EE221 – Engineering Mathematics for EE

Lecture 1: Matrices and Determinants

Introduction

Matrices and determinants are fundamental concepts in linear algebra, which is a branch of
mathematics that deals with the study of systems of linear equations and linear transformations

Matrix

A matrix (denoted by bolded capital letter) is a rectangular array of numbers enclosed in brackets. These
numbers are called elements of the matrix

For example

Definition of Terms

1. Rows - horizontal lines of entries

2. Columns – vertical lines of entries
3. Indices – the location of each element (e.g. a 23 means that an entry is located at second row third
column or Row 2 and Column 3)
4. Size – row x column. Row come always first! (m x n)
5. Vector Matrix – matrices having just a single row or column, the elements of a vector are called
components (denoted by bolded lower case letter
6. Square Matrix – when m = n, then its diagonal is called main diagonal
7. Rectangular Matrix – a matrix that is not a square
8. Symmetric Matrices - are matrices whose transpose equals the matrix itself
9. Skew Matrices – are matrices whose transpose equals the negative of its elements
10. Upper Triangular - are square matrices that can have nonzero entries only on and above the main
diagonal.
11. Lower Triangular - can have nonzero entries only on and below the main diagonal
12. Diagonal Matrices – are square matrices that can have nonzero entries only on the main diagonal
13. Scalar Matrices – all diagonal elements of a diagonal matrix are equal
14. Unit Matrix – all elements on the main diagonal are all 1 (also called identity matrix) and the rest of
the elements are zero

Matrix Operation

Equality of Matrices

- two matrices are equal if and only if they have the same size and corresponding elements are
equal.

[ ] [ ]
A= a b ∧B= 2 5 then if A = B, a = 2, b = 5, c = 7, and d = 3
c d 7 3
Addition

- The sum of two matrices A = [ajk] and B = [bjk] of the same size is written A + B and has entries ajk
+bjk obtained by adding the corresponding entries of A and B (can also be applied to vectors).
Matrices of different sizes cannot be added
A= [−40 6 3
1 2 ]
and B= [
5 −1 0
3 1 0 ]
, then A + B is

[
A+ B= 1 5 3
3 2 2 ]
Rules for Matrix Addition

Exercises:

Add the following matrices.

1. [−72 −14 ] [−37 −40 ]

and

[ ] [ ]
3 1 −4 2 7 −5
2. 4 3 1 and −2 1 0
1 4 −3 6 3 4

[ ] [
3 1 −4
3. 4
1
3 1 and
4 −3
−3 0
7 −4 ]
Subtraction

- If A is a matrix and B is another matrix, then (A − B) is a single matrix formed by subtracting the
elements of B from the corresponding elements of A

- A= [−40 6 3
1 2 ]
and B= [
5 −1 0
3 1 0 ]
, then A + B is

A−B=
−9 7 3
−3 0 2 [ ]
Exercises:

Subtract the following matrices.

1. [−37 −40 ] [−72 −14 ]

and

[ ] [ ]
2 7 −5 3 1 −4
2. −2 1 0 and 4 3 1
6 3 4 1 4 −3

[ ]
3 1 −4
3. 4
1
3 1 and
4 −3
−3 0
7 −4 [ ]
Scalar Multiplication

- The product of any m x n matrix A = [ajk] and any scalar c (number c) is written cA and is the m x
n matrix cA = [cajk] obtained by multiplying each entry of A by c

[ ] [ ] [ ]
3 1 −4 −3 −1 4 6 2 −8
- If A = 4 3 1 , then -A = −4 −3 −1 , 2A = 8 6 2
1 4 −3 −1 −4 3 2 8 −6

Rules for Scalar Multiplication

Exercise:

If A= [−37 −40 ] , B=[−72 −14 ]∧C=[−21 −40 ] find 2 A−3 B+ 4 C .

Matrix Multiplication

- the product C = AB (in this order) of an m x n matrix A times an r x p matrix B is defined only if
and only if r = n and is then the m x p matrix C
- When a matrix A is multiplied by another matrix B, a single matrix results in which elements are
obtained from the sum of the products of the corresponding rows of A and the corresponding
columns of B. NOTE: AB is not equal to BA

- Example
1.

2.

3.

Rules for Matrix Multiplication

Transposition of Matrices and Vectors

- The transpose of an m x n matrix A is the n x m matrix AT (read A transpose) that has the first
row of A as its first column, the second row of A as its second column, and so on.

Example

1.
 2.

Rules for Transposition of Matrix

Determinant

A determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix, [ ac bd ] is defined as (ad-bc). The elements of the determinant of a

matrix are written between vertical lines. Thus, the determinant of [ 31 −46 ] is written as |31 −46 | and

is equal to (3 x 6) – (-4 x 1) = 22. Hence the determinant of a matrix can be expressed as a single

numerical value as |31 −46 |=22

Exercises:

1. |37 −24 |
2. |−1+j3j (1−j 2j 4)|
3. |−23 −65 |
Inverse or Reciprocal of a 2 x 2 Matrix

The inverse of matrix A is A−1 such that A × A−1=I , the identity matrix or unit matrix
Let matrix A be [ ]
1 2
3 4
and let the inverse matrix A−1 be ,
a b
c d
. [ ]
Then since A × A−1=I

[ 13 24] × [ ac bd ]=[ 10 01]

[ 3a+a+42 cc 3b+2 d
b+ 4 d ] =
[ 0 1]
1 0

Equating the corresponding elements gives

b+ 2d =0 →b=−2 d
−4
3 a+ 4 c=0→ a= c
3
Substituting for a and b gives

[ ][
−4
c+ 2 c −2 d+2 d

3(
3
−4
c )+ 4 c 3(−2 d)+ 4 d
=
1 0
0 1 ]
3

[ ][
2
3
c 0
0 −2 d
=
1 0
0 1 ]
2 3 −1
Showing that c=1 → c= and −2 d=1 → d=
3 2 2
−4
Since b=−2 d ,b=1 since a= → a=−2
3c

[ ]
−2 1
Thus, the inverse of matrix [ ]
1 2
3 4
is 3 −1
2 2

Exercises:

Determine the inverse of the following matrix

1. [−43 −17 ]
[ ]
1 2
2 3
2.
−1 −3
3 5
 3. [ −1.3 7.4
2.5 −3.9 ]
Determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix

The minor of an element of a 3 by 3 matrix is the value of the 2 by 2 determinant obtained by covering
up the row and column containing that element.

[ ]
3 1 −4
A= 4 3 1
1 4 −3

Given matrix A, the minor of element 4 is determinant of |14 −4

−3|
which is (1 ×−3 ) −(−4 × 4 )=13

The sign of a minor depends on its position within the matrix, the sign pattern being ¿. Thus the signed-

[ ]
3 1 −4
minor of element 4 in the matrix 4
1
3 1 is −
4 −3
1 −4
4 −3| |
=−( 13 )=−13. The signed-minor of an

element is called the cofactor of the element.

The value of a 3 by 3 determinant is the sum of the products of the elements and their cofactors of
any row or any column of the corresponding 3 by 3 matrix.

For example:

| |
1 4 −3
1. Evaluate −5 2 6
−1 −4 2

Using the first row:

¿1 |−42 62|−4|−5
−1 2|
6
+(−3)|
−1 −4|
−5 2

¿ ( 4 +24 )−4 (−10+6 ) −3 (20+ 2 )

¿−22
Try solving this using the second column.

Exercises:

| |
8 −2 −10
1. Evaluate 2 −3 −2
6 3 8
 | |
j2 2 j
2. Evaluate (1+ j) 1 −3
5 − j4 0

| |
3 ∠60 ° j2 1
3. Evaluate 0 (1+ j) 2∠3 0 °
0 2 j5

Inverse or reciprocal of a 3 x 3 matrix

The adjoint of a matrix A is obtained by

i. forming a matrix B of the cofactors of A, and

ii. transposing matrix B to give BT, then adj A = BT

The inverse of matrix A, A-1 is given by

−1 adj A
A =
|A|
Where adj A is the adjoint of matrix A and | A| is the determinant of matrix A

[ ]
3 4 −1
Example: Determine the inverse of the matrix 2 0 7
1 −3 −2

First, we determine the cofactor of element 3 which is + |−30 −27 |=21 . The cofactor of element 4 is

−|21 −27 |=1 1 . We do this for all the elements of the matrix.

[ ]
21 11 −6
The matrix of the cofactors is 11 −5 13 .
28 −2 3 −8

[ ]
21 11 28
We get the transpose (or adj A) of this matrix which is equal to 11 −5 −2 3 and its determinant is
−6 13 −8
113.

[ ][ ] [ ]
21 11 28
3 4 −1 1 21 11 28
11 −5 −23
Therefore, the inverse of 2 0 7 is or 11 −5 −23 .
−6 13 −8 113
1 −3 −2 −6 13 −8
113
Exercises:

[ ]
4 −7 6
1. Find the inverse of −2 4 0
5 7 −4

[ ]
3 6 1/ 2
2. Find the inverse of 5 −2/3 7
−1 0 3/ 5

Applications of Matrices and Determinants

Solutions of simultaneous equations by matrices

The procedure for solving linear simultaneous equations in using matrices is:

i. write the equation in the form

two unknowns
a 1 x+ b1 y=c 1
a 2 x +b2 y=c 2
Three unknowns
a 1 x+ b1 y+ c 1 z=d1
a 2 x +b2 y+ c 2 z=d 2
a 3 x +b3 y +c 3 z =d 3

ii. write the matrix equation corresponding to these equations,

two unknowns

[ ][][]
a1 b1
a2 b2
x c
× = 1
y c2
 three unknowns

[ ][][ ]
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a2 b2 c 2 × y = d 2
a3 b3 c 3 z d3

[ ]
a1 b1 c1
iii. determine the inverse matrix of
a1 b1
a2 b2[ ]
for two unknowns and a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c 3
iv. multiply each side of ii by the inverse matrix and
v. solve for x and y for two unknowns and x, y and z for three unknowns

Example:

1. Use matrices to solve the simultaneous equations

3 x+ 5 y −7=0
4 x−3 y−19=0
i. we write in the form
3 x+ 5 y =7
4 x−3 y=19
ii. in matrix form

[ 34 −35 ] × [ xy ]=[ 197 ]

iii. the inverse of matrix is
1
[
−3 −5
3× (−3 )−5 × 4 −4 3
=
][
3 /29 5 / 29
4 / 29 −3/29 ]
iv. multiply each side by the inverse

[ 3/29
4 /29 ][ ] [ xy ]=[ 197 ][ 34 /29
5 /29 3 5 ×
−3 /29 4 −3 /29 −3/29 ]
5/29

[ ] [ ] [ ][ 3/29
1 0
0 1
x
× =
y 4 /29 −3/29 ]
7
19
5/29

[ ][ ]
21 95
+
[]
x = 29 29 = 4
y 28 57
−
−1
29 29
Therefore x = 4 and y = -1.

2. Solve the following simultaneous equations using matrices

x + y + z−4=0
2 x−3 y+ 4 z−33=0
3 x−2 y−2 z−2=0
 i. we write it in the form
x + y + z=−4
2 x−3 y+ 4 z=33
3 x−2 y−2 z=2
ii. the matrix form is

[ ][][ ]
1 1 1 x 4
2 −3 4 × y = 33
3 −2 −2 z 2

[ ] [ ]
1 1 1 14 0 7
1
iii. the inverse of 2 −3 4 is 16 −5 −2
35
3 −2 −2 5 5 −5
iv. multiplying each side by the inverse gives

[ ][][ ] [ ]
1 0 0 x 4 1 14 0 7
0 1 0 × y = 33 × 16 −5 −2
35
0 0 1 z 2 5 5 −5

[][ ]
x 2
y = −3
z 5

Therefore x = 2, y = -3 and z = 5.

Exercises:

1. 3x +4y =0
2x +5y +7=0
2. x +2y +3z=5
2x −3y −z=3
−3x + 4y + 5z = 3

Solutions of simultaneous equations by determinants

The procedure for solving linear simultaneous equations in using determinants is:

i. write the equations in the form

two unknowns
a 1 x+ b1 y+ c 1=0
a 2 x +b2 y+ c 2=0
Three unknowns
a 1 x+ b1 y+ c 1 z +d 1=0
a 2 x +b2 y+ c 2 z +d 2=0
a 3 x +b3 y +c 3 z +d 3 =0

ii. and then the solution is given by

two unknowns
 x −y 1
= =
Dx D y D

Where D x = | | | | | |
b1 c 1
b2 c 2
, D y=
a1
a2
c1
c2
, D=
a1 b1
a2 b2

Three unknowns
x −y z 1
= = =
Dx D y D z D

| | | | | | | |
b1 c1 d1 a1 c 1 d 1 a1 b1 d 1 a1 b1 c1
Where D x = b 2 c 2 d 2 , D y = a2 c 2 d 2 , D z = a2 b2 d 2 , D= a2 b2 c2
b3 c 3 d 3 a3 c 3 d 3 a3 b3 d 3 a3 b3 c3

Example:

1. Solve the following simultaneous equations using determinants

3 x−4 y=12
7 x +5 y=6.5
i. write the equation in the right form
3 x−4 y−12=0
7 x +5 y−6.5=0
ii. the solution is given by
x −y 1
= =
|−4 −12
||
3 −12 3 −4
5 −6.5 7 −6.5 7 5 || |
Solving for x
x 1
=
|−4 −12
5 −6.5 7 5 ||
3 −4
|
x 1
=
86 43
x=2
In a similar way, y can be solved which is equal to -1.5.

Challenge Problem: A d.c. circuit comprises three closed loops. Applying Kirchhoff’s laws to the closed
loops gives the following equations for current flow in milliamperes:

2 I 1 +3 I 2−4 I 3=26
I 1−5 I 2−3 I 3=−87
−7 I 1+2 I 2+ 6 I 3=12

Solve for I 1 , I 2∧I 3 .

Answer: I 1=10 mA , I 2=14 mA∧I 3=9 mA

Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer’s Rule

Cramer’s rule states that if

a 11 x+ a1 2 y +a 13 z=b 1
a 21 x+ a2 2 y + a2 3 z=b 2
a 31 x+ a3 2 y + a3 3 z=b3
then
Dx Dy Dz
x= , y= , z=
D D D

| | | | | | | |
a1 1 a1 2 a1 3 b 1 a12 a13 a11 b 1 a13 a11 a12 b1
where D= a2 1 a2 2 a2 3 , D x = b 2 a22 a23 , D y = a21 b 2 a 23 , D z= a21 a22 b 2
a3 1 a3 2 a3 3 b3 a32 a33 a31 b 3 a33 a31 a32 b 3

Example

Solve the following equations

x + y + z=4
2 x−3 y+ 4 z=33
3 x−2 y−2 z=2
Solution:

| |
1 1 1
D= 2 −3 4 =1 ( 6−(−8 ) )−1 ( (−4 )−12 ) + 1 ( (−4 ) −(−9 ) ) =35
3 −2 −2

| |
4 1 1
D x = 33 −3 4 =4 ( 6−(−8 ) ) −1 ( (−66 )−8 ) +1 ( (−66 )−(−6 ) )=70
2 −2 −2

| |
1 4 1
D y = 2 3 3 4 =1 ( (−66 )−8 ) −4 ( (−4 )−12 ) +1 ( 4−99 )=−105
3 2 −2

| |
1 1 4
D z= 2 −3 33 =1 ( (−6 )−(−66 ) )−1 ( 4−99 )+ 4 ( (−4 ) −(−9 ) ) =175
3 −2 2
Therefore,

Dx 70 D y −105 D z 174
x= = =2 , y = = =−3 , z= = =5
D 35 D 35 D 35