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    f0452703 Cells

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    Muhammad Shahwaze Waqar
    Cells are the basic building blocks of life and contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. The document discusses the key components of animal and plant cells including the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells and notes some of their differences. Specialized cell types are also introduced like nerve cells, sperm cells, egg cells, and red blood cells that have unique features enabling different functions in multicellular organisms.

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    f0452703 Cells

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shahwaze Waqar
    9 views34 pages
    Cells are the basic building blocks of life and contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. The document discusses the key components of animal and plant cells including the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells and notes some of their differences. Specialized cell types are also introduced like nerve cells, sperm cells, egg cells, and red blood cells that have unique features enabling different functions in multicellular organisms.

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    Cells are the basic building blocks of life and contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. The document discusses the key components of animal and plant cells including the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells and notes some of their differences. Specialized cell types are also introduced like nerve cells, sperm cells, egg cells, and red blood cells that have unique features enabling different functions in multicellular organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views34 pages

    f0452703 Cells

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shahwaze Waqar
    Cells are the basic building blocks of life and contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. The document discusses the key components of animal and plant cells including the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cell wall. It compares the structures of typical animal and plant cells and notes some of their differences. Specialized cell types are also introduced like nerve cells, sperm cells, egg cells, and red blood cells that have unique features enabling different functions in multicellular organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    IGCSE/Olevels BIOLOGY

    CHAPTER 1 : Cells
    Cells are the building blocks of life. They are the simplest units that exhibit
    characteristics of life.

    What do cells do?


    They take in raw materials
    Process them to make substances
    They are used by cells itself or transported
    to other parts of body.
    Components of Cell /organelles
    ANIMAL CELL

    Cytoplasm

    Nucleus
    Cell Membrane

    Mitochondria
    Cell
    Membrane

    •
    Cytoplasm

    •
    Nucleus

    •
    •
    Mitochondria

    • provides energy to cell to carry out is functions. Cells that are more
    active require more mitochondria
    This is a series of membranes folded to form channels.
    Attached to the membranes are small bodies called ribosomes.
    It is in these membrane channels that proteins are made.
    Let’s summarise:
    Animal Cell - Functions
    Nucleus control centre of the cell –
    stores information for cell
    functions
    Cytoplasm jelly-like, where cell
    activities take place
    Cell membrane thin, controls the
    substances that enter or
    exit the cells
    Power house of the cell, provides energy
    Mitochondria to cell to carry out is functions
    PLANT CELL
    Chloroplast

    Cytoplasm
    Cell Wall

    Nucleus

    Cell Membrane
    •

    Cell
    Membrane
    •
    •

    •
    Cell
    Wall
    •

    •
    •

    •
    Chloroplast

    •
    •

    •
    Cytoplasm
    •

    •
    Nucleus

    •
    •
    Fluid-filled space enclosed by a
    membrane.
    Store substances within the cell
    Animal cells have small vacuoles that
    consist of water and food.
    Plant cells have central large vacuole,
    Vacuole called cell sap.
    Let’s summarise:
    Nucleus control centre of the cell – stores information for
    cell functions
    Chloroplasts contain green pigment chlorophyll, needed in
    photosynthesis

    Cytoplasm jelly-like, where cell activities take place

    Cell membrane thin, controls the substances that enter or exit


    the cells
    Cell wall stiff wall which gives plant cells their shape

    Vacuole Fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane. Store


    substances within the cell
    Animal cells have small vacuoles
    ANIMAL VS PLANT CELL

    Plant Cell Animal Cell

    Cell wall Present Cell wall Absent

    Chloroplast Present Chloroplast Absent

    A large central vacuole Vacuoles are small and many


    ANIMAL VS PLANT CELL
    Specialised cells are those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform
    particular functions
    1. Ciliated cells in respiratory tract

    Features: tiny hairs called cilia which can move mucus.


    Function: move mucus with bacteria and dust away from the lungs.
    Nerve cells are also called neurones. They are adapted to carry electrical
    impulses from one place to another:
    A sperm cell consists of two parts, the head and the tail.
    The overall structure of the sperm makes it perfectly designed to carry out its function.
    The primary function of the sperm is to pass on the necessary genetic information required to
    produce a new organism
    Egg cells, or ova, are the cells utilized by female organisms to reproduce
    offspring.
    Red Blood Cells
    •they contain haemoglobin - a
    red protein that combines with
    oxygen
    •they have no nucleus so they
    can contain more haemoglobin
    Onion Cells
    Cell – smallest fundamental
    unit of structure and function
    Tissue – groups of similar
    cells carrying out the same
    function
    Organs – collections of
    tissues based on common
    functions
    Organ System – functionally
    related organs
    Organisms – individual living
    entities

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