11 IV April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50785
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Survey on different Machine Learning Techniques

for Student Improvement using Psychometric Data
Prof. H.B. Mali1, Hastak Patel2, Neeharika Ramanujula3, Samriddhi Shahapurkar4
1
Associate Professor, 2, 3, 4B.E Student, Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunications, Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune

Abstract: Student improvement aims in identifying student behavior traits and patterns using multiple psychometric tests
followed by suggesting ways to improve areas of the subject’s interest along with overall psychological balance by continuous
testing at constant intervals of time and suggesting the same. To identify the subject’s strengths, weaknesses, and behavioral
interests, assessments are carried out on the principle of psychological assessments which aims to assess the students by making
them imagine their reactions in various psychological situations. Each response to the question is evaluated with pre-decided
scores. Psychometric tests are aimed at measuring a person’s traits, behavior, guidance, and placements/employment to match
the person’s capabilities and features like cognitive ability, EQ, IQ, and the tendency to react to predefined situations.
Psychometric tests have a huge role to play in the fields of career guidance and employability. These tests suggest your strengths,
weaknesses, and imaginative abilities and hint if they suit the particular role. This paper provides a survey on different machine
learning algorithms used over the years to recognize personality traits and learning styles which would further contribute to
students’ overall improvement.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Big Five Personality, BTSA, KOLB, Student Performance Improvement

I. INTRODUCTION
Every individual is different in terms of their psychological structure (thinking, behavior, and personal preferences). Psychometric
assessments are tests that measure a person’s traits, behavior, intelligence, abilities, and aptitude. The tests are widely used in the
process of career guidance and placements/employment to match the person’s capabilities and check if he/she is suitable for the
defined role.
Psychometric tests have proven their accuracy in improving one’s performance and impact on human life over a long tenure of
observation through which one can possess various aspects of development such as learning speed and accuracy, student
performance, and career growth. Multiple personality tests can also help organizations determine the right candidate for a given
position.
They are meticulously designed in a way to measure a person’s personality and factors like cognitive ability, IQ, EQ, and tendency
to react to particular pre-defined situations. Psychometric tests solve real-life problems of students’ psychological behavior by
suggesting them various methods to improve in all dimensions.
We have used three major psychometric tests for the project research. They are:
Benziger developed a model which says that our brain has 4 specialized areas and each is responsible for various functions which
differ from each other and imply their strengths, behavior, and thinking styles individually. It is used to measure the individuals’
preferences in their way of thinking.
The KOLB learning styles model describes different learning styles a student may prefer while approaching a task (watch/do) and
emotional approach to experience(think/feel). Learning styles show how an individual processes information to learn and apply
it.[10]
Big five-factor assessment measures your result based on 5 different parameters: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). Multiple personality tests can help organizations determine the right candidate for a
given position.
In this survey paper, the objective is to study different machine learning techniques used in evaluating a student’s performance using
different psychometric tests.

II. RELATED WORK

Every individual can be differentiated in terms of their personality. Throughout the years’ numerous amounts of research have been
conducted on psychometric factors affecting a student’s educational performance.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2710
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

In 2011, university students’ data was collected from their third-semester course. A questionnaire was used to collect data to
describe the relationship between the behavior of students and their final academic performance. Students’ final grade was predicted
using the SSVM algorithm and students were clustered into groups using kernel k-means clustering. The average testing accuracy of
the lowest at 61% was achieved for the prediction of “good” performance and the highest at 93.7% for the prediction of “poor”
performance [5].
In 2014, 6 classification algorithms were used to predict the student’s academic performance. The models were trained on the
2010 and 2011 cohorts and tested models on the 2012 cohort. Younger students were observed to have good predictive accuracy and
older students’ results were less accurate. The resulting accuracy gained for SVM was 73.3% and 60% accuracy was obtained for
logistic regression [2].
Tripti Mishra, Dr. Dharminder Kumar, and Dr. Sangeeta Gupta have considered students’ third-semester results and applied the
Random tree and J48 algorithm to identify factors affecting students’ performance. The academic performance of the students was
predicted based on their social economic condition and previous academic performances. For classification purposes, an open-
source data mining tool Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) was used. The overall accuracy (94.418%)
achieved by the random tree was better as compared to J48 with 88.372% [3].
In 2015 a thinking style assessment was conducted amongst 552 third-year undergraduate engineering students to identify the
relationship between brain dominance and academic results. A survey was conducted with a questionnaire using the open-source
software MOODLE. It was observed that students achieved better results if their thinking style matched their learning styles and
increased brain dominance leads to better academic grades [10].
In the 2021 IEEE paper Twitter data from user’s Twitter profiles and myPersonality data set from Facebook were collected for the
assessment by Noureen Aslam, Khalid Masood Khan, Afrozad Nadeem, Sundus Munir, and Javairya Nadeem. The big five-factor
model is used for prediction and the efficiency was measured using Precision, Recall, and F1-Score. The prediction model was
created using multi-target regression with TF-IDF vectorizer and deep sequential neural network model. They have achieved 94%
accuracy from their training data and 78% for the testing data in predicting the connection between a person’s personality and their
tweets [1].
In 2015, Amirah Shahiri proposed a review of all the existing factors used for students’ performance improvements like CGPA,
Psychometric factors, and Internal assessment. Different algorithms are used, 65% accuracy was achieved for psychometric factors
using the decision tree method and 83% accuracy using the Support Vector Machine [4].
An automatic personality classification system was proposed by V.Mamatha which uses different data mining techniques to classify
the personality of different users. The personality of the user was predicted using the questionnaire of the Big Five personality
model. The different models used obtained an accuracy of 96% for the decision tree, 91% for SVM, and 78% for logistic regression.
Scores were analyzed and calculated based on precision, recall, and F1 score [6].
Social media platforms allow people to share their thoughts, emotions, and experiences and connect with people all around the
world. In 2021, Thahira M and Mubeena A K proposed an approach to predict a person’s personality using social media networks
by using the OCEAN model. My personality dataset was used which consists of status updates, social network features, and
comments and articles. The highest accuracy of 58% was obtained for openness-to-experience using the SVM classifier. The deep
learning model was observed to have the highest accuracy amongst other machine learning classifiers [7].
A famous stream-of-consciousness essays data set collected by James Pennbaker and Lauren King was used for personality
detection. Features extraction was performed using Google’s word2vec embedding and Mairese features and a binary classifier was
used to classify the personality traits. The proposed model was created using deep CNN and the holdout method was used for the
evaluation of the model. The model achieved better results as compared to the k-fold cross-validation technique [8].

A. Summary Paper
Name, Year, and Reference Data set Summary
Analysis of Personality Assessment Twitter data and Different techniques are used to
Based On the Five-Factor Model myPersonality data set predict the personality traits of
Through Machine Learning. Twitter users using Big Five
2021, Noureen Aslam, Khalid personality assessment.
Masood Khan, Afrozah Nadeem,
Sundas Munir, Javairya Nadeem [1]

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2711
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

A review on predicting students’ CGPA, Psychometric fac- tors, Multiple factors and techniques used
performance using data mining Extra-curricular activities, to predict students’ performance.
Techniques Academic grades 65% accuracy was achieved for
2015, Amirah Mohamed Shahiri, psychometric factors using the
Wahidah Husain, Nuraini Abdul decision tree method and 83%
Rashid [4] accuracy using the Support Vector
Machine.
Exploring the Relationship between Thinking style assessment Shows the relation between TSA and
Academic Performances and Brain carried out among 552 third its impact on academic performance.
Dominance. year undergrad engineering Students have good academic
2015, Lakshmi Dhandabani and students in the form of a performance if their thinking styles
Rajeev Sukumaran [10] questionnaire match their learning preferences.
Mining Students Data for Third-semester grades of Model based on students’ emotional
Performance Prediction. university students skills, social integration, and
2014, Tripti Mishra, Dr. Dharminder academic integration. Applied the
Kumar, Dr. Sangeeta Gupta [3] Random tree and J48 algorithm to
identify factors affecting students’
performance.

B. Observation on Survey
From the above survey, we can observe that psychometric tests could be of great value in improving a student’s performance in
academics and also in personal aspects of life. These papers gave us an idea of how psychometric tests have been used to date to
predict the subject’s thorough assessment on taking the test. Using different machine learning algorithms and techniques accurate
predictions are made which could help in increasing the quality of education. Deep learning models for automatic personality
classification have been found to have the best performance.

III. TECHNIQUES
For the prediction of students’ performance, different techniques and methods are used to achieve the best accurate results. From the
above survey, it is observed that different classification techniques like Decision trees, Random Forest, SVM, K-means, etc. are
used for the classification of an individual based on their personality factors. In a few cases, deep learning techniques have been
used which have given better results as compared to other models. These techniques help in increasing the accuracy of our model
and enhancing its performance and predictability.

A. Decision Tree
It is a type of supervised machine learning used to create a training model to predict the class or value of the target variable by
learning different rules extracted from the training data. It is widely used for predicting classes in a particular data set. The data set
is split into different features using the cost function and forms a hierarchical tree-like structure.

Figure 1: Decision Tree

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2712
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

B. Support Vector Machine

SVM is a linear model used for both classification and regression problems. It divides the data set into two different groups based
on their features. SVM works by mapping data to a high dimensional feature space so that data points can be categorized, even
when the data are not otherwise linearly separable [13]. Sembriring et al. (2011) proposed a model of student performance using
SSVM and stated that the performance was better than other methods [5].

Figure 2: Support Vector Machine

C. Naive Bayes
It is one of the easiest and most effective classification algorithms based on the Bayes Theorem that can make quick real-time
predictions. Predictions are made based on the probability of a variable and are also known as probability classifiers. Since it takes
linear time rather than the costly iterative approximation used by many other types of algorithms, it can easily scale to larger data
sets [7].

Figure 3: Naive Bayes

D. Neural Network
Neural networks are a type of machine learning algorithm that mimics the way the human brain processes different things from its
surroundings and makes decisions based on that information. It is a system of artificial neurons that can detect all possible
interactions even in a complex nonlinear relationship between dependent and independent variables. It is a technique that is widely
used for complex predictions giving the best accurate results.

Figure 4: Neural Networks

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 2713
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. CONCLUSION
We discovered a connection between psychometric parameters such as learning style, thinking style, ability, and self-behavior
which can be analyzed using machine learning, and suggestions to improve traits that can be automated, thus one can continuously
self-analyze using the designed tests and work on self-psychological improvement using the suggestions given by different machine
learning techniques. It is possible to enhance the self-awareness of a student in academic and behavioral terms using automated
systems fed with data and results and by following the recommendations the chances of success in the chosen path can increase.
This paper has reviewed different techniques used in predicting student performance and finding the correlation between an
individual’s academic performance and psychological factors. Among all the techniques Decision trees and neural networks were
highly used giving the best accurate results thereby helping students to improve in different fields and leading to career growth. This
analysis has motivated us to carry out further research which we can apply in our environment. It can benefit various educational
institutes to monitor and improve one’s performance systematically.

REFERENCES
[1] Noureen Aslam, Khalid Masood Khan, Afrozah Nadeem, Sundas Munir, Javairya Nadeem, "Analysis of Personality Assessment Based on the Five-Factor
Model Through Machine Learning", in International Journal of Scientific and technology research volume 10, ISSUE 05, May 2021
[2] G. Gray, C. McGuinness, P. Owende, "An application of classification models to predict learner progression in tertiary education", in Advance Computing
Conference (IACC), 2014 IEEE International, IEEE, 2014, pp. 549–554.
[3] T. Mishra, D. Kumar, S. Gupta, "Mining students’ data for prediction performance", in Proceedings of the 2014 Fourth International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Communication Technologies, ACCT ’14, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 2014, pp. 255–262.
[4] Amirah Mohamed Shahiri, Wahidah Husain, Nuraini Abdul Rashid, "A review on predicting students performance using data mining Techniques Procedia
Computer Science", Volume 72, 2015, pp 414-422.
[5] Sajadin Sembiring, M.Zarlis, Dedy Hartama, Ramliana S, Elvi Wani, "Prediction of Student Academic Performance by an application of Data mining
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[6] V.Mamatha, Y.Harika, G.Srinivasa Priya, Ch.Lakshmi Priya, S.Tejesh, "Automatic Personality Classification using Big Five personality traits", in Mukt Shabd
Journal, Volume X, 2021, pp. 2347-3150
[7] Thahira M, Mubeena A K, "Comparative Study of Personality Prediction from social media by using machine learning and deep learning method", in
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[8] Waiel Tinwala, Shristi Rauniyar, "Big Five Personality Detection Using deep convolutional neural networks", IEEE, 2021
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[11] A. Muhammad Idkhan, Muhammad Maruf Idris, "Dimensions of Students Learning Styles at The University with The Kolb Learning Model", IJEED, Vol. 3,
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[12] How SVM Works: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spss-modeler/models-how-svm-works, 2021, August 17
[13] Benziger Personality Assessment. Internet: Benziger Personality Assessment Model – BusinessBalls.com
[14] Kolb’s Learning Styles: Kolb’s Learning Styles: experiential learning theory – BusinessBalls.com
[15] Big Five Personality Test: https://openpsychometrics.org/tests/IPIP-BFFM/, August 2, 2019

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