Article Review

KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Article review
SCF for composite material
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Aman Dong Tamang Mr. Ranjit Shrestha, PhD
ME-II Hydropower Lecturer
2022/07/21
Experimental, analytical, and finite element study of stress concentration factors for composite
materials:
The digital image correlation method is utilized in an innovative way to evaluate the stress
concentration around a hole.
This technology has the potential to provide a faster and less expensive testing method. The
effect of the hole diameter to width ratio (a/w ratio) on gross and net stress concentration
characteristics in the vicinity of the hole is investigated. Damage at the hole edge, excessive
stress concentration, and delamination at the hole's entry and exit were seen when holes were
drilled in composite materials. To establish the source of this harm, many analytical formulae
have been devised. Perforations had a significantly more complex influence on laminate behavior
than they did on a lamina or a plate.
Bin and Hwai-Chung used a numerical method.
They recognized two types of SCF: net and gross. Mittal and Jain investigated the effect of hole
diameter on the gross SCF in laminated composites (orthotropic behavior) and isotropic
specimens under various transverse loading conditions in laminated composites (orthotropic
behavior). No interferometry approaches, such as the grid method pioneered by Mathias et al.
and Sutton's digital image correlation (DIC), have grown in popularity in recent years.
DIC was used to successfully capture the stacking sequence effect in composites made with an
epoxy matrix reinforced with natural fibers.
The plate is made of 1245 woven ply laminates (CFRP) with a total thickness of 2 mm. In the
center of the panel, a diamond drill is utilized to drill a circular hole. The specimens were made
by gluing together the ends of glass fiber/epoxy laminate legs. According to ASTM standard D-
3039, tensile tests are performed to measure the material properties of carbon/epoxy composite
laminates at room temperature. The in-plane Young's modulus in the longitudinal (Exx) and
transverse (Eyy) directions is calculated using the initial slope of the stress-strain curve.
The mechanical characteristics of steel are shown in Table 2.
A DIC camera and a 50 kN EZ20 servo-hydraulic machine are used in the experiment. To achieve
consistent illumination of the specimen surface, a light source (30 watt capacity) is kept on the
side of the camera and positioned towards the test. The camera is connected to a laptop
workstation, and Icasoft software is used to take five photographs per second. Two sets of tests
1
(composite and steel plates) were done at room temperature with the same plate size, similar
loading rate, and different hole diameters (Figure 4).
In the case of steel, the crack grows perpendicular to the loading direction and remains at the
edge of the hole; however, in composite materials, the crack grows around the hole but the
orientation of the crack follows the direction of the fiber. In an experimental inquiry, we may
analyze the stress as a function of strain for the composite and steel plate with varied hole
diameters (Figures 6 and 7). It may be determined that the hole size has a significant impact on
the tensile strength of the plate. That is, as the hole size grows, so does the tensile strength.
Figure 8 displays the evolution of tensile strength as a function of hole diameter for CFRP and
steel materials. DIC is a full field optical strain measurement technique that determines the optical
flow between the loaded and unloaded states of a specimen. It works by detecting the same
locations in two successive photos of a material specimen at various levels of deformation
(reference and distorted image). The primary assumption of DIC, as shown in Figure 11, is to
seek the best correlation between small square zones within ROI over the specimen surface in
deformed and undeformed states.
In the loading directions, the DIC method tracks deformation via pixel comparison of the original
and distorted images on the surface of a specimen. DIC speckle patterns are frequently
generated by spray painting random gray scale patterns. The DIC method is used in real time to
visualize deformation processes and estimate their numerical values. The local stresses of the
hole are then calculated using image correlation with a DIC camera at each site around it and at
the geometric discontinuity level. Using a DIC camera and finite element analysis (FEA), the
evolution of the strain field along the y-axis flowing through the hole can then be monitored (Figure
15).
Using the equation, K1t = 3 for our infinite steel plate (3)
As the hole size ratio (a/w) increases, so does the Ktg of finite steel plate.
It was revealed that the DIC camera results for the net SCF Ktn are highly consistent with the
finite element results and the literature values.
In a steel specimen, plastic deformation can occur around the hole edge of a big hole (a/w).
As the hole moves closer to the plate's edges, the gross SCF Ktg of our infinite composite plate
increases. Steel materials have a shorter transition length than composite materials.
2
The results reveal that stress concentration generated by a geometrical discontinuity has a
significant impact on composite and steel materials. Furthermore, we can see that the evolution
of net and gross SCFs follows comparable trends for steel and composite materials, even though
the transition period for composite materials is longer than that for steel.
For isotropic materials, the DIC camera output is virtually identical to the FE output.
In contrast, the DIC method results for orthotropic materials are not very consistent with the FEM
and literature values, showing that the composite material is anisotropic.
The current work has shown that DIC offers the potential for on-line monitoring of SCF for both
composite and steel materials. This technique is demonstrated to be an efficient and
straightforward way for investigating potential damage surrounding discontinuities, meaning that
the DIC method can make an educated approximation on the SCF to the hole boundary.

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KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCF for composite material

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