Week 5 - Intro Design and Analysis of Shallow Foundation

TOPIC 3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
WEEK 5
►BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW

FOUNDATION.
►BEARING CAPACITY FAILURES
Learning Outcomes
Student should be able to:
► Design shallow foundation. (CO2-PO3)

► Discuss the design criterias.(CO2-PO3)
► Discuss the modes of bearing capacity failures(CO2-
PO3)
Design and Analysis Of Shallow Foundation
Types of foundations :-
D
D D/B > 4
B
D/B < 1, or D < 3.0 m

B
 Shallow foundation  Deep foundation
- Pad footing – Pile foundation
- Strip footing – Caisson/Drilled Pier
- Mat foundation
Design Criterias for Shallow
Foundation
► Adequate Depth and Location

-Frost action, flooding, rainfall
- adjacent structure and property line
- building codes
► Safe from Bearing Capacity Failure
► Safe from excessive settlement

FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Shallow means less than 3 m or less than or equal

the breadth of the footings
Three design criteria must be considered :-
 Adequate depth
 Safe from excessive settlement
 Factor of safety against shear failure
Design Steps
► Determine column load

► Obtain Soil Profile with soil properties
► Determine depth and location of
Foundation
► Evaluate Bearing Capacity of supporting soil
► Determine size of footing
► Compute footing contact pressure and
check stability against bearing capacity
failure
► Estimate total and differential settlement
► Design the footing structure
Ultimate bearing capacity
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi (1943) proposed a formula to determine the

ultimate bearing capacity of an infinitely long strip
footing. Later on the formula was extended to include
other footing shapes.
1. Strip foundation
2. Circular foundation
3. Square foundation
4. Rectangular foundation
Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundation
► Terzaghi and Peck, 1967
Ultimate bearing capacity formulae
1] Strip foundation Nc, Nq and Nγ are

q f  cN c   o N q  0 .5 B N  bearing capacity
factors depending
on angle Ф of the
2] Circular foundation soil.
q f  1.3cN c   o N q  0 .3 B N 
3] Square foundation
q f  1.3cN c   o N q  0 .4 B N 
4] Rectangular foundation
q f  1.3cN c   o N q  0 .6 B N 
Table of bearing capacity coefficients
Terzaghi’s bearing capacity coefficients

Table of bearing capacity coefficients
Modes of Bearing Capacity Failures
Definition of terms
Contact pressure (moment consideration)
Q Mxy M yx
q  
A Ix Iy
q = contact pressure (kPa)
Q = Total vertical load (kN)
A = Area of footing
Mx, My = total moment about respective x and y axes
Ix, Iy = moment inertia
x, y = distance from centroid to the point at which the contact
pressure is computed along respective x and y axes
BL3 B3 L
Ix  IY 
12 12
3.4.5.2 A serviceability limit state value (settlement)
Allowable design bearing capacity, qa = bearing

pressure corresponding to a specified limit value (sL)
of undrained or drained settlement.
(a) Immediate or undrained settlement

sL Eu
qa    'o
B(1 - ν ) I P
2
(b) Consolidation or drained settlement

sL
qa    'o
mv ( I  1 ) H o
Check out the meaning of each symbols !!
Allowable bearing capacity of clay
*** Allowable bearing capacity of clays ***
For a tolerable immediate settlement of si
si E u
qa   γD
B(1 - ν ) I P
2
where
qa = allowable bearing capacity
B = least lateral dimension (breadth or diameter)
v = Poisson’s ratio
E = modulus of elasticity
Ip = influence factor for vertical displacement
Allowable bearing capacity of clay
For a tolerable consolidation settlement of sc
sc
qa   γD
mv ( I  1 ) H
where mv = coefficient of volume compressibility

H = the thickness of the compressible layer
beneath the foundation or 2B, whichever is
least
I = the appropriate stress coefficient
corresponding to a depth of H below the
foundation
Allowable bearing capacity of sands
*** Allowable bearing capacity of sands ***
For sands, the settlement is almost entirely

immediate and should be calculated for the
maximum functional (dead + live) loading
intensity. For footings of equal size, differential
settlement is unlikely to exceed 40% of the total
amount, and even for wide foundations it rarely
exceeds 75%.
Due to difficulty in obtaining undisturbed
samples, several in situ testing are developed to
predict the allowable bearing capacity and
settlement.
Empirical Bearing Capacity
 The empirical formulas developed based on settlement limitation
Bearing Capacity Based on SPT value

- Developed by Mayerhoff
- Consider the total settlement (s) of 25mm
For: B < 1.2m
For: B > 1.2m

 If the settlement (s) is not equal 25mm, Bowles (1989) suggested:
Bearing Capacity Based on SPT value

Developed by Bowles
EXAMPLE 1
A footing of width 3m placed at 2m below ground surface. The corrected N

values obtained from SPT are shown in Table. What is the allowable
bearing capacity of the footing for the maximum settlement
(a) 25mm
(b) 12.5mm
Depth 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12

(m)
N 6 9 10 8 7 9 11 15
Bearing Capacity Based on CPT value
- The Ultimate Bearing Capacity foundation resting on Cohesionless soil
Strip footing:
Square footing:
- The Ultimate Bearing Capacity foundation resting on Cohesive soil
Strip footing:
Square footing:
EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the ultimate capacity of bridge pier 4 x 12m placed at depth 4m

in sand layer and sand layer with the average Cone Penetration resistance
from 2m to 9m below ground surface is 20kPa
Bearing Capacity Based on Plate Load Test
 The most relaible method to obtain the “Ultimate Bearing
Capacity” of foundation on site, by plate load test
 Common practice is to load a small square plate size of 300mm x
300mm or 60mm x 60mm. Procedure based on ASTM D1194.
 Extrapolation of plate load test data to actual foundation with
dimension equal or less than three times the size of the plate is
to use:
Table shows the results of plate load test done
(600x600)mm at depth of 1.5m of 1.5m below the
ground surface. Plot the load versus displacement
from the test and estimate the ultimate load for
25mm settlement.
a) Calculate the bearing capacity of shallow

foundation of width 3m embedded 1.5m below
ground surface
b) If the properties of the soil is b=17.3kN/m3,
f25 and c=10. Calculate the bearing capacity
according to Terzaghi
c) Compare result (a) and (b)
Load (tons) 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
Settlements (mm) 0 2.85 5.38 10.31 16.03 23.16 36.98

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TOPIC 3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF

►BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW

Student should be able to:

► Design shallow foundation. (CO2-PO3)

D/B < 1, or D < 3.0 m

► Adequate Depth and Location

► Safe from Bearing Capacity Failure

► Safe from excessive settlement

Shallow means less than 3 m or less than or equal

Three design criteria must be considered :-

► Determine column load

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF

Terzaghi (1943) proposed a formula to determine the

1] Strip foundation Nc, Nq and Nγ are

Terzaghi’s bearing capacity coefficients

Contact pressure (moment consideration)

Allowable design bearing capacity, qa = bearing

(a) Immediate or undrained settlement

(b) Consolidation or drained settlement

*** Allowable bearing capacity of clays ***

For a tolerable immediate settlement of si

For a tolerable consolidation settlement of sc

where mv = coefficient of volume compressibility

For sands, the settlement is almost entirely

Bearing Capacity Based on SPT value

For: B < 1.2m

For: B > 1.2m

Bearing Capacity Based on SPT value

A footing of width 3m placed at 2m below ground surface. The corrected N

Depth 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12

- The Ultimate Bearing Capacity foundation resting on Cohesive soil

Calculate the ultimate capacity of bridge pier 4 x 12m placed at depth 4m

a) Calculate the bearing capacity of shallow

Settlements (mm) 0 2.85 5.38 10.31 16.03 23.16 36.98

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* Allowable bearing capacity of clays *