Date 26o4|23

Expt.No,
Page No.

EXPERIMENT- 1
AlMlofindresistanceof a qiven wire
standard Teststoy using metre bride
APPARATUS AND MATE RLAL REQUIRED
A metre bxídc, a sensitiveqalvanametx, a
Mesistancecwire about mateial
m lon Cof
nhose Ysistanceis to be detexmìned,resist
Lance bax, a dzy celLCor a batery eliminato)
blug Key jackeyconnecin wixcs Sand
babex and a sére qauge
THEORY :
iththe Knon resistance Pinthe leftqap
and the unkoown resistanceSin
the ight
gap of the metre bicqe, suþbose the null
þoint B is obtaioed ata
distance of icm
fom the leftend. A. By the þàociple of
wheatstone bridac,
P= R

Resistance al laire
AR = R

Resistance o wire BC
=R Resi
sance lengthpf
l00 iYe

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 Date 26 |o423
Page No.
No.
Expt.

EXPERIMENT-1
oc
AIM: To fiodresistance
of qiven wixe/ a

reststoY
standard
uingmetrebride
ARPARATUS AND MATE RLAL RE QULRED_
A metre bxidqe, a sensitive qalvanometex,a
about 1m long Cof mateial
Mesistance cwire
wire
hose xsistcOce is to be detemìned),resist
Lance

babey
box,

and
aa

a
batHery ciminato)
dz Co
cell
wires Sand
bluq Key, jackey,connccing
SCren qauqe
a

,
THEORY
the Knonn resistancePinHhe left
with
qap
and the unkoawn resistanceS Ln he mght
aap of the mete bice,
subbase the nulL
Boint8is obtaioed at a lCm
distance of
oe
fom the leftend A. By the þrìocible
whe atstonebidac,
P= R

Resistance ol aixe AR = R

Resistaoce BC
ofwire
R TResishance lengthpf
l00 wic

Teacher'sSignature
CIRCUIToIAGRAMS

R-G
R

b b

30 60,10
5|0, 90

P B
A JockeyT
-(lo0-)
Cm

K
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No.
Expt. Page No.

S=R lo0-0

PRoCEDURE
ADxaW a neat dlaaram as shown
ciYcuit Ln

2)ASsemblehe equircdabpaxatus On ne
workinq able in occodance with
H Fig
3)Renove the insulatioo
fxom the eods of
connectfngwires
usiresby ubbing uith a sand
paper Thteo a the plugs in the xesist
box by giving them a qeotte tuist
once b0Y
4)Connect the Yesistancebox R.B dcosS he
leftaa ab and tHe unkoown YeS IStance
S across the ight a ap a,b of he metre
baidae Cannec a Yockey and a sensitive
oalvanometex between thethe boints B_ and D

Connect dy cel between the boints and

a A

C thDUgh a olug key kfhis aanqement

fosms he heatstonebicdae shawn
shou io
in Era.
5) To See that he connections are CoYect, take
Out Some re sistance R fom he esistane
box R.B and insext he
EiystpesS the jockey at
blu inthe key
the leftendAand
K
then at the iht end CC of the mtre bide
ire the defecions in the t0 caseg Shoud
be in obbosíte directions T£ theYe is one
Sideddefieckion, check up the crcuitagain
partculaxlythe coniouityo thejunciona
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Expt.No. Page No.

Take
xesist
out suitablesesistaunce2
a

cOCe boX So hat

the
hen the ockey is
fo
neaslyiothe mlddle of the wire.(1e betoeen.
30-70cmHivísions), there isno detection
in the galvanometex. Note the position af
the nulLbolot B_ from the metre Scale AlSO
Oote the yesistaoce introducedfrom he
R

Yesistanebox R.
If
B

the Curenthougn the galvanometex

is laroe and itsdefle
deflecios4ets out oe Ccale
Se

aShunt of Low xesistance wire should

a

be connected acrDSS the qalvanometey FoY fox

obtainingan approximate nu þalnt HoeueY
he Shun must be ne moved for obtaining
the exact balanceþoint
)Rebeat the expeimeot three more Hmes by
changLng the value
sliahtly resistaOce
Of

Rand taking Care hat the oul boto

always Liesbetween 30-40cm diisians
)Record al theobservCtionio tabulax a

forrm
RESULT
of the
Resistance given wíYez
PRECAUTIONS

A1 the cannecions shouldbe neat and Hgh+

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Expt. No...
Page No.

)Theþluasinthe gesistancebox must be kept

Haht by qiving them a geote twistafex
3) TheTe oce
Should oot be bessed
to.o hard
the ire, as o therníseît willdamaqe
the uniformityof the metre boidqe wire
4)The bateny circuit
Should be closedfrst
beforepresciogthefockey on he bride
wre and geVexse OTdex Should be folo wed
at the Hme of bxeak.
5) Move the jockeu genty oveY He bide wire
and do not rubit againstthe ire
6)The Curent Hhrough Hhe bridae wixe shouldbe þassed tox
bnl as much ime as is esšeotiafoT far qettioa
The Knowo resistanceRshould always be
in Such a way so as tto qet the ou)
adjustecd fo
þoint between 30-otm dívisfans
4)The galvanonnelexShculd be sbunted by a
law esistance wire to avoid excessive cuneot
and hence out of Scale cleflectionin it wben
the bidqe is nat balanced The shuot mus
be removed while qettingthe xact balaoce
polnt

S0URCES OF ERROR
The byide wire may not be of unifoxmayea
0.f CoosS - Secion
ion along its
entirelength

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Expt.No. Page No.

)todCorections.-
Tbe Tesistanceoffexcdby
Hhe copper Stips at the ends of the bicge
ie are calleclend Yesistances eyroYS de
to these resistancesare calledend exYOxS
andconecionsaaye calledend coYecions. To
eoY the balance eointShould
Cvoid this
be olbtainedAeaY the midpoiot of Hbe wre
IhisemoY Can be totallyelioinated by
iokychangiog þositionsof xesistaoce s dad
3) Due to þolonged flosof
curreot he wire
lgcts heated up and its yesistancechanges.
4)Tbe galuanometr þointex mag not be
exactyat the 2e0 mar must be
T

adiusted to ero by qenty moving the

Scxeus at thbe bottom of the fxDntSanel
Lusittthe belb of a Sco diver

Teacher's
Signature
 Date 29o4l23
Expt.No. Page No..6..
ExeERIMENT-2
AlM:o vexifythe law of Sexies caobination
of xesistances
using a metre bxide

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REOUIRED

A metxe bride a Sensitiveqalvanometer,
t
TeSistance uwiYeS about 50cm each CoY tuwo
YesistancecoilsRi and Ry a xesistancebAX,
ajockey blug key dy celox ba Heny
,a a
eliminatoxthick connectiag uiresanda piece
of Sand þapex
THEORY
unknown Resistance- with the
Measurement of
Koown xesistaoceR in he leftgap and the
koow xesístance S (R,ay Gr Seies combin R

Lation of Riand Ry) io the xiqht qab of the

,
metre bide suppose the balaoce þoint is
obtaioed at a distaoce lcm fum Hhe left end,
then the unknown resistanceis qiven by

S= R o0-1

(b) Law of yesistance- ahen

of Sesies combination
two esistances R and
Connected o
Ry axe
Sesies thelx equivalentyesistanceRsisqiven
by ks =Rt Ry

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CIRCUT DIAGRA

R8
R

bi

mhuuhuuuuaulauuuulunubuuda

Cm
 Date

Expt. No.. Page No.

PROCEOURE
Dxawneat circuitdliaganas sbouoo io Eig
4-6 and assemble the hequixed abhaxatus
the wox king tableaccordingly
2)Connect vesistanceboxRB
Hhe acYOSS the
leftqap ab and the unkaaLwn eistanceR
acess the ightqap aby of the mete brtdge
Connect a ockey and
Sensitiveqaluanamefex
a

betueeo the hoiots and D. connect a dy

B

cellbetween Hhe paiOtS A and C Hhrough

plug key k
3) To See that he Connecioos aYe conect take
out some gsistanceR fom he esictaoce
box R8 and iosextthe blug He keyk n

Hrst prfss ocke at the leftend and theo A

at yiqht end C of the bidae coixe the defle.

Cionsin he tuo cases shauld be in obbosite
dixectionS
4)AdjustHhe resistance R fxom he yesistancebox
RBi9 Such way that he balaoce lpoint is
a

Obtained nearly in the middle of Hbe wire AC

Notethe alue ol he esIstance Rand Hhe
positionof Hhe balance point B Lake Hhyee Sets
of obseYvatiansby slian
ty changing he value
of yesistanceRevey time
5) Now Conne ct esistaDce R acroSS
rOSS he ightgaþ
ab in blace of resistanceRyobtain
þo)nt foxit Agaln tekethree Sets aj
ObscrvationS fox ResÌstanceR

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Expt.No. Page No.

6) Now canoet both Hhe resistances and R R

ia SeìeS Cend toend) as shooD in Ga

acxoss he iht qap atb Ensure that the
lenah of each Te Sistaoce lwire vemaOs
ellective
unchaogedThìs means that at the paint
neans
here the two wiYe are jained end toeod,
he lenghs ol the ends that wee iosextdintD
the bioding temoalsio seb s and 6 shauld
be tuisted
togethex TaKe three Sets of obser.
VationS fox he gull point of this Cambination
Recoxd all observahon io a tabulax fom.

0BSERVATLONS AND CALULATONS

Exþeimenta)Value of seiescombinatianaf
nesistance Re=
Theoxetical Value of Senes Camblnaion ot
Ye Sistance Rh Rt Ra=
DilfexeOce

RESUL
witbinthe imìtsof expeimental ero, he
expenmental he and heoYeical
Of values the
Seies Combinaion of resistance
s are equal.So
the law of Combioaion of Seies sands veifid

PRECAUTIO NS
1)AL connectiaosshould be neat and Hqht
Hhe c

2) he blugs inthe resistanceboy must be kelpt

hem a gente
ightby glviogthem
Haht aftex tist
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Expt.No. Page No.

insextfogthem
3)The yockey should not be pressed too hard.
the wire as othexwise t uillela maqe
the unifomity of the metre bide wie,
4) The batery circuit shauld be closed irst
before presring hejackeyon thebiclge iire
nd rVeYSe or der should be followwed at Hhe
Hme break
of
5) Move theyacKeygently ovex he bidg e

and do oot ub itaqainstthe awire

) The Cuneot thsough the bde wire should
as is esseot
be paSsed fo 0nly as much ime
ialfo gettiog nulþoint a

2)The kaown Yesistaoce shouldoways R be

adiused inSuch So as to get

cway So a
the
Lou boint betueen 30-0cm civisiaos.
8) The aalvanometey shauld be shuoted by a

low Yesistance coire to avoi exceSSive

Cuneot and heOe out of Scale deflecHao
Jo it when the bide Is balanced
The shuot must be emarel
mared while qediog
the exact oullþoìnt
9) Eosuxe that the sa me lenthsof
Tenghs os resishance
wixe s R and R art used foy dekmioing
R ac have been uied fox detesmìniog kR

and R lndividuall

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Expt.No. Page No.

SouRCES OF ERROR
4) The bridgewire mnay uoifaxm
not be of
axca Of cYDS S - Sectioo along ts enHre
ength
) heYe may be eod eYIOYS cue to xesistances
of cobper sìps at
he ends of the bride

3) Due to pralonsed flowof cumeot the

ances wires may qet heated up and heix
xesistoncesnay change
4) The elecivelenghsof he resistancewixes
useclwhilemeasuù ng Rs mayoot be evactly
Same as hase used wbile measuio
used uhile Ry and me

Rindividually

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Signature
 Date 11
Expt. No.. Page No.24 04l23

EX PERIMENT-3
AIM:To detemioe thegesistanceof a

Qaluanometex by half deflechon methad aod

Eo And its fiqure of merit

APPARATUS AND HATERIAL REQURED

A weston ype qalvaoometer a ba Hey
of 3 Vla ba Hey elimìn
atox hiqh Yesistan a

ce box (o-tokn)a owwYeststance box (02 00

0)tuo one -way keys ,piece ltmeteY
a vo (0-3V,
Cannechg wires and a Sand of papex

haRkNEFoRMULAE
The resistanceEn of a galvano
tn metex by half
defiectioomethod is qiven by

R-S
where Risthe re sistance inceies wih the
aalvanometey and Sis Hhe shunt resistance
The fiqureof merit of He galvansmeteYic
giveoby k F
(R+G)6
whext 8 fs the dellechon
þoduced ith
SedesyesistOce R and E is he emf Of
the batHey
Teacher'sSignature:
C)RcUIT DIAGRAMS
KI

(o-10k-)
I
J-T)

L-R-B K2
2)
oo
(0-2
Pia'-Deleninaion tane
af aalvanomeey resis
by halt detectionmehod

E K (0-10k )
H-R-B

I
Hs Dekominaion of figureof meitof
ene ga lvanometer.
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Expt.No. Page No.

PRO CEDURE
A) ResistaDce o be by hale
deflechao methometex
44 Draw neatcixcuit
a diaaYam.andaNange
the requixed appaxatus o he working
Lable accoclingly
Clean hc ends of he (onoecing wies a

with a sand papex Canned abaHe4E

qalvanomety G, high yesistancebox an'd
canneatey R

Rey ia seiesCannecta low resistance

K

box S and key Ky l0 parallel with the

4aluanomet
3)Tno duce a high xesistance R(
a 50o02) fom
tne resistancebox Re claseHhe key kCKeep
og obeo)Adi st the value of yesistance
k

HL the dellechon 9 io he qalvanomctex

R

fullScale and is do
is almAsk eveO
an eveo0nbey
odivisionsNote Hhe deflecioo9and Hhe
Nalue of YesistanceR
4) Tnboduce Small vesistance S02) hyough
a

L&Ls xesistanceboY S and close Hhe key K.

Kecping Exed adfusthe value of shunt
K

yesistaúce S 4L he deftecionin he aaluanomee

ls Yeduced to exactyhalf the value of obtalo
ed ia slep 3 (i,e)lèHetionbecames sNote
he deflechiaoand the value of hunt resistance
S

NOTE As the Values o SincYeaes

eares deHectian
Qlso QCrcases

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5) fo values o Rand
diffexent three Stake
more sets of abcervattansby nepeating
Sleps 3 and 4 So Hhat Ois ven numbr o
divisions.
ReCaxd the obsenotioosof fS, 9

and J2 in a tabulax fomm

sCalculateHhe aluaometfY
value o 4alu resistane
using he fonuma RS
R-S
BFiquxe of medt af the qaluanomekx
) Fnd the emf E o1the ba
|tacrOSS a hiqh
b
by Connechag ey
resIstaocevoltmefer, See
Hhat the tue termioadof the batenyis
connected to tbe tve eminal of he h

Voltneter
3)As shoos in Gq connect the bateng E ga
Nanoneley high G
Gh
resistaocebox R aod a

key k in Sexies
9)Tnhoduce resistaOceof aboLut 50o02
a

from xesistaoce box R. DOrext he þlug

Key and Qdust the esistaoce So that
k
R

almost ful Scae deflectioo of certoin

a

Comble te numbex of civisionS is obtaoed

in he aalvanometexNoe he Values o R

lo)Repeat he experiment fox hxee more values

2 so cions lie between Q0-30
defte Hhat
oivisionsRecord the values ol and in a R

tabulay form
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Expt. No. Page No.

Calculakefhe tiquxeof meritof he qaluan

ometex using the formulaK E
(R+G1)
RESULT
4) Resistaoce of qalvanometer by half-deflect
2) Aure of merit OF the qalvanometex k=
A div.
a)lCueotgeauired fox fullScale deflectia
in he qavanameterTq -- A

PRECAUTLO NS
1) Au the Connecions Shauld be neat Cle an and
Hght
2) AL the plugs of the two resistancebox es shauld
be kept iaht by qlvingthem a qentHe tuist
3) The values of the Sexies Sistanepshauld
be laqe. Ihisensures caYNect Value of
4) the þlugin the key Ki Should be ioserked
only afler a Rof híqhvalueha
resistance g

beco takeo out from the resistanceb0% otheywise

he qaluanometey coilmay burn
5) The ýalue oR
shauld be adýusted so that
deslecHao 0is eaual toto an even Dumber of
ions then the value of O/2 can br obtaioed
divis
eractty with Shunt S

6) To deaease the deflecHon n the qalvanometex,

he shunt esistance S. shouldbe de(Yeased
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Expt.No. Page No.

1 The emf the baterys hould

,
For Hhís a freshly charged
be used
Yemai constant
baten mus

8)|Faxdeteminingigure merit a high

sesistancevaltnetc hauld be used to
measure he end of the ba He y

SouRES OF
OE £RROR
1) The plugs io the esistancebaxes may n

ao or Haht
be cle
a) the eme of the ba Hey
not be canstant
may
3)The divisionsan the qalvanometer Scale may
ot be of equal Size

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