or things needed, what are the things that

should be done or resolve immediately, and

SPIRITUAL SELF
what are those that they can delay without
- William James’ take on spiritual self which is grave repercussions
included on the other empirical selves is
defined as the innermost workings of the ● The establishment of a person’s notion of what is
person's mind, the behavior, beliefs and even good, as well as, their ability to not only be able to
moral that involves every aspect of the human stand on what they think is the right thing to do
as a person but to be able to make life decisions based on
- Considering the will of the person, how they such beliefs is what William James consider as
distinguish between right and wrong, and also the manifestation of a person’s spiritual self
one’s intellect are some of the manifestation
of the spiritual self of a person
James (1890) In the Philippines
- People will find more satisfaction in having - Our country is known to have a culture that
been able to show of the spiritual self like their values the teachings of religion, where our
intelligence, to have their wishes be done, notion of right and wrong is based on the
and to act upon their conscience than to count teachings of the church or any religion that
of show their possession the people are following
- Spiritual self is “the most enduring and - Having such guide, it is of their own beliefs to
intimate part of the self” the teachings of their religion, this will enable
one to be able to understand further who they
are, what they want to do, and what are the
things that they can and cannot do based on
the acceptable behaviors that are being
taught in one’s religious orientation

● People will act according to how they feel, what

they believe in, and what they want to do or
happen, but having the inability to understand
that there may be some difference on how others
MANIFESTATIONS OF THE SPIRITUAL SELF perceive and conflict may arise

1. Person’s Will ● William also posits that if the one’s beliefs,

- One’s wishes; things that we want to see and abilities, as well as, emotions are being
achieve in or lives criticized–a person may feel that they are being
2. Intelligence & Abilities questioned as a whole, which will result to a
- Perceived strengths of a person, the things negative reaction
that they have confidence in doing and
believe to have a certain level of mastery E.g. People tend to criticize other people that are
3. Morals different from them (religion, gender, race, etc.),
- Definition of what is right and wrong, these criticisms may elevate to bigger problems such
distinguishing the things that are acceptable as discrimination or division of groups
for a person, the society, and at the same - But if we think carefully, we cannot expect
time the determination of the possible effects others to believe what we believe in, one
of their actions to themselves, their cannot expect others to have the skills that
environment, and other people they have, and an individual cannot expect
4. Values others to be able to think exactly like him,
- Person’s ability to distinguish what is then we will have an easier time to create an
important and what is not environment that promotes the individuality of
- With one’s values system, a person may be every members of the society
able to prioritize what they think are the tasks
 The Practice of Religion: Belief in Supernatural Supernatural Around you all of the
Being & Power time, especially in
Religion non-industrialized
societies; in a lot of
- Refers to beliefs and behaviors related to
cultures, health, wealth
supernatural beings and powers & daily things are
- Also differs from spirituality, which a concern related to supernatural
with the sacred in an individual manner

Worldview Functions of Religion

- Is broader than religion A. Cognitive Function
- Refers to the collective body of ideas that - Enabling humans to explain the unexplainable
members of a culture generally share phenomena
concerning the ultimate shape and substance B. Emotional Function
of their reality - Helping individuals to cope up with anxieties
that often accompany illness, accidents, death
● All cultures have religion, spirituality, a worldview, and other misfortunes
and magic (Haviland, 2007) C. Social Function
- Social control, conflicts resolution, and
Difference between Religion & Spirituality building group solidarity

Concept of “Dunga” – Spirit / Soul

Religion Spirituality
Soul / Spirit of a person has 2 dimensions
An organized system of Concerned with the a. Human body
ideas about spiritual sacred, as distinguished b. Spiritual
reality, or the from material matters;
Soul
supernatural, along with often individual rather
associated beliefs, & than collective & does - Referred toas kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or
ceremonial practices not require a distinctive dungan by the Ilonggos comes from the root
(Haviland, 2007) format or traditional word duwa, two
organization Dungan
(Haviland, 2007) - Not seen by the human eye
- Takes on a different form
- It ca be in a form of an insect or a small
Myth, Rituals, & Supernatural
animal such as lizard
- Bisayans: believe that dungan leaves the
Religion Sacred narrative that body while the person is asleep
explains the - Traveling Dungan outside the body must be
fundamentals of human free from accidents, such as getting trapped
existence–where we & in a jar
everything in our world - Also connoted as “willpower”
came from why we are
here, and where we are
going ● Only when the soul has safely reunited with the
body, the person will be awake
Rituals Culturally prescribed ● If a person has a strong willpower, it is said to
symbolic act or have a strong dungan (Magos, 1986)
procedure designed to
guide members of a
community in an orderly
way through personal &
collective transitions;
Calendric & Crisis
 Psychological Man’s key motivation is
the search for meaning

Philosophical Life has unconditional

meaning, regardless of
the circumstances or
situation

His life in the

concentration camp,
Franki writes that he
found meaning that
helped strengthen his
Finding & Creating Meaning in Life will to survive
Viktor Franki
- Originator of Logotherapy
- Indicates how his involvement in quest for the
significance of life in a Nazi death camp
changed his viewpoint of the world
- States that we can’t abstain from affliction, yet
we can pink how to manage it, and discover
significance in it
- His hypothesis question the thoughts of
Freud, who trusted the significance of life was
to seek after joy
- He trusted that the motivation behind life
isolates the person from creatures, as well as,
enables us to survive troublesome
circumstance
- The reason forever isn’t identified with the
quest for delight, however to finding what you
adore and living with significance
- For Franki, man cannot avoid suffering but
can find meaning from it

His theory holds 3 primary human capabilities called

as Noological Possibilities
a. Self detachment
b. Self-transcendence
c. Ability to “spiritually be in touch” with something
or someone independent of spatio-temporal
dimensions

3 Postulates to complete the three capabilities

Anthropological “Man does not simply
exist, but always
decides what his
existence will be, what
he will become in the
next moment”

Man: ultimately
self-determining
 - Confrontative Surface Value (bahala na, sama
Developing a Filipino Identity: Values, Traits,
/ lakas ng loob, pakikibaka)
Community & Institutional Factors - Pivotal Interpersonal Value
(kagandahang-loob)
- Collective action, shared vision, means of
- Associated with Societal Value (karangalan,
sustainable future and the link to generation
katarungan, kalayaan)
has be crucial in the construction of identity
and sense of belonging in the democratic
B. Institutional Factors
standpoint
- Family
- Socio psychological perspective, citizenship
- Church
or being a Filipino serves as a cognitive and
- School
motivational basis for one's beliefs and
- Media
behavior
- Government
- Enhancing the practice of citizenship and
- Non-government
democracy is crucial to the awareness and
- People’s organization
understanding of self and community

C. Macro-Factors at the Societal

3 Major Concerns in Building an Identity - Immediate community with which one readily
- The level of individual, community, and identifies one’s self
institution are primary factors that come into - Less intimate grouping of which one is a
play in the building an identity member
At the same time, it is essential to consider the
following concerns in building an identity Establishing a Democratic Culture
1. Instrumental
- Sense of community and public good and
- An individual act in accordance with rules and
empowerment of people are central questions
identities consistent with supportive of
to consider in the development of democracy
democratic process
agenda
2. Morals
- Values and belief embody and reinforce
Diokno (1999)
democratic principles
- In her article Becoming a Filipino Citizen,
3. Transformative
Perspective on Citizenship and Democracy,
- Includes process of self-reflection and
the agenda was crafted in September 1996
redefinition of individuals, institutions, and
conference in which perceptions of citizenship
communities
and democracy from different standpoints
were discussed

March & Olsen’s Framework of Democratic

Political Development
- Building institutions that civilize expression of
solidarity and confrontation of conflict among
identities
- Forming specific identities (character, habits
of thought, sense of reality, & codes of
conduct) that fit into and support a democratic
political order
Aspects in Developing Filipino Identity - Sense of solidarity that connects the
A. Individuals Attitudes & Traits individual to a broad political community of
- Dualism of Filipino traits (negative and others and organize others and organizes
positive) other belongings in a way that enriches the
- Colonial / Accommodative Surface Value community
(hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama)
Przewroski’s Concept of Effective Citizenship
- Official conduct in accordance with the law
- A judicial system applied equally to all
- Social conditions for the exercise of citizen’s
rights

Based on the following frameworks, the democratic

agenda was crafted
1. Improve the political and social environment
and reduce poverty through structural reforms
in order to foster a sense of community and
enable citizens to exercise their rights and fulfill
their obligations
2. Continually re-examine societal institutions
responsible for value formation so that they can
inculcate, rather than indoctrinate, democratic
citizenship values
3. Incorporate cross-cultural activities in public and
private sector programs, including those of
schools, churches, NGOs and POs, so as to
recognize ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity
in the country and encourage the sharing of
experiences
4. Further promote the use of Filipino and
Philippine languages in all transactions, so as
to enable the articulation of citizenship and
democratic views and values
5. Continue to harness institutional as well as
informal mechanisms that open up space for
the exercise of citizenship and democracy
 Belk’s Summary of Digital Modification of the
I, Me, & Myself and My User ID Online Extended Self

Digital Self
- A mask we put on to draw in the innovative Digital Self Possession
world Dimension
- With the digital technologies such a web
pages, online games, virtual worlds, social Dematerialization Attachment to
&
media, smart phones, internet, self-extension singularization
is extensive of virtual
- Objects the one’s possess can truly extend possessions;
the self, as when an instrument or weapon almost, but not
enables us to get things done of which we quite the same
would somehow, or another be unable
Re Embodiment Avatars Attachment to
- Belonging can likewise emblematically extend affect online avatars
self self;
multiplicity of
● Sartre explained that the reason we want to have selves
something is to enlarge our sense of self and that
Sharing Self Aggregate
the only way we can know who we are is by
revelation; possessions;
observing what we have loss of sense of
● Belk (1988) presented the concept of extended control shared place
self online
a. Dematerialization
b. Re Embodiment Co-construction Affirmation
of self of self;
c. Sharing
building
d. Co-construction of self aggregate
e. Distributed memory extended
self;
● This reasonable refresh looks to renew the idea, “Attachment
consolidate the effects of digitalization, and give a to Virtual
comprehension of consumer feeling of self in the Possession
in video
present innovative conduction
games”
- Essentially a work in advance, for the
computerized condition, and our conduct Distributed Narratives of Digital clutter;
inside it keep on evolving memory self digital cues to
- Be that as it may, some vital changes are now sense of past
certain
- 5 certain with advanced utilization are viewed
Selective Presentation & Impression Movement
as the effect the idea of self and the idea of
self belonging Self-Presentation
- Required alteration and increments to the - Behavior that attempts to convey some
extended self are laid out, and bearing for information about oneself or some images of
future research are recommended oneself to other people
- The advanced world opens a large group of - These behaviors are activated by evaluative
new pimples for self-extension utilizing presence of other people and by others’
numerous new items to come to an knowledge of one’s behavior
incomprehensibly more extensive crowd
- Despite the fact that this requires certain - In new situations, many people would like to
reformulations, the fundamental idea of the impress and become self-conscious
extended self stays crucial - People behave in ways designed to create a
favorable impression or even to one’s ideals
Humans
Impact of Online Interaction of Self
- Social animals and regulate our behavior to fit
in world or adjust it to impression that we Computer-Mediated Communication
desire - Encompasses human communication
- People monitor their behavior, observe how involving several exchanges through various
others react, and adjust their performance to platforms such as text, audio, and/or video
create a desired impression messages
- A CMC interaction occurs through various
2 Types of Self-Presentation types of networking technology and software,
1. Pleasing the Audience including email, Internet Relay Chat (ICR),
- Try to match self to the audience’s instant messaging (IM), unsent and mailing
expectations and preferences list serves
2. Self-Construction - An interesting discussion can stem from a
- Tries to match oneself to one’s own ideal self comparison of how we construct our identity
- The expression of the audience-pleasing in the “real world” vs how we construct it in
motive varies across situations the online world

Dutton (1996)
Multiple Aspects of the Self - Points out that technology can work 2
Higgin (1987) ways–open or close social choices
- Argues that there are 3 domains of the self
A. Actual Self ● Individuals shape the impact of technology has
- Refers to the attributes an individual on their lives by choosing which technology to
possesses use and how to use it
B. Ideal Self
- Refers to the attributes an individual would
Boundaries of Self Online
ideally posses
C. Ought Self - The line between offline and online has
- Refers to the attributes an individual ought to become blurred
possess - Since people nowadays are becoming more
connected digitally, self-identify is becoming
● The discrepancies between the actual self and more fashioned in transmedia paradigm
ideal self leads to feeling of dejection - In the present culture of constant connectivity,
● Our sense of self helps organize our thoughts, the Internet is coordinated into our lives with
feelings, and behaviors the end goal that the experience of being on
● Our overall self-evaluation influences our the web is subjectively not quite the same a
cognitive processes before
- For instance, when people with high
self-evaluation fail, they sustain their
self-worth by looking at others failure
 before going to school, eat and have proper
rest before going to school
Becoming a Better Student
- In preparation for school, not only your
- As a person growth is an inevitable goal and assignments, or making sure that you have all
change will always be present in what we do the tools you need for class ready and
- As such, students, need to understand that prepared but to also make sure to have your
just barely passing the different subjects and body prepared by making sure to have
graduating after is not necessarily the best enough rest and eating as to ensure that you,
option for successfully landing your dream job as a student, have enough energy to go
or becoming successful in the world of work through the entire day
- It is also important to note that being a
student does not necessarily mean that the 2. Use Different Resources
only thing you have to do is to read books, go - Aside from books provided for the class, don’t
to class, or prepare and answer tests–these forget to use the library, and the internet
things may be the usual things expected for a - Using different resources will enable you, as a
student to do in school, but understanding student, to access more information and be
that the preparation for real life endeavors able to learn the latest learnings and
may start in the classroom, but not information related to the subject matter that
necessarily end there you are studying

- In terms of having freedom in the classroom, 3. Be Critical & Make Learning Personal
there are several things that need to be noted, - Know what you are learning, why you are
one of which is the freedom of the students learning, and how they are important to you
towards their choices of what to learn as well as and your plans in life
how they are going to use such learning in - By being critical of the information that you
real-life situations acquire, you will be able to appreciate more
- Aside from having a good learning their value and be able to apply and relate
environment, where the needs of the students them to your situation and le these learning
are being met, the students should also help you to be able to achieve your goals
understand the value of what they are
learning and why they are learning those 4. Ask Help
(Kujjpers, Meijers, Gundy, 2011) - The school may focus on the interaction
between the teachers and students, but the
- To become a better student, several things institution is comprised of more than what or
are needed to be done, aside from just who you are inside the classroom, and the
listening to the discussion and following the people in the school, such as your parents
directions taught by the teachers–a student and friends or other professionals, can help
should able to have a better understanding of you as a student to break limitations, ease the
what they are doing, have the ability to difficulties that are brought about by the
recognize and sort the different information requirements of the curriculum
that they are encountering, and to be able to
have a certain level of understanding on the 5. Do other Things
concepts that they are studying in which could - The school provides co-curricular or
result for better application and appreciation extra-curricular activities, join clubs, or school
of such learning groups to widen your experiences as a
student
Tips to Become a Better Student - Not only can you have better relationships
which will translate to more help in the future,
1. Prepare before going to School
but an active body and mind that may or may
- Always try to research or read the next
not necessarily be related to schoolwork can
lesson, do your assignments at home or
also help a student to balance their lifestyle
and maintain a healthy body and mind
 - Bandura notes that it is necessary to draw
role models from one’s own social
Bandura’s Self-Efficacy
surroundings
Albert Bandura - In this age, internet and social media can be
- One of the most renowned psychologist big source of employing role models
- Has made significant contributions to all
branches of psychology 3. Social Persuasion
- Self-Efficacy Theory is part of his Social - It is about finding the right mentor
Cognitive Theory (or Social Learning Theory) - Is about having other’s (role models) directly
which is fundamental to positive psychology influence one’s self-efficacy by providing
opportunities to master experience
Self-Efficacy - These social persuasions may be mentors
- Commonly defined as the belief in one’s that are knowledgeable and practice what
capabilities to achieve a goal or an outcome they preach
- It is the ability to influence events that affect
one’s life and control the way these events 4. States of Physiology
are experienced (Bandura, 1994) - Our own emotions, moods, and physical state
can influence our interpretation of self-efficacy
● Students with high self-efficacy may be more - Having the feeling of tension, anxiety, and
likely to challenge themselves with difficult tasks weariness can lower our self-efficacy
and be highly motivated to achieve their task - Positive emotion can help build positive
- They put in a high degree of effort and will do insight for high self-efficacy in a person
everything in their power to meet their
commitments
● Self-efficacious students may more likely to Dweck’s Mindset Theory
recover quickly from setbacks and ultimately are - Another learning theory that explains persons
to achieve their personal goals acquiring of intelligence and realizing his/her
● However, students with low self-efficacy, believe goals is the Mindset Theory by Carol S.
that they cannot be successful, and will less likely Dweck
to make extended efforts, and may consider
challenging tasks to be avoided Carol S. Dweck
- They have low aspirations and may result - Is a psychologist from Stanford University that
from poor academic performances tries to explain the way to understand the
effects of learning and education to a person
- Proposed that people hold for the nature and
4 Ways to Build Self-Efficacy
the caused of intelligence have several
1. Mastery Experience implications, specifically the way the person
- Every experience is not always having a motivates himself to learn and practice
positive outcome
- It may also bring failure “Mindset”
- These experiences will help us build - A term used by Dweck to explain the
resilience by treating failure as a learning assumptions, methods, or notations held by
opportunity and a chance to reach our goal one or more people or group of people
with a different approach - It represents the cognitive processes
activated in response to a given task
2. Social Modeling
- Observing those who practice high 2 Kinds of Mindset
self-efficacy in their lives and who have 1. Fixed Mindset
reached their goals despite hardships can - Before termed as entity mindset
provide great motivation to a person - An innate or in-born personality of a person
- It is basically “who you are”, how God made
you
 2. Growth Mindset / Incremental Mindset - He found that specific and difficult goals led to
- Where people believe that training and an better task performance than vague or easy
effort to learn can change one’s qualities and goals
traits
- When a parent constantly attributes the child’s ● Motivating words such as “try hard” or “do your
success to inborn or innate ability, children will best” is less effective than phrases such as “try to
come to develop a fixed mindset get more than 80% correct” or “try beating your
- Thus, praising his success to performance will best score”
be attributed the success to child’s ● Having a goal that is too easy is not a motivating
intelligence force than hard and specific goals
- However, when the child’s success in school
was particularly attributed to the child’s effort 5 Principles of Goal Setting
to review to pass the test, it can then be that 1. Clarity
the child has developed a growth mindset - Clear, measurable, and unambiguous
E.g. Pedro failed the math exam because he did not (specific) goals
review for the test
2. Challenge
● It is then said that acquiring a Growth Mindset is - Set a level of challenge to beat yourself with
much better kind of mindset because it attributes
success to learning and continuous practice 3. Commitment
● Thus, the individual is not afraid of failure, it only - The harder the goal, the more commitment is
directs the person to need to practice more, pay required
attention, invest on effort, and master new
learning 4. Feedback
● The person then be more confident to face - Listen to feedback from people to provide
challenges and believe in him/herself that he will opportunities to clarify expectations, adjust
improve his performance goal difficulty, and gain recognition

5. Task Complexity
Goal Setting Theory
- The more complicated and demanding, the
- Most people would probably agree that goal role would give high-level of motivation to a
setting is one of the main ingredient for a person
person to succeed
- It is a powerful way of motivating people and
motivating yourself

- Dr. Edwin Locke pioneered a research in

1960’s about setting goals
- This theory was more known to work or
industrial setting, much from where the
SMART goal originated
- It was also then after several years, he
collaborated with Dr. Gary Latham to a
seminal work “A Theory of Goal Setting and
Task Performance”

Goal Setting Theory

- States that there is a relationship between
how difficult and specific a goal was and the
people’s performance task
 Elevated epinephrine & Erectile dysfunction
Stressors & Responses cortisol hormones
Stress Absent or irregular
- Is a person’s response to events that threaten menstrual cycle
them
- Students can experience various kinds of Difficult premenstrual
symptoms
deadlines–from deadlines for projects or
exams, family problems, and peer pressure,
to the complex stress such as an Stress & Filipinos: The Social & Cultural Dimension
ever-changing environment or terrorist attack of Stress
- Even pleasant events, such as preparing for a Stress
party or starting a sought-after job can - Is the non-specific response of the body to
produce stress any demand placed upon it (Selye, 1962)
- Is an individual’s physiological and/or
- In recent years, the focus on this issue has psychological reaction to the real and
been broadened as psychology came to see imagined demands of life
stress and coping in a broader context - It is the way a person reacts physically and
emotionally to change
Health Psychology
- A newer subfield of psychology investigates Culture
psychological factors such as the stress of a - Is best defined as a highly complex,
different kind and in a different situation continually changing system of meaning that
- It also includes coping mechanisms, is learned, shared, transmitted, and altered
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment from one generation to another (Triandis,
1995)
Stress Effect on the Body
● How does culture might influence the
environmental system, personal system,
Muscle tension Uncontrolled blood transitory conditions, cognitive appraisal and
glucose level coping skills, and health and well-being?
Tension-type headache Heartburn or acid reflux
& migraine headache - Stress has turned into an unavoidable truth,
and for a few, the day-by-day standard
Difficulty in breathing Ulcer ○ However, incidental stress can help
enhance our concentration and
Asthma Severe stomach pain
execution, and living with incessant
Increased heart rate Diarrhea stress can reverse discharge by causing
uneasiness, discouragement, and
Stronger contraction of Constipation serious medical issues
the heart muscle ○ Stress affects the body’s immune system
Elevated blood pressure Increased respiration - Filipinos experience stress which results to
rate illnesses, physical and mental, fleeting and
serious, and life-threatening
Heart attack Dilated blood vessels in ○ This can also lead to depression and
the arms & legs other maladaptive behavior that can be
Stroke Affects testosterone harmful to self and others
production - On the other hand, stress can be mediated
through culture
Inflammation of the Sperm production ○ For instance, Filipinos have various
respiratory system thresholds and ways to cope with
stressors
- Concurrently, men and women express
emotion in different patterns
○ Women deal with stressful situations
through tiis (endurance) and kimkim
(repression)
○ Men are more less expressive than
women and are prone to confront the
“political economy of stress” (Tan, 2006)
- Thus, culture influences how people react to
stressors
 Self-Compassion
- Not self-pity, self-indulgence, and self-esteem
(Neff, 2003)

Composed of 3 Main Components

1. Self-Kindness
2. A Sense of Common Humanity
3. Mindfulness

Self-Kindness
- Being warm and understanding when s/he
suffers, fails, or feels inadequate rather than
self-critical
- Recognizing imperfection and considering life
difficulties as inevitable
- Acknowledging problems and shortcomings
without judgment
- Tendency to be gentle when confronted with a
painful experience

Common Humanity
- Suffering and individual deficiency are part of
human existence

Mindfulness
- Non-judgmental, receptive mind-state in
which thoughts and feelings are observed
- Equilibrated stance in terms of negative
emotions
- Feelings are neither suppressed nor
exaggerated
- Inadequacies are ignored or distorted

Benefits of Self-Compassion
1. Enhances motivation
2. Promotes health-related behaviors
3. Benefits interpersonal relationships
4. Predicts happiness and optimism
5. Enhances well-being
MAJOR PROPONENTS IN UNDS111