested $3000
originally, how much would her account be worth now?

*7. Graph the cubic function y = -3x3. Use the graph to find the roots of the equation.
(115)

8. Error Analysis Two students write the equation “y equals x cubed plus
(115)
five.” Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y = x3 + 5 y = x2 + 5

9. Geometry The formula for the volume of a cube is V = s3. Graph the
(115)
equation and find the volume of the cube if the side length is 2 units.

*10. Multi-Step The volume of a packing container is given by

(115)
the function y = x3 + 5.
a. Make a table of values for the equation.
b. Graph the equation.
c. Find the volume when x is 3 feet.

11. Evaluate y = 3 √

7x + 2 - 7 for x = 2.
(114)

12. Physics The speed at which an object in free fall drops is modeled by the
(114)
equation y = 8 √x . In this equation, y is the speed in feet per second and
x is the distance fallen in feet. What is the speed of an apple after it falls a
distance of 8 feet? Round to the nearest tenth.

*13. Error Analysis Two students are determining the domain and range of the
(114)
function f (x) = √
x - 5 + 1. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
f(x) = √
x-5+1 f(x) = √
x-5+1
x-4≥0 x-5≥0
x ≥ 4; y ≥ 0 x ≥ 5; y ≥ 1

3 4
14. Measurement The function s = √ A gives the side length of a square with area A.
(114)
What is the side length of a square that has an area of 625 square feet?

y ≥ _25 x - 4
15. Graph the system .
(109) y≤0

16. Use the quadratic formula to solve 46 + 16x = -x2. Find approximate answers
(110)
to four decimal places.

794 Saxon Algebra 1

 17. Sports The American League Central Division in Major League Baseball has
(111)
5 teams. How many different ways are there for the teams to finish first through
fifth?

y = 2x2 - 6x + 1
18. Solve this system by graphing: .
(112) y = -x - 4

19. Multiple Choice How many x-intercepts does the equation y = 4x2 + 8x - 2 have?
(113)
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 3

20. Write Explain what the discriminant tells about the graph of a quadratic
(113)
equation.

21. Solve 4x2 + 8 = -6x by using a graphing calculator. Round to the nearest tenth.
(100)

22. Solve and graph the inequality ⎢4x - 3 + 1 > 10.

(101)

23. Structural Engineering The water pressure p on a dam is a function of the depth
(106)
of the water x behind the dam: p = 4905 √x . For what value of x is the pressure
equal to 44,145?

24. Multi-Step Graph the function f(x) = ⎢x - 4, and then translate the function to
(107)
the left by 2. What is the vertex of this new function?

*25. $4500 is borrowed at 3.5% simple interest. The total amount of interest paid is
(116)
$1260. For how many years was the money borrowed?

*26. Credit Cards A man uses a credit card to make a $1200 purchase. The credit card
(116)
charges 22% annual interest compounded monthly and requires no payments for
the first year. At the end of one year, how much will he owe?

27. Justify Why is f(x) = 4(-2)x not an exponential function?

(108)

28. Multi-Step Study the numbers in the sequence.

(103)
√
3 , 1, _ , _
3 1
3, √ ,...
3 3
a. Find the pattern.
b. What is the next term in the sequence?

29. If f(x) = 3x2 - 12x + 2, where is the axis of symmetry located? Give the x- and
(Inv 10)
y-coordinates of the vertex.

30. Identify which function

x
is linear, quadratic, exponential growth, and exponential
(Inv 11)
decay: f (x) = _15 , g(x) = x2, h(x) = 5 x, and j(x) = 5x.
()

Lesson 116 795

LES SON Using Trigonometric Ratios
117
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A ratio is the comparison of two quantities using
(85)
.
2. If the two legs of a right triangle measure 9 inches and 12 inches, find the
(85)
length of the hypotenuse.
3. In a right triangle, one leg measures 10 inches and the hypotenuse measures
(85)
17 inches. Find the length of the other leg.

Decide if the following are Pythagorean triples or not.

4. 6, 10, 8 5. 8, 12, 20
(85) (85)

New Concepts Recall that a right triangle has one right angle and two acute angles. In the
triangle, ∠C is the right angle and ∠A and ∠B are the acute angles.
Using ∠A in the triangle, the leg across from the angle is called the opposite
leg and the leg next to ∠A is called the adjacent leg. The hypotenuse is always
opposite the right angle and is always the longest side of the triangle.
A

Hint leg adjacent c hypotenuse

b
to ∠A
The three trigonometric
ratios of sine, cosine,
and tangent can be C a B
remembered using the leg opposite ∠A
mnemonic device:

SOH-CAH-TOA
In any right triangle, there are six trigonometric ratios that can be written
(pronounced “sew-ka- using two side lengths of the triangle in relation to the angles of the triangle.
toe-a”). Sine equals The three most common trigonometric ratios are sine, cosine, and tangent,
Opposite leg over
Hypotenuse, Cosine abbreviated sin, cos, and tan, respectively.
equals Adjacent leg
over Hypotenuse, and Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
Tangent equals Opposite
length of leg opposite ∠A
sine of ∠A = ___ = _ a
leg over Adjacent leg.
This can also be written
length of hypotenuse c
as S _
o
h
C_a _
h
T oa .
length of leg adjacent to ∠A
cosine of ∠A = ___ = _ b
c
length of hypotenuse
length of leg opposite ∠A
Online Connection
tangent of ∠A = ___ = _ a
www.SaxonMathResources.com length of leg adjacent to ∠A b

796 Saxon Algebra 1

 In addition to the three trigonometric ratios previously discussed, there
are three other trigonometric ratios called cosecant, secant, and cotangent,
abbreviated csc, sec, and cot, respectively.
Math Reasoning Cosecant, Secant, and Cotangent
Generalize Explain the
length of hypotenuse
relationship between cosecant of ∠A = ___ = _ c
a
sine and cosecant; cosine length of leg opposite ∠A
and secant; and tangent
length of hypotenuse
secant of ∠A = ___ = _ c
and cotangent ratios.
length of leg adjacent to ∠A b
length of leg adjacent to ∠A
cotangent of ∠A = ___ = _ b
a
length of leg opposite ∠A

Caution Example 1 Finding Trigonometric Ratios

Writing “sin = _5
” is not
13
a valid trigonometric
a. Using the right triangle, find sin B, cos B, and tan B. A
13
ratio because there is no 5
angle measure included SOLUTION
with sine. C 12 B
opposite leg
sin B = __ = _ 5
hypotenuse 13
adjacent leg
cos B = __ = _ 12
hypotenuse 13
opposite leg
tan B = __ = _ 5
adjacent leg 12

b. Using the right triangle, find all six trigonometric ratios for ∠A. B

SOLUTION 5
a

Caution First find the length of side a using the Pythagorean Theorem.
A 4 C
Although a = ±3, only a2 + b2 = c2
the positive value is used
because a represents
a2 + 42 = 52
length. a 2 + 16 = 25
a2 = 9
a=3

sin A = _
a =_
c
3 cos A = _
b =_
c
4
5 5

tan A = _
a =_
3 csc A = _
c _
5
a=3
b 4

sec A = _
c =_
5 cot A = _
b =_
a
4
b 4 3

Lesson 117 797

 Example 2 Using a Calculator with Trigonometric Ratios
a. If ∠A = 42°, find sin A, cos A, and tan A to the nearest ten-thousandth.
SOLUTION

Use a calculator to find the value of the trigonometric ratios.

42 sin A ≈ 0.6691
42 cos A ≈ 0.7431
42 tan A ≈ 0.9004

b. If ∠A = 33°, find csc A, sec A, and cot A to the nearest ten-thousandth.

SOLUTION

Use a calculator.
33 OR 1 33
csc A ≈ 1.8361
33 OR 1 33
sec A ≈ 1.1924
33 OR 1 33
cot A ≈ 1.5399

Example 3 Using Trigonometry to Find Missing Side Lengths

Use a calculator to find trigonometric ratio values.

a. Find the value of x. Round to the nearest

hundredth.
x
SOLUTION
28°
Since the missing side is opposite the angle and the 9
adjacent side length is given, use the tangent ratio.

tan 28° = _
x
9
9 · tan 28° = x
4.79 ≈ x

b. Find the value of x and y. Round to the nearest B

hundredth.
SOLUTION
x 12
opposite leg adjacent leg
sin A = __ cos A = __
hypotenuse hypotenuse
52°
y
sin 52° = _ cos 52° = _
x C y A
12 12
12 · sin 52° = x 12 · cos 52° = y
9.46 ≈ x 7.39 ≈ y

798 Saxon Algebra 1

 Inverse trigonometric functions can be used to find missing angle measures. On
a calculator, these are sin-1, cos-1, and tan-1. Because they are inverse functions,
sin-1(sin A) = A, and the same principle follows for cosine and tangent.
Math Reasoning
Generalize When do Example 4 Using Trigonometry to Find Missing Angle Measures
you use the sine function
and when do you use a. Find the measure of ∠A. Round to the nearest B
the inverse sine (sin -1)
function? hundredth of a degree.
SOLUTION 11

Use the cosine ratio since you know

the adjacent leg and the hypotenuse.
C 6 A
cos A = _
6
11

cos -1(cos A) = cos -1 (_

11 )
6

∠A ≈ 56.94°
b. Find the measures of ∠A and ∠B. Round to the B

Hint nearest hundredth of a degree. 2

SOLUTION A 5 C
You can also find the
measure of the second
acute angle of a right Use the tangent ratio since you know
triangle by subtracting the lengths of the legs.
the first angle from 90°.

tan A = _
2 tan B = _
5
For example, if
m ∠A = 21.80°,
then
5 2
m ∠B = 90° - 21.80° =
68.20°. tan -1(tan A) = tan -1 (_25 ) (_52 )
tan -1(tan B) = tan -1

∠A ≈ 21.80° ∠B ≈ 68.20°

Example 5 Application: Indirect Measurement

If an airplane takes off at a 35° angle with the
ground, how far has the plane traveled 10,000
horizontally when it reaches an altitude feet
of 10,000 feet? 35°
x

SOLUTION

Use the tangent ratio since the problem involves both legs.
10,000
tan 35° = _ x
10,000
x · tan 35° = _ x ·x
x · tan 35° = 10,000
10,000
x = _ ≈ 14,281
tan 35°
The plane has traveled about 14,281 feet horizontally.

Lesson 117 799

 Lesson Practice
a. Using the right triangle, find sin A, cos A, A
(Ex 1) 26
and tan A. 10

C 24 B

b. Using the right triangle, find all six B

(Ex 1)
trigonometric ratios for ∠B. 5
3

A b C

c. If ∠A = 49°, find sin A, cos A, and tan A. Round to the nearest ten-
(Ex 2)
thousandth.
d. If ∠A = 67°, find csc A, sec A, and cot A. Round to the nearest ten-
(Ex 2)
thousandth.
e. Find the value of x. Round to the
(Ex 3)
nearest hundredth.
36°
40

54°
x

f. Find the value of x and y. Round to the nearest hundredth.

(Ex 3)
B

x 17

48°
C y A

g. Find ∠A and ∠B.

(Ex 4)
B

12

C 19 A

h. A 10-foot ladder is placed on the side of a building 4 feet away from the
(Ex 5)
base of the building along the ground. Find the measure of the angle
the ladder makes with the ground.

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. Find sin A, cos A, and tan A. *2. Find sin A, cos A, and tan A.
(117) (117)
B
A

20 29 17
8

C A B C
21 15

800 Saxon Algebra 1

 3. Write an equation for a direct variation that includes the point, (24, 3).
(56)

*4. If ∠A = 77°, find sin A, cos A, and tan A to the nearest ten-thousandth.
(117)

*5. Error Analysis Two students are finding the measure of ∠A. Which student is B
(117)
correct? Explain the error.
9

Student A Student B A C
13

tan A = _9 tan A = _
13
13 9
tan-1(tan A) = tan-1 _9
( ) tan-1(tan A) = tan-1 _( )
13
13 9
A ≈ 34.7° A ≈ 55.3°

*6. Geometry In a right isosceles triangle, the acute angles are congruent. Find the
(117)
measures of the acute angles. Then use the sine or cosine ratio to find the length
of a leg of a right isosceles triangle to the nearest hundredth if the hypotenuse is
5 centimeters.

*7. Multi-Step You are standing on the roof of a C 240 A

(117)
70-foot-tall building looking across at another
building. Use the picture to answer the 70
c
questions.
a. Find the distance from the bottom of the B
building where you are standing to the top
of the other building.
b. Find the measure of ∠A.

*8. Nature A tree casts a shadow of 25 feet along the ground. The angle from the
(117)
ground to the top of the tree is 45°. How tall is the tree?

45°
25 feet

9. If $1100 is borrowed for 2 years at 9% simple interest, how much interest is paid?
(116)

*10. Navigation A submarine begins diving from the water’s surface at an angle of 7°.
(117)
How far below the water’s surface is the submarine after it has traveled 3.4 miles?

7°
x 3.4 miles

*11. Generalize Explain the meaning of opposite leg and adjacent leg to an acute angle
(117)
in a right triangle.

Lesson 117 801

 12. Error Analysis A $1500 investment earns 8% simple interest. Two students find the
(116)
value of the account after 25 years. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
I = Prt I = Prt
I = 1500 · 0.08 · 25 I = 1500(0.08)(25)
I = 3000 I = 3000
$3000 3000 + 1500 = 4500
$4500

13. Multi-Step A boy plans to invest $100 in an account that pays 10% interest
(116)
compounded annually for 10 years. Another option is an account that earns 20%
interest compounded annually for 5 years. Which will earn him more money, and
how much more?
14. Graph the cubic function y = x3 + 3. Use the graph to evaluate the equation
(115)
for x = 0.

15. Error Analysis Two students draw a graph of the equation y = 2x3. Which student
(115)
is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y y
8 20

4 10
O x O x
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-4 -10

-8 -20

16. Packaging A rectangular box has a volume of V = x3 + 3 cubic units. Use a table
(115)
or graph to find the value of x that corresponds to a volume of 30 cubic units.

17. Use the quadratic formula to solve 2x2 + 9 = 9x. Check the solutions.
(110)

18. Find 12P3. 19. Solve x2 + 5 = 9.

(111) (102)

20. Astronomy Near a planet, a satellite follows a trajectory described by the equation
(112)
y=_ x2
8
+ _74 . The trajectory is intercepted by a radio signal represented by the line
y = -_ 9x
8
. At what coordinates will the radio signal intersect the trajectory?

21. Use the discriminant to find the number of real solutions of the equation
(113)
x2 + 2x - 2 = 0.

22. Multiple Choice What is the domain of the function f(x) = 2 √
x + 6 - 1?
(114)
A x ≥ -5 B x ≥ -6 C x≥6 D x≥0

23. Write Describe the graph of f(x) = √

x + 4 in terms of its parent function.
(114)

24. Solve and graph the inequality 3⎢8x + 2 < 12.

(101)

802 Saxon Algebra 1

 25. Multi-Step The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd numbers is 74.
(104)
a. Write expressions for two consecutive odd numbers.
b. Write an equation to represent the problem.
c. What is the possible solution(s)?

*26. If ∠A = 81°, find csc A, sec A, and cot A to the nearest ten-thousandth.
(117)

27. Multi-Step Anita figures that the value of her car, in thousands of dollars,
(108) x
can be approximated by f(x) = 15 _5 , where x is the number of years
()
4

after the car’s manufacture. Evaluate the function for x = 0, 1, and 2 and
then sketch the function.
y>4 y≥4
28. Justify Explain why has no solutions but does.
(109) y<4 y≤4

29. What does a half-life mean? If a substance’s half-life is 25 hours, how many
(Inv 11)
half-lives are there in 150 hours?

30. Tennis A tennis instructor has a budget of $2000 to buy new rackets. He will
(78)
receive 2 free rackets when he places his order. The number of rackets, y, that he
can get is given by y = _
2000
x + 2, where x is the price per racket.
a. What is the horizontal asymptote of this rational function?
b. What is the vertical asymptote?
c. If the price per racket is $200, how many rackets will he receive?

Lesson 117 803

LES SON Solving Problems Involving Combinations
118
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(111)
( permutation, factorial ) is an arrangement of
outcomes in which the order does matter.

Simplify.
2. 7! 3. _
6!
(111) (111) 4!
Simplify.
4. 7P3 5. 9P4
(111) (111)

New Concepts In Lesson 111, you learned about permutations, a selection of items where
order does matter. In some cases, however, the final group of items is all that
matters, not the order in which the items were selected. A combination is a
grouping of items where order does not matter.

Example 1 Comparing Combinations to Permutations

A teacher puts 4 essay questions on a test. They are labeled A, B, C, and D.
Students are required to choose 3 questions to answer.

a. How many permutations of the 3 questions are possible?

SOLUTION

First, find the number of permutations.

4P3 = _ 4! =_
4!
(4 - 3)! 1!

=_
4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 24.
1
There are 24 permutations of the 3 test questions.
Math Reasoning
b. How many combinations of the 3 questions are possible?
Analyze Why are there
more permutations than SOLUTION
combinations?
As the order of the questions chosen does not matter, choosing ABC is
the same as ACB, CAB, CBA, BCA, and BAC. So, to find the number of
combinations, list the 24 permutations and then cross out the duplicate sets.
ABC ABD ACB ACD ADB ADC
BAC BAD BCA BCD BDA BDC
CAB CAD CBA CBD CDA CDB
DAB DAC DBA DBC DCA DCB

That leaves 4 combinations of the 3 test questions.

804 Saxon Algebra 1

 In Example 1, there are 6 times as many permutations as combinations. For each
set of 3 letters, there are 3 · 2 · 1 = 6 different ways to order the letters. To find
the number of combinations, nCr , when selecting r out of n items, divide the
number of permutations, nPr , by the number of ways to order r items, r!.
_ n!
nPr (n - r)!
Math Language That is, nCr = ___ =_ =_ n! .
number of ways to order r items r! r!(n - r)!
C is read “n choose r.” So,
n r

4C3 is read, “Four choose Combination Formula

three.”
The number of combinations of n items taken r at a time is

n Cr = _ n! .
r!(n - r)!

Example 2 Finding the Number of Combinations

a. At a restaurant 2 side dishes may be chosen. There are a total of
6 side dish choices. How many combinations are there?
SOLUTION

nCr = _ n! Use the combination formula.

r!(n - r)!

6C2 = _ 6! Substitute n = 6 and r = 2.

2!(6 - 2)!

=_6! Simplify inside parentheses.

2!4!

=_720 = 15 Simplify.
2 · 24
There are 15 ways to choose 2 side dishes.

b. A company delivers fruit to its customers every month. There are

16 different types of fruit. Each customer can choose 12 types of fruit
each year. How many combinations can each customer make?
SOLUTION

Cr = _
n
n! Use the combination formula.
r!(n - r)!

16 C12 = __ 16! Substitute 16 for n and 12 for r.

12!(16 - 12)!

=_16! Simplify inside parentheses.

12!4!

= __
16 · 15 · 14 · 13 · 12! Rewrite 16! as 16 · 15 · 14 · 13 · 12!.
12!4!

= __
16 · 15 · 14 · 13 Cancel 12!.
4!
= 1820 Simplify.
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com There are 1820 ways to choose 12 fruits.

Lesson 118 805

 Example 3 Application: Probability
An animal shelter has 20 dogs. Each month 3 of the dogs are randomly
chosen to be pets-of-the-month on the website.
What is the probability that Jumbo, Fluffy, and Max will be selected?
SOLUTION

Note that the order in which the dogs are chosen does not matter, so it is a
combination.

20C3 = __ 20! Use the formula. Substitute 20 for n and 3 for r.

3!(20 - 3)!

=_20! = 1140 Simplify.

3!17!
Hint There are 1140 ways 3 dogs can be chosen, but only one way that a
Remember, the particular set of 3 dogs, {Jumbo, Fluffy, and Max}, can be chosen. So, the
probability of choosing that set is _
theoretical probability of 1
an event is 1140 .
__# of favorable outcomes
total number of outcomes
Lesson Practice
A teacher selects 2 students from a group of 5 students.
a. How many permutations of the 2 students are possible?
(Ex 1)
b. How many combinations of the 2 students are possible?
(Ex 1)
c. To color a map, each student chooses 4 markers from a box of 8. How
(Ex 2)
many combinations are there?
d. To pick a parent committee for his class, the teacher chooses 9 parents
(Ex 2)
out of the 22 volunteers. How many combinations can the teacher
make?
e. A cook has 18 possible ingredients for soup. He only uses 4 ingredients.
(Ex 3)
What is the probability he will pick beans, corn, rice, and carrots?

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. Photography A photographer wants to take a picture of a group of 4 students

(118)
from a class of 15. How many different pictures could she take?

Calculate each combination.

*2. 11C4 3. 9C7 4. 12C5
(118) (118) (118)

*5. Write Explain the difference between permutations and combinations.

(118)
P
*6. Verify Show that 8C3 = ___ 8 3

number of ways to order 3 items.

.
(118)

806 Saxon Algebra 1

 *7. Multiple Choice Find 5C3.
(118)
A 10 B 12 C 20 D 60

*8. Nutrition Teenage girls need 3 servings of dairy products per day. How many
(118)
combinations can a girl make from 10 different dairy products?

9. Find the LCM of (15x - 10) and (3x - 2).

(57)

*10. Geometry How many straight line segments can be formed by connecting any 2 of
(118)
8 points?

*11. Multi-Step A student chooses 9 stuffed animals to give to a charity. He had a total
(118)
of 25 stuffed animals.
a. How many combinations of 9 animals could be chosen?
b. If one stuffed animal has already been chosen, then what is the probability that
he chooses his 8 favorite animals.
A
25
*12. Find the six trigonometric ratios for ∠A. 7
(117)
C B
24

13. Multi-Step A kite is caught in the top of a 12-foot tree and a string 20 feet B
(117)
long is stretched out to the ground.
20
a. Find the distance along the ground from the base of the tree to the end 12

of the string.
C A
b
b. Find ∠A, the angle the string makes with the ground.

14. Coordinate Geometry A right triangle has coordinate A(2, 1), B(8, 9), and C(8, 1).
(117)
Plot the points and find the measure of acute angle A.

15. If $9200 is borrowed for 3 years at 5% simple interest, how much money will be
(116)
owed after 3 years?

16. Bonds A woman invests $20,000 in a bond that pays 6% interest compounded
(116)
annually. How much interest will she earn in 5 years?

*17. Error Analysis A CD earns 4% interest compounded quarterly. A woman

(116)
deposits $10,000 for 20 years. Two students find the value of her account.
Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
A = 10,000(1 + 0.01)80 A = 10,000(1 + 0.04)20
A = 10,000(1.0180) A = 10,000(1.0420)
A = 22,167.15 A = 21,911.23
$22,167.15 $21,911.23

18. Find _ . 19. Simplify _.

10! 4
(111) 5! (103) √
3-2
2
y=x -5
20. Solve this system by substitution: .
(112) y = 4x

Lesson 118 807

 21. Football A punter kicks a football straight up in the air from 2 feet off the ground
(113)
with an initial velocity of 75 feet per second. Using y = -16t2 + 75t + 2, write an
equation to model the situation and use the discriminant to determine if the ball
will reach a height of 45 feet.

22. Evaluate y = _
√
3
x + 2 for x = 6. Round to the nearest tenth.
(114)

23. Multiple Choice What is the solution to the equation x3 - 27 = 0 ?

(115)
A 3 B 9 C 27 D 0

24. Model What is the equation for the parent function of a cubic equation?
(115)

25. Find the solution of x2 = 45. Round the answer to three decimal places.
(102)

26. Multi-Step Colin is experimenting with a type of cell that multiplies 5 times each day.
(105)
a. On Monday, there are 500 cells. If all cells survive, how many are there on Friday?
b. Approximately one fourth of the cells die off each day. If the cells still multiply
at the same rate, what rule represents a geometric sequence to represent the
number of cells remaining each day?
c. Use the rule to find the number of cells on Friday if there are 500 on Monday.

27. Multi-Step Tickets to a school play are sold to teachers for $3 each and to students
(109)
for $0.50 each. The drama class hopes to earn at least $200 from the ticket sales.
The theater seats 250 people.
a. Write and graph a system of linear inequalities to describe the situation.
b. If 15 teachers buy tickets, is it possible for the drama class to meet their
goal? Explain.

28. Estimate Estimate to the nearest whole number the value of the zeros for the
(110)
equation 2v2 + 20v = 21.

29. Factor completely -88z3 - 2r2z3 - 30rz3.

(79)

30. Radioactive glucose is used in cancer detection. It has a half-life of 100 minutes. How
(Inv 11)
much of a 320 mg sample remains in the body after 10 hours? First determine how
many half-lives there are in a 10-hour period if the half-life is 100 minutes.

808 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Graphing and Comparing Linear, Quadratic,
119 and Exponential Functions

Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The highest or lowest point (turning point) on a parabola is

(89)
called the of the parabola.
2. Find the axis of symmetry for the graph of y = 2x2 + 8x + 2.
(89)

Determine the slope and the y-intercept of each equation.

3. y = 0.5x - 3.5 4. -8x + 2y = 10
(49) (49)

5. Multiple Choice Which is the zero of the function y = x2 + x - 2 ?

(89)
A x=2 B x = -2 C x = -1 D x=3

New Concepts A function family is a set of functions whose graphs have similar characteristics.
A function family can be formed through transformations of one function,
Math Reasoning
called the parent function. Transformations of the parent function can cause
Write In your own the graph of the function to move vertically or horizontally, be stretched or
words, describe a
parent function.
compressed, or be reflected across an axis.
The following chart gives three examples of parent functions, along with the
characteristics of each parent function. Those characteristics can be helpful
in identifying functions within that family.

Exponential
Linear Function Quadratic Function
Function
Parent f (x) = x f (x) = x2 f (x) = b x
Function
y y y

x
Graph

x x

Domain real numbers real numbers real numbers

Range real numbers real numbers ≥ 0 real numbers > 0

Maximum/
none vertex none
Minimum
Online Connection Rate of
constant not constant not constant
www.SaxonMathResources.com Change

Lesson 119 809

 Hint Example 1 Matching Function Families and Graphs
Recall that y = 6x2 and
f(x) = 6x2 describe the
a. Which of the following graphs represents an exponential function?
same function. The form
Graph A Graph B Graph C
that uses f(x) is called
function notation. y y y
4
6 6
2
4 4 x
O
-4 -2 4

x x -2
O O
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-4

SOLUTION

Graph B displays the shape of an exponential function.

b. Use the graph to identify the function family. y

4
SOLUTION
2
This graph has the shape of the quadratic function. O x
It is the graph of f (x) = -x2 + 3. -4 4
-2

-4

c. Use the graph to identify the function family. y

4
SOLUTION
2
This graph has the shape of a linear function. It has O x
a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of 1. It is the graph -4 -2 2 4

of f (x) = 2x + 1. -2

-4

Example 2 Matching Function Families and Tables

Use each table of values to identify the function family.

Math Reasoning a. x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Analyze Is there a f (x) _1 _1 _1 1 3 9 27
maximum number of 27 9 3
functions that can be in a
function family? Explain. SOLUTION

Plot the points on a graph and connect them using y

a smooth curve. From the graph you can tell that 24
the function belongs to the exponential function
16
family. It is a graph of f (x) = 3 x. The values for
f(x) increase more steeply as x increases, so it shows 8
exponential growth. O x
-16 -8 8 16

810 Saxon Algebra 1

 b. x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f (x) 8 3 0 -1 0 3 8

SOLUTION

Plot the points on a graph and connect them using a smooth curve.
y

2
O x
-4 -2 2 4
-2

You can see that this function has a graph similar to the graph of f (x) = x2,
but it is translated down one unit. This function belongs to the quadratic
function family. It is the graph of f (x) = x2 - 1.

c. Identify the table of values that shows a linear function family.

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Table 1
f (x) -9 -4 -1 0 -1 -4 -9

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Table 2
f (x) _1 _1 _1 1 5 25 125
125 25 5

Caution x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Table 3
A constant rate of change f (x) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
does not have to be a
positive number. In the SOLUTION
function f(x) = -3x, the
constant rate of change is For a function to be linear, it must have a constant rate of change. Determine
-3. Each time x increases
by 1, f(x) decreases by 3. which of these tables shows a constant rate of change of f (x) as x increases
by 1.
Table 1: In the first row, f (-3) = -9 and f (-2) = -4, which is a difference
of 5. But the difference between f (-2) and f (-1) is only 3. This is not a
constant rate of change, so the function is not linear.
Table 2: The difference between f (1) and f (2) is 20, but the difference
between f (2) and f (3) is 100, so this function is also not linear.
Table 3: f (-3) = 0 and f (-2) = 2, which is a difference of 2. Each time
x increases by 1, the value of f(x) increases by 2. This is a constant rate of
change.
Table 3 shows a linear function.

Lesson 119 811

 Example 3 Identifying the Function Family from a Description
For each description, state whether the description best fits a linear,
quadratic, or exponential function.

a. The rate of change is always the same. The graph is always decreasing.
SOLUTION

Because the rate of change is always the same, the function is linear.

b. The rate of change is not always the same. The graph is always increasing.
The graph is a curve that gets steeper as the x-values increase.
Math Reasoning SOLUTION
Justify The graph of The rate of change is not always the same, so the function family is not
a function crosses the
x-axis twice. Could the
linear. The graph is always increasing, so it is not quadratic.
function be linear?
Explain.
The function is exponential.

c. The rate of change is not always the same. The graph changes
direction at a minimum point at which y = -1.
SOLUTION

The rate of change is not constant, so the function family is not linear. It
has a minimum point at which y = -1 where the graph changes direction,
so it is quadratic.

d. The graph is always decreasing. The graph is a curve that gets less
steep as the x-values increase.
SOLUTION

The graph is always decreasing, so it is not quadratic.

The graph is a curve that gets less steep as x increases, so it is exponential.

Linear, quadratic, and exponential functions can be used to model real-world

situations.
Linear models apply to situations with a constant rate of change. An example
of a function with a positive rate of change is the distance traveled by a train
that travels at a constant speed. An example of a function with a negative rate
of change is the amount of water left in a bucket with a constant leak.
Quadratic models may apply in situations with a maximum or minimum value
because the graph of a quadratic function changes direction at the vertex. For
example, if a ball is thrown up in the air, its height at time t is modeled by a
quadratic function.
Exponential models can be used for situations where values are always
increasing or always decreasing, but not at a constant rate. Examples of
exponential situations are population growth and radioactive decay.

812 Saxon Algebra 1

 Example 4 Identifying an Appropriate Model
Identify the appropriate model for each of the following situations.

a. the height of a ball thrown upward from an initial height of 5 feet

SOLUTION

When a ball is thrown upward, it goes up for a short time and then changes
direction and comes down again. Its height has a maximum value. Therefore,
a quadratic function models this situation.

Math Reasoning b. the cost of a tank of gas when gas costs $3.25 per gallon
Formulate Write a SOLUTION
function that could be
used to find the cost of The cost of gas is a constant rate. For every additional gallon, the price of
gas in Example 4b. the tank of gas increases by $3.25. Therefore, a linear function models this
situation.

c. the number of bacteria cells in a laboratory dish when each cell divides
into two cells every day
SOLUTION

Imagine the first day there was only one cell in the dish. The next day, there
would be 2 cells, and the following day, 4 cells. The number of cells doubles
every day, so it is not a constant rate of change but an increasing rate of
change. Therefore, an exponential function models this situation.

Lesson Practice
Identify the function family represented by each graph.
(Ex 1)

a. y b. y c. y
4 x
O
6
-4 -2 2 4

x 4
O
-4 2 4
-4
-2
O x
-6
-4 -4 -2 2 4

Use the table of values to identify the function family.

(Ex 2)

d. x -2 -1 0 1 2
f (x) 4 7 10 13 16

e.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
f (x) 4 2 0 2 4

Tell whether the function family is linear, quadratic, or exponential.

(Ex 3)
f. The graph is always increasing with a constant rate.
g. The graph changes direction at a maximum of 3.
h. The graph is always increasing and it gets steeper as x increases.
Lesson 119 813
 Identify the appropriate model for each of the following situations.
(Ex 4)
i. the height of an arrow that is shot upwards from the edge of
a cliff
j. the number of radioactive particles remaining in a sample when, at the
end of each hour, the number of radioactive particles is half of what it
was at the beginning of the hour
k. the amount of money you can earn babysitting when you charge
$5 per hour of babysitting

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. Error Analysis Students were asked to write an equation that has a quadratic
(119)
parent function. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
f (x) = 2(x - 1)2 - 4 f (x) = 2x + 5

*2. Identify the function family.

(119)
y

O x
-4 -2 2 4

*3. Identify the function family.

(119)
y

2
x
-2 2 4
-2

-4

*4. Write How can a parent function be used to graph a family of functions?
(119)

*5. Interior Decorating A type of carpet sells for $12 per square foot. Installation is an
(119)
additional $500. A function can be written to determine the price for installing
carpet in a square room with floor x feet in length. Identify the function family
and the parent function.

814 Saxon Algebra 1

 6. Error Analysis Two students find 18C5. Which student is correct? Explain the error.
(118)

Student A Student B

18C5 = _ 18!
18C5 = _ 18!
5!(18 - 5)! (18 - 5)!
= 8568 = 1,028,160

*7. Multi-Step A restaurant charges $16 for a large pizza plus $1.50 per topping.
(119)
a. Which type of function best describes the cost of a pizza?
b. Write a function that describes the cost of a pizza with x toppings.

8. Jewelry A jewelry store sells necklaces for the cost of the chain plus the cost of the
(119)
beads. Chains cost $20 each, and beads cost $7.50 each. To which function family
does the equation that describes the cost of a necklace with x beads belong?

*9. Multiple Choice Which of the following describes the graph of y = 5 x ?

(119)
A quadratic B linear C exponential D none of these

*10. Geometry A triangle has base b and height b - 4. If its area is written as a function,
(119)
to which function family does the function belong?

11. Identify the function family to which y = 2 - 1100x belongs.

(119)

*12. Write A fair coin is flipped many times in a row. xThe probability of all flips
(119)
resulting in heads is given by P(all heads) = _12 , where x is the number of flips.
()
What type of function is this?

13. Multi-Step A teacher randomly selects 4 helpers from her class of 22.
(118)
a. How many ways can 4 helpers be selected?
b. What is the probability that Shawn, Tonia, Torie, and Reid are all chosen?

*14. If ∠A = 14°, find sin A, cos A, and tan A to the nearest ten-thousandth.
(117)

15. Error Analysis Two students are finding the value of x in the figure. Which student A
(117)
is correct? Explain the error. 21 63°
x

Student A Student B B C

sin 63° = _x cos 63° = _x

21 21
21 · sin 63° = x 21 · cos 63° = x
18.71 ≈ x 9.53 ≈ x

*16. Aviation An airplane begins making its descent at an

(117)
angle of 11° with the horizontal. If the plane is at
11°
an altitude of 8000 feet and will remain at this 8000
x
angle throughout its descent, how far away is the plane
from its landing point?

Lesson 119 815

 y = x2 - 2
17. Solve this system by graphing:
(112) y = 2x - 5

18. Use the discriminant to find the number of real solutions of the equation
(113)
9x2 - 24x + 16 = 0.

19. Business A baseball-card seller models the costs for attending a sale as the
(114)
function y = $250 + $0.25 √
n + 30 . In this function, n represents the number
of cards sold and 30 is the number of cards given out free as prizes. What is
the domain of the function? Explain.

20. Graph the cubic function y = x3 - 2. Use the graph to evaluate the equation
(115)
for x = 0.

21. Verify Show that a $500 investment earning 6% interest compounded annually
(116)
for 3 years will earn more than earning 6% simple interest for 3 years.

22. Multiple Choice $1000 is invested in an account paying 5% interest compounded

(116)
quarterly. What is the value of the account after 20 years?
A $1282.04 B $2000 C $2653.30 D $2701.48

24. Simplify _.
6
23. Find 8C3.
(118) (103) √
7 - 3 √
5
25. Solve -2m2 - 12m = 10 by completing the square.
(104)

26. Multi-Step The expression - √

x - 4 , where x is the time in seconds, represents
(106)
the change in temperature as water cools when ice cubes are placed in a glass
of water.
a. For what value of x is the temperature change equal to -4 ?
b. What must be done to isolate the radical when solving for x?
c. Graph the radical equation y = - √
x - 4.

27. Identify the function family to which y = 100 (-3x) belongs.

(119)

28. Write Explain why you would not use the quadratic formula for the equation
(110)
x2 - x - 2 = 0 ?

29. Verify Use the formula for permutations to verify that 6P2 = 30.
(111)

30. Given the function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, describe the general shapes of the graphs
(Inv 10)
of f (x) when:
a. a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0;
b. a = 0 and b ≠ 0;
c. a ≠ 0 and b = 0;
d. a = 0 and b = 0.

816 Saxon Algebra 1

LESSON Using Geometric Formulas to Find the
120 Probability of an Event

Warm Up 1. Vocabulary In probability, the set of all outcomes that are not in an event
(14)
is the (complement, converse) of that event.
2. If the probability of an event happening is _ what is the probability of the
3
(14) 4
complement of the event happening?
3. What is the probability of tossing a number cube and getting a number
(14)
greater than 4?
4. Find the area of a rectangle with length of 25 inches and width of
(16)
5 inches.
5. Find the area of a circle with a radius of 2 inches. Use 3.14 for π.
(16)

New Concepts In Lesson 14, you learned that the theorectical probability of an event is the
ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of outcomes. The
same definition applies to geometric probability when working with the area of
geometric shapes.

Example 1 Finding Geometric Probability with Rectangles

A rectangular vegetable garden is 10 feet by 15 feet. Tomatoes are planted
in a rectangular area that is 3 feet by 12 feet. A bird lands in the garden.
What is the probability that it lands in the tomato area?
15 feet

10 feet 12 feet
Tomatoes
3 feet

Hint SOLUTION
The favorable outcome is
the area with tomatoes.
__
favorable outcomes __
= area with tomatoes
The area of the entire
total outcomes area of entire garden
garden represents all
possible outcomes. =_
3 · 12 Use A = l · w to find the
10 · 15
area of each figure.

=_36 Multiply.
150

=_6 Simplify.
25
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com The probability of a bird landing in the area with tomatoes is _6
25
.

Lesson 120 817

 Example 2 Finding Geometric Probability with Circles
A target is made of two concentric circles. The outer circle
has a radius of 12 inches. The inner circle has a radius of
4 in
4 inches. What is the probability that a dart will land in the
inner circle? 12 in
Hint
When finding the ratio SOLUTION
of the areas of two
circles, leave the areas __
favorable outcomes __
= shaded area
in terms of π to make total outcomes entire area
simplification easier.
π(4)2
= _2 Use A = π r 2 to find the areas.
π(12)

=_16π = _
1 Simplify.
144π 9

The probability that a dart will land in the inner circle is _19 .

Recall that the formula for the complement of an event is:

1 - P(A) = P(not A)

Example 3 Finding the Probability of the Complement

Math Language a. A town is represented by a circle with a 5 miles

diameter of 50 miles. There is a square park
The complement of an
event is all the outcomes with side length 5 miles located within the Park
50 miles
in the sample space that town. What is the probability that a raindrop
are not included in the
event.
would land in the town, but not the park?
SOLUTION

Find the probability of the complement of the raindrop landing in the park.
P(not landing in the park) = 1 - P(landing in the park)
area of park
= 1 - __
area of town

=1-_
2
5 Use the area formulas.
π(25)2

=1-_25 Simplify the powers.

625π
≈ 0.99 Subtract.

The probability of a raindrop landing in the town but not the park is 99%.

b. A carnival game has the player release an air-filled

balloon towards a square wall. In the middle of the 3.5 ft.
wall is a triangular target. What is the probability
that the balloon will not hit the target?
4 ft.

7 ft.

818 Saxon Algebra 1

 SOLUTION

Find the probability of the complement of the balloon hitting the target.
P(not hitting the target) = 1 - P(hitting the target)
area of the triangle
= 1 - __
area of square wall
_1 · 4 · 3.5
=1-_2 Use the area formulas.
72

=1-_
7 Multiply and square 7.
49

=1-_
1 Simplify the fraction.
7

=_
6 Subtract.
7

The probability of not hitting the target is _67 .

Example 4 Application: Zoning

Math Reasoning A new school is being built. All students live

within a 4-mile radius of the school, and homes school bus
Analyze When
calculating with the area
are evenly distributed throughout the area.
of circles, why are some Planners think that students who live within _
1 mile walk 2 miles
answers exact and some 2
0.5 mile of the school would walk to school.
approximate?
Students who live between 0.5 and 2 miles would
4 miles
ride a bike, a city bus, or a private car to school.
Students who live between 2 and 4 miles from
bike, city bus, car
the school would ride the school bus. What is the
probability of a student not walking to school?
SOLUTION

Find the complement of a student walking to school.

P(not walking to school) = 1 - P(walking to school)
area of walking circle
= 1 - __
total area
π (0.5)2
=1-_ Use the area formulas.
π (4)2

=1-_
0.25π Simplify the powers.
16π

=1-_1 Simplify the fraction.

64

=_
63 Subtract.
64

The probability of not walking to school is _

63
64
.

Lesson 120 819

 Lesson Practice
a. A rectangular swimming pool is 15 feet by 30 feet
(Ex 1)
30 feet. A raft in the pool is 2 feet by 3 feet.
A beach ball is thrown randomly into the 15 feet 2 feet
3 feet
pool. What is the probability that the ball
hits the raft?
b. A child’s crown is made by cutting the 6-inch 10 inches
(Ex 2)
center out of a 10-inch paper plate. The plate is
then decorated by sprinkling it with glitter. What
is the probability that a piece of glitter misses the
crown?

6 inches

c. A round piece of cardboard with radius 4 inches

(Ex 3)
is used to make a mask. A two-inch square hole 4 inches
is cut for a mouth piece. If a piece of popcorn is
tossed at the mask, what is the probability that it
will miss the mouth hole?
2 inches

d. A rectangular yard is 10 feet by 15 feet. Tulips

(Ex 3) 6 feet
are planted in a triangular area that has a
10 feet
5-foot base and a height of 6 feet. A bird lands
in the yard. What is the probability that it does 5 feet
15 feet
not land in the tulip garden?
e. Puzzles A rug in the kindergarten class has 8 ft
(Ex 4)
various shapes on it. One student steps onto 2 ft

the rug. What is the probability that he is not 2 ft

6 ft
standing on the square? 1 ft 2 ft

2 ft

Practice Distributed and Integrated

*1. Find the probability of landing in the shaded area.

(120)
8 in.

8 in.
6 in.

5 in.

2. Write Explain what geometric probability is.

(120)

820 Saxon Algebra 1

 3. Generalize A system of equations consists of a quadratic and a linear equation. If
(112)
the graphs of the two equations do not intersect, what can you conclude about the
solution to the system?

*4. Verify Show that the probability of landing in the shaded region is _12 .
(120)
8 inches

8 inches

5. Find 7C2
(118)

6. Manufacturing A number cube is made with side lengths of 5 centimeters.

(115)
Use the function V = s3 to find the volume of plastic that is contained in the
number cube.

*7. Multiple Choice A parachutist will land in a rectangular field with a circular landing
(120)
area as her target. What is the probability that she will land on target?
45 yd

15 yd
56 yd

A ≈ 0.09 B ≈ 0.28 C ≈ 0.72 D ≈ 0.92

8. Jewelry To make a friendship bracelet, 8 beads are used. How many different
(118)
combinations of beads could be on the bracelet if there are 20 different beads?

*9. Puzzles A children’s stacking puzzle teaches shapes. A child randomly points to the
(120)
puzzle. What is the probability that the child’s finger lands on the shaded part of
the square?

6 in.

5 in.
8 in.

4 in.

10. Model Draw right ΔABC with right angle C so that sin A = _35 and cos A = _45 .
(117)

11. What is the domain of f(x) = 3 √x

 - 5?
(114)

12. Find the 4th term in the geometric series that has a common ratio of -1.1 and a
(105)
first term of 7.

Lesson 120 821

*13. Baking After rolling the dough into a 9-inch by 12-inch rectangle, a boy cuts as
(120)
many biscuits with a 3-inch diameter as possible. His little sister comes and touches
the dough. What is the probability that she did not touch a biscuit?

*14. Error Analysis Two students find the probability of landing in the shaded region. 13 in.
(120)
Which student is correct? Explain the error.
10 in.

Student A Student B

A=_ 1 (10)(7) = 35 A=_ 1 (10)(7) = 35 7 in.

2 2
A = 132 = 169 A = 132 = 169
P(shaded) = _35 P(shaded) = 1 - _35 = _
134
169 169 169

*15. Justify Find the probability of landing in the shaded region and explain your steps. 7 cm.
(120)

6 cm.

*16. Geometry A spinner is divided into equal sectors. The red sector is 120°. What is the
(120)
probability of not landing on a red sector?

17. Find the probability of landing in the shaded square.

(120)
4 in.
8 in.

15 in.

*18. Multi-Step A game uses a large square game board that is divided into congruent
(120)
smaller squares. The probability of landing on one of those smaller squares is _14 .
Each of the smaller squares has area 49 square millimeters.
a. What is the probability of not landing on that square the next time?
b. What is the area of the larger square?

19. Error Analysis Students were asked to sketch an example of a linear function. Which
(119)
student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
y y

6 2
O x
4
-4 2 4
2
x
-4
-4 -2 2

822 Saxon Algebra 1

*20. Multi-Step The graph shows the height in feet, h, of a y
(119)
tennis ball hit into the air with initial velocity of 30 feet 12
per second at time t seconds.
8
a. What type of function is this? How do you know?
b. Use the graph to approximate the maximum height 4

that the ball reaches. Round to the nearest foot. O x

-2 -1 1

21. Identify the function family: y = 4x2 + 2.

(119)

22. Error Analysis Two students are asked to list all the possible combinations choosing
(118)
2 letters from A, B, and C. Which student is correct? Explain the error.

Student A Student B
AB, AC, BC AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB

23. Use the discriminant of the equation -x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 to find the number of real
(113)
solutions.

24. Find the probability of a randomly tossed dart landing in 11 in.

(120)
the shaded area.
4 in.

25. An investment of $2600 is made for 7 years at 8% simple interest. How much will
(116)
be in the account after 7 years?

26. Multi-Step Graph the function f(x) = ⎢x + 2, then translate the function up by 3.
(107)
What function does this graph now represent?

27. Multiple Choice Find ∠A if cos A = _57 .

(117)
A 44.4° B 45.6° C 0.71° D 1.00°

28. Solve 3x2 + 9x = 5.25 by completing the square.

(104)

29. Find the probability of a randomly tossed bean bag not landing in 2 in.
(120)
the shaded area. 10 in.

30. Multi-Step To work a word jumble the letters P, S, A, C, M, and H need to be

(111)
unscrambled.
a. How many different arrangements of the letters are possible?
b. What is the probability of writing the word CHAMPS on the first try if each
letter is equally likely to be chosen?

Lesson 120 823

 L AB

11 Matrix Operations
Graphing Calculator Lab (Use with Investigation 12)

You can enter and store one or more matrices in a graphing calculator.
Then you can use the calculator to perform matrix operations such as
addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication.
⎡4 -6⎤ ⎡ 7⎤
Let A = ⎢  and B = ⎢-3 . Use a graphing calculator to find
⎣2 3⎦ ⎣ 5 -9⎦
A + B, A - B, and 2A.

1. Press to highlight the EDIT

menu.

2. Select 1: [A].

3. Matrix A has two rows and two columns.

Press 2 2 .

4. Enter each element of matrix A, starting with

the element in the first row, first column.
Press 4 6 2 3 .

5. Press to highlight the EDIT

menu.

6. Select 2: [B].

7. Matrix B has two rows and two columns.

Press 2 2 .

8. Enter each element of matrix B, starting with

the element in the first row, first column. Press
after keying in each value.

9. Press to return to the home screen.

10. Find the sum of A + B.

Press 1 2 .
⎡1 1⎤
The sum is A + B = ⎢ .
⎣7 -6⎦

824 Saxon Algebra 1

11. Find the difference of A - B.
Press 1 2
.
⎡ 7 -13⎤
The difference is A - B = ⎢ .
⎣-3 12⎦
12. Find 2A.
Press 2 1 .
⎡8 -12⎤
So, 2A = ⎢ .
⎣4 6⎦

Lab Practice

⎡ 3 2 4⎤ ⎡ 8 -3⎤
Let A = ⎢  and B = ⎢2 . Use a graphing calculator
⎣-1 4 0⎦ ⎣5 -9 2⎦
to find each value.
a. A + B,

b. A - B

c. 3B

d. B - A

e. -2A

Lab 11 825
 INVESTIGATION

12 Investigating Matrices

The table shows the price of tickets sold at a local movie theater.

Materials Type Matinee Regular

• graph paper
Child $5 $7
• graphing calculator
Student $6 $8
Adult $9 $11

Use a matrix to organize data, such as the price of movie tickets. A matrix
is a rectangular array of numbers in horizontal rows and vertical columns.
Each number in a matrix is called an element. An element is any individual
object or member belonging to a set.

Below is a matrix for the ticket prices.

⎡5 7⎤
⎢6 8
⎣9 11⎦

Notice that the entries in the table above correspond to the elements in the
matrix.

Fundraiser The table below shows the number of items sold during the first
day of a school fundraiser.
Items Sold on First Day
Item Medium Large
T-shirts 10 7
Hats 3 2
Sweatshirts 4 9

1. Model Use the data in the table to create a matrix that represents the
situation.
2. Explain how to use the matrix to calculate the total number of
sweatshirts sold during the first day of the fundraiser. How many
sweatshirts were sold?
The dimensions of a matrix with m rows and n columns are m × n. Each
element has a specific position in the matrix that is relative to its row and
column.
Complete the statements. Refer to the matrix of the number of items sold
during the school fundraiser’s first day.

3. The matrix has rows and columns.

Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com 4. The dimensions of the matrix are .

826 Saxon Algebra 1

 5. The element in the third row, second column is .
6. Describe the dimensions of a matrix representing data about a school
fundraiser with five types of items available in four different sizes.
Since matrices are a method of organizing information, sometimes they are
Caution
added or subtracted to get new information. Matrices that have the same
Matrices can be added
or subtracted only if they
dimensions can be added subtracted.
have the same number The table shows the number of items sold during the second day of the
of rows and the same
number of columns. fundraiser.
Items Sold on Second Day
Item Medium Large
T-shirts 8 3
Hats 1 5
Sweatshirts 4 7

7. Generalize Explain how to find the total number of large hats sold
Graphing during the first two days of the fundraiser.
Calculator Tip 8. Formulate Explain how to use matrices to find the total number of large
For help with adding hats sold during the first two days of the fundraiser.
matrices, see the
Graphing Calculator 9. Use matrices to model the sum of the items sold during the first two
Lab 11 on page 824. days. Then add the matrices using a graphing calculator.
10. Find the difference between the two matrices. How many more
medium hats were sold on the first day than on the second day?
Matrix addition also has a geometric application.

Exploration Using Matrix Addition to Transform Geometric Figures

11. Complete the following table by finding the y
4
coordinates of the vertices of ABC.
A
2
Point A Point B Point C O x
-4 2 4
x-coordinate -1 -2 B -2
C
y-coordinate -1 -2
-4

12. Use the data in the table to create matrix A.

⎡3 3 3⎤
13. Using a graphing calculator find the sum A + B, when B = ⎢ .
⎣2 2 2⎦
14. Use the elements of A + B as the coordinates of the vertices of A' B' C'.
Plot the vertices of A' B' C' to create a graph of the triangle.
15. Write Describe the relationship between ABC and A' B' C'.
16. What matrix would translate ABC one unit to the left and three units
down?

Investigation 12 827
 17. What matrix was used to translate ABC to A'B'C' using matrix
addition?
y
A´
B´
A
B
x
C´

You can also transform a geometric figure through scalar multiplication.

Scalar multiplication multiplies a matrix A by a scalar c. To find the
resulting matrix cA, multiply each element of A by c.

Exploration Using Scalar Multiplication to Transform

Geometric Figures
18. Predict Use matrix A from the previous Exploration. What would be
the effect of multiplying each element in matrix A by 2?
19. Find the matrix 2A using a graphing calculator.
20. Use the elements of 2A as the coordinates of the vertices of A'' B'' C''.
Plot the vertices of A'' B'' C'' to create a graph of the triangle.
21. Write Describe the relationship between ABC and A'' B'' C''.
22. What matrix would create a triangle one-fourth the size of ABC ?
23. Describe the relationship between ABC and A'B'C'.
y
x

A B
C
A´ B´

C´

828 Saxon Algebra 1

Investigation Practice

The first table shows how much money Abram and two friends earned doing
chores last summer. The second table shows how much money they made this
summer.
Money Earned Last Summer
Mowing Lawns Washing Cars Babysitting
Abram $15 $55 $0
Paul $75 $10 $30
Leila $20 $40 $35

Money Earned This Summer

Mowing Lawns Washing Cars Babysitting
Abram $25 $60 $10
Paul $85 $20 $35
Leila $30 $60 $40

a. How can matrices be used to calculate how much more money each person
made during the second summer?

b. Use a matrix operation to display the additional money each person made
during the second summer. How much more money did Paul make during the
second summer than the first? y
A 4
D
c. Use scalar multiplication to find the vertices of a
2
quadrilateral whose area is one-fourth of the quadrilateral x
O
shown. -2 2 4
B -2
C
-4

Investigation 12 829