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Alternator

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1st Part
n = slot / pole
m = slot / pole / phase

 ( , , )
𝐾𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 , = × 180
2 𝑛
𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑛 1
𝐾𝑑 =  2
 , = × 180
𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 𝑛

2nd Part
𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 + ( I ∓  ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

Calculation using real part,

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼 ( 𝑅. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ± 𝑋. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ) (phase value)

Calculation using magnitude part,

𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 + 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ± 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2 (phase value)

𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑡2 + (𝐼𝑍𝑠 )2 + 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( ∓ ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 )

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%𝒓𝒆𝒈𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅)  𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ≅ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (if 𝑅𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑍𝑠

3 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝐸𝐴 − 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 )
𝑍𝑠
𝑋
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑠
𝑎

J
time of oscillation = 0.0083 𝑁𝑠 √ 𝐼
𝑘𝑉𝐴 𝑠𝑐 𝑓
𝐼

Synchronizing Power
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 𝑋𝑠
𝑃𝑠𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛( ±  ),  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑍𝑠 𝑅𝑎

3 𝑉𝑡2
𝑃𝑠𝑦 (𝑛𝑜−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) =
𝑍𝑠
𝑒 (radian)

Generator Induced Torque = Output Torque

Generator shaft Torque = Input Torque

Conditions for Parallel operation of alternator:

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𝑅𝑎 = Armature resistance

𝑋𝐿 = Armature Leakage reactance

𝑋𝐴𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑋𝑠 = 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑅

𝐸𝐴 = Load induced e.m.f.

𝐸0 = No-Load induced e.m.f.

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1.

Ans: 0.9396926208, 0.9238795325, 0.8819212643

2.

Ans: 0.9597950805

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3. *

Ans: 0.639863387, 0.8312069222, 0.9597950805

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4.

Ans: 0.9659258265, 0.7071067812, 0,2588190451, 0.2588190451

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5.

Ans: 50 Hz, 2657.202289 v

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6. *

Ans: 1812.995372 v, 3140.200098 v

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7.

Ans: 987.9080164 v

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8. *

Ans: 13196.44785 v

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9. *

Ans: 749.405577 v

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10. *

Ans: 999.9125619 v

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11. **

Ans: 160 v

12. ***

Ans: 399.0881106 v; 230.4136281 v, 0.766̇ A

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13. **

(iii) rotor frequency

Ans: 60 Hz; 1140 r.p.m, 3 Hz

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14.

Ans: 1365.843526 v

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15.

Ans: 11475.640892.715409524 v

Y-connected alternator
∴ 𝐸𝐴 /phase
11 × 103
𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (I∠-ϕ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )
√3

𝑅𝑎 = 0.1 Ω , = 6625.464358∠2.7154° v

𝑋𝑠 = 0.66 Ω
= 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑆 ≅ 𝑋𝐿
∴ 𝐸𝐴 /Line = 11475.64089∠2.7154° v
Ans
Load
10-MW, Cosϕ = 0.85 (lagging)

10×103
∴ 𝐼𝐿 = ∠ − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.85
√3 ×11 ×0.85

= 617.4869189∠ − 31.788° 𝐴

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16.
(a) ***

Ans: 5066.985352 v

Y-connected alternator
1000
𝐼1 = ∠-36.87° A
1000-kVA, 3300-v √3×3.3

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω , = 174.954627∠-36.87° A

𝑋𝑠 = 5 Ω ∴ 𝐸𝐴1 /phase
= 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑆 ≅ 𝑋𝐿
= 𝑉𝑡1 /phase + (𝐼1 ∠ − 𝜙1 ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )
Case1 1000-kVA
𝑉𝑡1 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3300𝑣 = 2582.5466∠14.52° v
Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (lagging)

Case2
same excitation |𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 2582.5466 𝑣

same Load current |𝐼2 | =174.954627 A

Cos𝜙2 = 0.8 (leading)

𝐸𝐴22 = 𝑉𝑡22 + (𝐼2 𝑍𝑠 )2 + 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼2 𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( + 𝜙2 ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 )

2 2
𝐸𝐴22 = ( 𝑉𝑡2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑎 ) + (𝑉𝑡2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙2 − 𝐼2 𝑋𝑠 )

⇒ |𝑉𝑡2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 2925.425357 𝑣

⇒ |𝑉𝑡2 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒| = 5066.986352 𝑣 Ans

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(b) ***

Ans: 5293.673074 v

Y-connected alternator
1000
1000-kVA, 3300-v
𝐼1 = ∠-36.87° A
√3×3.3

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω , = 174.954627∠-36.87° A

𝑋𝑠 = 5 Ω ∴ 𝐸𝐴1 /phase
= 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑆 ≅ 𝑋𝐿
= 𝑉𝑡1 /phase + (𝐼1 ∠ − 𝜙1 ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )
Case1 1000-kVA
𝑉𝑡1 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3300𝑣 = 2582.5466∠14.52° v
Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (lagging)

Case2
same excitation |𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 2582.5466 𝑣

same Load current |𝐼2 | =174.954627 A

Cos𝜙2 = 0.7 (leading)

𝐸𝐴22 = 𝑉𝑡22 + (𝐼2 𝑍𝑠 )2 + 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼2 𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( + 𝜙2 ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 )

2 2
𝐸𝐴22 = ( 𝑉𝑡2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑎 ) + (𝑉𝑡2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙2 − 𝐼2 𝑋𝑠 )

⇒ |𝑉𝑡2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 3056.303574 𝑣

⇒ |𝑉𝑡2 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒| = 5293.673074 𝑣 Ans

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(c) *

Ans: 12086.80077 v
Y-connected alternator
2000
2000-kVA, 11-kV
𝐼1 = ∠-36.87° A
√3×11

𝑅𝑎 = 0.3 Ω , = 104.9727762∠-36.87° A

𝑋𝑠 = 5 Ω ∴ 𝐸𝐴1 /phase
= 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑆 ≅ 𝑋𝐿
= 𝑉𝑡1 /phase + (𝐼1 ∠ − 𝜙1 ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )
Case1 2000-kVA
𝑉𝑡1 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 11100𝑣 = 6702.970025∠3.43° v
Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (lagging)

Case2
same excitation |𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 6702.970025 𝑣

same Load current |𝐼2 | =104.9727762A

Cos𝜙2 = 0.8 (leading)

𝐸𝐴22 = 𝑉𝑡22 + (𝐼2 𝑍𝑠 )2 + 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼2 𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( + 𝜙2 ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 )

2 2
𝐸𝐴22 = ( 𝑉𝑡2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙2 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑎 ) + (𝑉𝑡2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙2 − 𝐼2 𝑋𝑠 )

⇒ |𝑉𝑡2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 6978.317676 𝑣

⇒ |𝑉𝑡2 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒| = 12086.80077 𝑣 Ans

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17.
*

Ans: 222.09027633.182659612 v

Assume 1-ϕ connection ∴ 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑎2 = 0.229 Ω

≅ 𝑋𝐿
𝑉𝑡 =200 v

𝑅𝑎 = 0.1 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 =? ∴ 𝐸𝐴 /phase

I = 100 A, Cosϕ = 0.8 (Lagging) = 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (I∠-ϕ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )

= 222.0902763∠3.18265° v
50
𝑍𝑠 = Ω = 0.25 Ω
200 Ans

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18.
(a) **

Ans: 62.29721368%

Y -connected alternator ∴ 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑎2 = 0.7946822422 𝑝𝑢

6000-kVA, 6.6-kV
reg =
Cosϕ = 0.8 (Lagging) = √(𝑅𝑝𝑢 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠)2 + (𝑋𝑝𝑢 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛)2 − 1

𝑅𝑎 = 0.03 pu
= 62.29721368%
8000/√3 Ans
𝑍𝑠 = Ω
800

8000/√3 6
= × 𝑝𝑢
800 6.62

= 0.7952483047 𝑝𝑢

##

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(b) ****

Ans: 471.84253976.916208422 v; 592.99113137.82298239 v; 34.77071158%; 2.7 

Solve:

Y-connected alternator (b)

No-load e.m.f/phase,
50-kVA, 440-v
𝐸𝐴0 /phase
𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 440𝑣
= 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (I∠-ϕ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
𝑅𝑎 = 0.25Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 3.2 Ω
𝑋𝐿 = 0.5 Ω = 342.3635891∠37.823° v

Cosϕ = 1 (unity) ⇒ ϕ = 0° ∴ 𝐸𝐴0 /Line = 592.9911∠37.823° v

Ans

50×103
(F.L.) I = ∠0° = 65.607985 A
√3×440 (c)

(a) |𝐸𝐴0 |−|𝑉𝑡 |

Internal e.m.f./phase, Reg = |𝑉𝑡 |
× 100%

𝐸𝐴 /phase = 34.77071158% Ans

= 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (I∠-ϕ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 ) (d)

𝑋𝑠 = 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑅
= 272.4184173∠6.916° v
⇒ 𝑋𝐴𝑅 = 𝑋𝑠 − 𝑋𝐿 = 2.7 Ω
∴ 𝐸𝐴 /Line = 471.8425397∠6.916° v
Ans
Ans

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19. *

Ans: 18.97040781, 48.04058776%

Y-connected alternator
∴ 𝐸𝐴0 /phase
10-kVA, 400-v
= 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (I∠-ϕ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
400
𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑣
√3 = 341.885∠18.9704° v

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω ,

𝑋𝑠 = 10 Ω ∴ Power angle = Torque angle

= 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑋𝐴𝑆 ≅ 𝑋𝐿 = 18.9704°
Ans

Cosϕ = 0.8 (lagging) |𝐸𝐴0 |−|𝑉𝑡 |

∴ Reg = |𝑉𝑡 |
× 100%
10×103
∴ 𝐼𝐿 = ∠ − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8
√3 ×400 = 48.04058776%
Ans
= 14.43375673∠ − 36.87° 𝐴

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20. **

Ans: 12.03569119, 25.90080968%

Y-connected alternator
∴ 𝐸𝐴0 /phase
1200-kVA, 3.3-kV
= 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (I∠-ϕ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
3
3.3 × 10
𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑣
√3 = 2398.73∠12.03569119° v

𝑅𝑎 = 0.25 Ω ,

1.1 × 103 /√3 ∴ Power angle = Torque angle

𝑍𝑠 = Ω = 12.03569119°
200 Ans

= 3.175426481 Ω |𝐸𝐴0 |−|𝑉𝑡 |

∴ reg = |𝑉𝑡 |
× 100%

∴ 𝑋𝑠 = √𝑍𝑠2 − 𝑅𝑎2 = 3.165569986 Ω = 25.90080968%

≅ 𝑋𝐿 Ans

Cosϕ = 0.8 (lagging)

1200
∴(F.L.) 𝐼𝐿 = ∠ − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8
√3 ×3.3

= 209.945524∠ − 36.87° 𝐴

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21. ***

Ans: 13.5673562%
Y-connected alternator 11000
|𝐸𝐴01 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 𝑣
√3
𝑅𝑎 = 0.4 Ω
2 2
𝐸𝐴021 = ( 𝑉𝑡1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙1 + 𝐼1 𝑅𝑎 ) + ( 𝑉𝑡1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙1 − 𝐼1 𝑋𝑠 )
Case1
⇒ 𝑋𝑠 = 7.910958374 Ω
100 A, Cos𝜙1 = 0 (Leading)
𝜙1 = 90°

12370
𝑉𝑡1 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑣
√3

Case2 11×103
𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑣
√3
Y-connected alternator
3×103
(F.L) I = ∠ − 36.87°
√3×11
3-MVA, 11-kV

𝑅𝑎 = 0.4 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 7.910958374 Ω ∴ 𝐸𝐴0 /phase

Cosϕ = 0.8 (lagging) = 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (𝐼∠ − 𝜙) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 7212.634848∠7.64° v
reg =
√(𝑅𝑝𝑢 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠)2 + (𝑋𝑝𝑢 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛)2 − 1 |𝐸𝐴0 |−|𝑉𝑡 |
∴ %reg = |𝑉𝑡 |
× 100%
= 13.56954558% Ans
= 13.56954558%
Ans

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22. *
A 3-phase 20-MVA, 10-KV alternator has internal reactance of 5% and negligible resistance. Find the
external reactance per phase to be connected in series with the alternator so that steady-state current on
short-circuit does not exceed 8 times the full load current.
Ans : 0.075 pu=0.375 

3-ϕ Alternator ⇒ 𝑋𝑝𝑢 + 𝑥𝑝𝑢 ≥ 0.125

20-MVA, 10-kV ⇒ 𝑥𝑝𝑢 ≥ 0.125 − 𝑋𝑝𝑢

⇒ 𝑥𝑝𝑢 ≥ 0.125 − 0.05

𝐼𝑠𝑐 ≤ 8 𝐼𝐹.𝐿.
⇒ 𝑥𝑝𝑢 ≥ 0.075
𝐼𝑠𝑐
⇒ ≤ 8
𝐼𝐹.𝐿.

1
⇒ ≤8 102
𝑍𝑝𝑢
∴ 𝑥 ≥ 0.075 × Ω
20

⇒ 𝑍𝑝𝑢 ≥ 0.125
⇒ 𝑥 ≥ 0.375 Ω
Ans

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23.
(a) ***

Ans: 174.1463623 KW, 192.0707699 KW

Y-connected alternator

750-kVA, 11-kV

112
𝑅𝑎 = 0.01 𝑝𝑢 = 0.01 × Ω =1.6133 ̇ Ω;
0.75

112
𝑋𝑠 = 0.15 𝑝𝑢 = 0.15 × Ω = 24.2 Ω ≃ 𝑋𝐿
0.75

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑋𝑠
𝛿𝑚 = 1° , 𝛿𝑒 = 𝛿𝑚 = 2° ,  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 86. 2°
2 𝑅𝑎

3 𝑉𝑡2 3 (11×103 ÷√3)2 𝜋

𝑃𝑠𝑦 (𝑛𝑜−𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑) =
𝑍𝑠
𝑒 (radian) = | 1.613+𝑗24.2 |
×2° ×
180
= 174.1463622 kW
Ans

750
(F.L) 𝐼 = ∠ − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 39.3648∠ − 36.87° A
√3×11

∴ 𝐸𝐴 /phase = 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (𝐼∠ − 𝜙) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 ) = 7010.720362∠5.93°

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑦 = . 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛( +  )
𝑍𝑠

11×103
3 × 7010.720362 ×
= | 1.613+𝑗24.2 |
√3
× 𝑆𝑖𝑛2° × 𝑆𝑖𝑛(86. 2° + 5.93° )

= 192.070799 kW Ans
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(b) *

Ans: 502.246611 kW

Assume Y-connected alternator

2000-kVA , 6000-V , Cosϕ = 0.8 (Lagging)

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 6 Ω ≅ 𝑋𝐿

2000×103
(F.L.) I = ∠ − 36.87° = 192.4500897∠-36. 87° A
√3 ×6000

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑋𝑠
𝛿𝑚 = 1° , 𝛿𝑒 = 𝛿𝑚 = 4° ,  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 90°
2 𝑅𝑎

∴ 𝐸𝐴 /phase = 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (𝐼∠ − 𝜙) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )

= 4258.3252∠12.53° v

 = 12.53°

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛( +  ) = 502.246611 kW Ans
𝑍𝑠

𝑃𝑠𝑦 ×60
𝑇𝑠𝑦 = = 6394.802463 𝑁𝑚 Ans
2𝜋 𝑁𝑠

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24. *

Ans: 722.2361962 kW, 6896.847642 Nm

Assume Y-connected alternator

3-MVA , 3.3-kV , Cosϕ = 0.8 (Lagging)

𝑅𝑎 = 0 ,

3.32
𝑋𝑠 = 0.25 𝑝𝑢 = 0.25 × Ω = 0.9075 Ω ≃ 𝑋𝐿
3

3×103
(F.L.) I = ∠ − 36.87° = 524.8638811∠-36. 87° A
√3 ×3.3

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑋𝑠
𝛿𝑚 = 1° , 𝛿𝑒 = 𝛿𝑚 = 3° ,  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 90°
2 𝑅𝑎

∴ 𝐸𝐴 /phase = 𝑉𝑡 /phase + (𝐼∠ − 𝜙) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 )

= 2223.932328∠9.8658° v

 = 9.8658°

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑦 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒 . 𝑆𝑖𝑛( +  ) = 722.2361962 kW Ans
𝑍𝑠

𝑃𝑠𝑦 ×60
𝑇𝑠𝑦 = = 6896.847642 𝑁𝑚 Ans
2𝜋 𝑁𝑠

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25. (Chapman Exc 5.24)

Ans: 299.298 kw, 144.956 kVAR; 119.719 kw,115.391 kVAR; 31.85 (lagging)

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26. ***

Ans: 150-28.98186239 A, 8273.07282115.49210944 v;

180.6360295-43.41365988 A, 9640.08928815.9016802 v

Solve:

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27.
(a) **

Ans: 60 Hz; 59.2 Hz;

the operator should increase the governor no-load set points by 0.8 Hz

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(b) **

Ans: 60 Hz, 1.5 MW, 1 MW;

59.5 Hz, 2 MW, 1.5 MW

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28. **** (Chapman Exc 5.8)

Ans: 1.68%, 0.84%; 59.8 Hz; 70 KW, 30 KW

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29. **** (Chapman Exc 5.9)

Ans: 59.61 Hz; 2.085 MW, 3.2 MW, 1.7444 MW; not acceptable (3.2 > 3 rating)

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30. **

Ans: 0.2 Hz

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##
3 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝐸𝐴 − 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠Ө ) with constant excitation
𝑍𝑠
𝑿𝒔
 =  = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝑹𝒂

31.
(a) ** (B.L. Threza, Example 37.66)

A 3-ϕ, 11-kV, 5-MVA, Y-connected alternator has a synchronous impedance of

(1+j10) Ω per phase. Its excitation is such that the generated line e.m.f. is 14-kV.
If the alternator is connected to infinite bus-bars, determine the maximum output
at the given excitation.
Ans: 14.12555293 MW
Solve:

Y-connected Alternator ; 𝐸𝐴 ∠Ө = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑀 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

5-MVA, 11-kV ⇒ 𝐼𝑀 = 972.1414125∠40.302° 𝐴

𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 11 × 103 𝑣
3 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 ( √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑀∗ )
| 𝐸𝐴 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 14 × 10 𝑣
= 14.12555293 𝑀𝑊 Ans

𝑅𝑎 = 1 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 10 Ω 3 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝐸𝐴 − 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 )
𝑍𝑠
= 14.12555293 𝑀𝑊 Ans
For 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , (with constant excitation)

𝑋𝑠
𝛿 = Ө = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 84.2894°
𝑅𝑎

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(b) **

Ans: 17.65694116 MW; 1215.17676640.30202418 (leading)

Solve:
Y-connected Alternator ;
𝐸𝐴 ∠Ө = 𝑉𝑡 + 𝐼𝑀 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
10-MW, 11-kV
⇒ 𝐼𝑀 = 1215.176766∠40.302° 𝐴
3
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 11 × 10 𝑣 Ans

| 𝐸𝐴 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 14 × 103 𝑣
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 ( √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑀∗ )
= 17.65694116 𝑀𝑊 Ans
𝑅𝑎 = 0.8 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 8 Ω
3 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( 𝐸𝐴 − 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 )
𝑍𝑠

For 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , = 17.65694116 𝑀𝑊 Ans

𝑋𝑠
𝛿 = Ө = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 84.2894°
𝑅𝑎

With constant excitation

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32. **

(i)

(ii)
If the generator is operating at the constant excitation

Ans: 807.4917924-53.42840706 A, 0.5958267674 (lagging);

136.0147051 MW, 3248.93144836.32386947 A, 0.8056815792 (leading)

Solve:

50-MVA, 30-kV

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 9 Ω

Case 1
50-MVA , 30-kV , Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (Lagging)

50× 103
∴ 𝐼1 = ∠ − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 962.2504486∠ − 36.87° 𝐴
√3 × 30

∴ 𝐸𝐴1 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼1 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 ) = 23558.43798∠17.1027897 𝑣

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33. **

(i)

.
(ii)

Ans: 769.8004745-0.03139464355 A; 12 kV

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34. **

Ans: 546.4917924-53.42840706 A

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35. ***

(i)

(ii)

Ans: 798.1290121 kW, 889.7290121 kW, 89.70473046%;

532 v (no drop induced voltage at the terminals)

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36. **** (APSCL-2018)

A 480 V, 50-Hz, Y-connected six pole synchronous generator has a per-phase synchronous reactance of 1.2
ohm. Its full-load armature current is 60 A at 0.8 pf lagging. If the per phase no-load voltage is 277 V,

determine the torque angle =?

Ans: 12.00178935, 227.74508670 v

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37. ****

Ignore armature resistance.

what is the terminal voltage & efficiency =?

When it is operated at rated current at 0.8 pf Lagging (ignore unknown electrical losses)

Ans: 410.3913454 v, 93.17299814%

Hints: Terminal voltage at no-Load indicate induced e.m.f (no drop at no-Load)

Solve:

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Method 1 Method 2

Use 𝑽𝒕 as reference

Calculation using magnitude part,

EA2 = ( Vt Cos + IR a )2 + ( Vt Sin ± IXs )2

(phase value)

 𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒= 236.9395537 v

 𝐸𝐴 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝑡 + ( I ∓  ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 277.12812929.974221794 v

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38. ***

Ans: 2661.3881287.415 v, 870.3553875 KW

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39. **** (Chapman Exc 5.23)

Ans: 45.87654786%

𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 0

100 75
𝑋𝑝𝑢 = 0.75 × 2
=
11 121

%reg = √(𝑅𝑝𝑢 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠)2 + (𝑋𝑝𝑢 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛)2 − 1 = 45.87654786%

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40. ** (DPDC-2019)

A 120 kVA, 10/0.415 kV, Delta/Y transformer is designed for a 60 Hz power system.
If the transformer is to be used in a 50 Hz system , what should be the maximum allowable kVA?
Ans: 100

41. ****

Ans:

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42. ****

A 600 KVA, delta-connected alternator has line voltage of 220 v. If it is re-connected in star connection,
calculate new KVA, voltage & current rating

Ans: 200 KVA, 220-v, 524.86 A

At delta connection, the alternator will supply more Load KVA

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43.

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44.

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Synchronous
Motor

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3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 Cos ≅ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (if 𝑅𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑍𝑠

𝐸𝐴  −  = 𝑉𝑡 − ( I ∓  ) ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
(under excited, normally excited; over excited)

Calculation using real part,

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼 ( 𝑅. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ± 𝑋. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ) (phase value)

Calculation using magnitude part,

𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 − 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ∓ 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2 (phase value)

𝐸𝐴2 = 𝑉𝑡2 + (𝐼𝑍𝑠 )2 − 2. 𝑉𝑡 . 𝐼𝑍𝑠 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠( ∓ ) (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 )

𝐫𝐞𝐠 = √(𝑹𝒑𝒖 (𝑷𝒊𝒏) − 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 (𝑷𝒊𝒏) ∓ 𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏

For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ,

𝑋𝑠
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 with constant excitation
𝑅𝑎

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 3 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2

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𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎

𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 + 𝑃𝑥

𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

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45. ( B.L. Threza , Ex-38.22 )

Consider a 3300-v , 3-ϕ Synchronous motor having negligible armature resistance and
synchronous reactance of 18 Ω per phase. It operates at a leading power factor of 0.707
when taking 800 kW from supply.

Calculate excitation emf and rotor angle=?

For (i) Y-connection (ii) Δ-connection

Ans: 8820.025395∠ − 29.653° 𝑣 , 4972.482566∠ − 17.0088° 𝑣

Solve:
(i) (ii)

Y-connected SM Δ-connected SM
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3300 𝑣 𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3300 𝑣

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 18 Ω 𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 18 Ω

Cosϕ = 0.707 (Leading) Cosϕ = 0.707 (Leading)

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 800 × 103 𝑊 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 800 × 103 𝑊

800×103 800×103
∴𝐼= ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.707 𝐴 ∴ 𝐼𝑝 = ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.707 𝐴
√3×3300 ×0.707 3×3300 ×0.707

𝐸𝐴 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 − 𝐼(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 ) 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑝 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 5092.244036∠ − 29.653° 𝑣 = 4972.482566∠ − 17.0088° 𝑣

Ans
∴ 𝐸𝐴 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 8820.025395∠ − 29.653° 𝑣
Ans rotor angle = −17.0088° Ans

rotor angle = −29.653° Ans

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46.
(a)

Ans: 149.1883318121.8514953 A

Solve

Y-connected SM
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑍𝑠
6600-v

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 10 Ω ⇒ δ = 8.8134°

| 𝐸𝐴 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 8900 𝑣 𝐸𝐴 ∠ − 𝛿 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

⇒ I = 149.1883318 ∠58.1485° A
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 6600 𝑣
Ans

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 900 × 103 𝑤

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(b)

Ans: 19.99877181, 8.019978247-9.999385904 A (lagging)

Solve

Y-connected SM
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑍𝑠
400-v

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 10 Ω ⇒ δ = 19.99877181°

| 𝐸𝐴 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 400 𝑣 𝐸𝐴 ∠ − 𝛿 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

⇒ I = 8.019978247 ∠-9.99938° A
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 400 𝑣
Ans

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 5472 𝑤

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47. ** ( B.L. Threza, Ex-38.20 )

Y-connected, 2000-v, Synchronous motor has an effective resistance and synchronous

reactance of 0.2 Ω and 2.2 Ω , respectively.

The Input power is 800-kW at normal voltage and the induced e.m.f. is 2500 v.

Calculate the line current and power factor ?

Ans: 247.317809124.755759613° A (leading)

Solve :

Y-connected SM | 𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 2500 𝑣

2000-v, Over-excitation

𝑅𝑎 = 0.2 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 2.2 Ω 𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 2000 𝑣

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 800 × 103 𝑊

𝑃𝑖𝑛 ≠ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 (because 𝑅𝑎 ≠ 0)
𝑍𝑠

800 × 103 230.94

|𝐼𝐿 | = =
√3 × 2000 × 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙

𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 − 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙 + 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2 (Leading)

⇒ 𝜙 = 24.755759613° (Leading)

∴ Power factor = Cosϕ = 0.9081010838 (leading) Ans

230.94
∴ |𝐼𝐿 | = = 254.31101426528 𝐴 Ans
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙

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48. **

Ans: 20√29 v, 20√17 v, 20√41 v

Solve:

Assume 1-ϕ SM (ii)

Cosϕ =0.8 (lagging)

𝑉𝑡 = 1 𝑝𝑢

reg =
𝑅𝑝𝑢 = 0 , 𝑋𝑝𝑢 = 0.4 𝑝𝑢
𝐸𝐴 −1
√(0 − 0.8)2 + (0.4 − 0.6)2 − 1 = 1
𝐫𝐞𝐠 =
⇒ 𝐸𝐴 = 0.8246211251 𝑝𝑢 Ans

√(𝑹𝒑𝒖 − 𝑪𝒐𝒔)𝟐 + (𝑿𝒑𝒖 ∓ 𝑺𝒊𝒏)𝟐 − 𝟏

(i) (iii)

Cosϕ =1 (unity) Cosϕ =0.8 (leading)

reg = reg =

𝐸𝐴 −1 𝐸𝐴 −1
√(0 − 1)2 + (0.4 − 0)2 − 1 = √(0 − 0.8)2 + (0.4 + 0.6)2 − 1 = 1
1

⇒ 𝐸𝐴 = 1.077032961 𝑝𝑢 Ans ⇒ 𝐸𝐴 = 1.280624847 𝑝𝑢 Ans

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49.
(a) (B.L. Threza, Ex-38.2)

A 20-pole, 693-v, 50-Hz , Y-connected Synchronous Motor is operating at no-Load with

normal excitation. It has armature resistance per phase of zero and synchronous
reactance of 10 Ω. If rotor is retarded by 0.5° (mechanical) from its synchronous
position. Calculate

Armature e.m.f./phase = ? Armature Current/phase = ?

Power Drawn by the motor = ? Power developed by Armature = ?

Ans: 693/√3 v, 3.490455974-2.5 A, 4185.64583 kW, 4185.64583 W

Solve:

Y-connected SM ∴ 𝐸𝐴 ∠ − 𝛿 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

693 v ⇒ I = 3.490455974-2.5 A Ans

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 10 Ω

| 𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 693 𝑣 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒( √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿∗ ) = 4185.64583 W

𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 693 𝑣 3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
= 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 = 4185.64583 W
𝑍𝑠
Ans

𝛿𝑚 = 0.5° (mechanical displacement)

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 |𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎 = 𝑃𝑚

𝛿 = 𝛿𝑒 = 𝛿𝑚 = 5°
2
∴ 𝑃𝑚 = 4185.64583 W Ans

693
| 𝐸𝐴 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 | = 𝑣 Ans
√3

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(b)

Ans: 494.7525862-21.31122391 v, 39.61382687 kW

Solve:

Y-connected SM 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

400-v = 285.6455388∠-21.311° v

𝑅𝑎 = 0.2 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 1.6 Ω
∴ 𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 494.75∠ − 21.311° Ans
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 400 𝑣

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 37300 𝑤 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 |𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎

37300
∴ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = w ⇒ 𝑃𝑚 = 39.61382687 𝑘𝑊 Ans
0.88

Cosϕ = 0.9 (Leading)

37300 ÷ 0.88
𝐼= ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.9
√3 × 400 × 0.9

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(c)

Ans: 266.1684802-10.89821364 v, 78.51305698 kW

Solve:

Y-connected SM 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

400-v = 266.1684802∠−10.898° v
Ans
𝑅𝑎 = 0.04 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 0.4 Ω

𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 400 𝑣

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 75900 𝑤 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 |𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎

∴ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 =
75000
w ⇒ 𝑃𝑚 = 78.51305698 𝑘𝑊 Ans
0.925

Cosϕ = 0.8 (Leading)

75000 ÷ 0.925
𝐼= ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8
√3 × 400 × 0.8

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(d)

Ans: 496.4079156-21.40137402 v, 39.81128759 kW

Solve:

Y-connected SM 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

400-v = 286.0238935∠−21.4° v

𝑅𝑎 = 0.2 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 1.6 Ω
∴ 𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 495.4079156∠ − 21.4° v
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 400 𝑣 Ans

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 37500 𝑤
37500
∴ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = w
0.88 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 |𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎
Cosϕ = 0.9 (Leading) ⇒ 𝑃𝑚 = 39.81128759 𝑘𝑊 Ans

37500 ÷ 0.88
𝐼= ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.9
√3 × 400 × 0.9

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(e)

Ans: 914.5228264 kW, 903.7228264 kW, 13040.52459-11.30567456 v

Solve:

Y-connected SM 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 914.5228264 𝑘𝑊

Ans
11000 v
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑚 + 3 |𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎
𝑅𝑎 = 1 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 30 Ω
⇒ 𝑃𝑚 = 903.7228264 𝑘𝑊 Ans
𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 11000 𝑣

I = 60 A , Cosϕ = 0.8 (Leading)

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − (𝐼∠𝜙)( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 7528.950381∠−11.3° v

∴ 𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 13040.52459∠ − 11.3° v

Ans

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(f)

Ans: 669.0291473 kW, 15.05864737 (lagging), 4259.171835 Nm

Solve:

Y-connected SM 𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙 − 𝐼𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜙 − 𝐼𝑋𝑠 )2 (Lag)

2000 v ⇒ ϕ = 15.05864737° (lagging)

𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 3 Ω
Power factor = Cos ϕ = 0.9656603958° Ans

| 𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 2000 𝑣

𝑉𝑡 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 2000 𝑣 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑒 ( √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿∗ ) = √3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙

= 669.0291473 𝑘𝑊 Ans
I = 200 A , Cosϕ = ??
𝑃𝑚 ×60
𝑇𝑎 = = 4259.171835 𝑁𝑚 Ans
2𝜋 𝑁𝑠

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(g) *

Ans: 39.19496743 (lag or lead); 154.2864915-6.609428072 v , 213.764961-13.3495688 v

Solve:

1-ϕ Alternator running as 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 6000 𝑤

Synchronous Motor
𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 = 500 𝑤
200 v

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 0.866 Ω ∴ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 = 7750 𝑤

I = 50 A , Cosϕ = ?? 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉 𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜙

V = 200 v ⇒ Cosϕ = 0.775 (Lagging or Leading)

⇒ ϕ = 39.2°(Lagging or Leading)

For Lagging p.f. For Leading p.f.

ϕ = 39.2°(Lagging) ϕ = 39.2°(Leading)

𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − (𝐼∠ − 𝜙)( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 ) 𝐸𝐴 = 𝑉𝑡 − (𝐼∠𝜙)( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 154.2864915∠-6.61° v = 213.764961∠-13.35° v
Ans Ans

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50.
(a)

7460
Ans: 9086.155972
×100%= 82.10292695%%

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(b) *

Ans: 13.052 A, 8110 W, 82.6693343%

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51.
(a) **

Ans: 78.94736482 kW, 129.489444336.87 A, 896.6847608-30.01639673 v, 157.8165179 kW

Solve:

Y-connected SM; For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ,

𝑋𝑠
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 90°
440 v 𝑅𝑎
with constant excitation
𝑅𝑎 = 0 , 𝑋𝑠 = 2.5 Ω

𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 440𝑣
𝐸𝐴 ∠ − Ө = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑀 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
Cosϕ = 0.8 (leading)
⇒ 𝐼𝑀 = 230.667849∠ − 26.14° 𝐴
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 75000 𝑤

75000 ∴ (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 (√3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑀∗ )

𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤
0.95
= 157.8165179𝑘𝑊

75000 ÷ 0.95
𝐼= ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3|𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎
√3 × 440 × 0.8

= 129.4894443∠36.87° 𝐴 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 0 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥

Ans

𝐸𝐴 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ∴ (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 157.8165179 𝑘𝑊 Ans

= 𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 − (𝐼∠𝜙)(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 517.701188∠-30.02° v Ans 3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 3 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎

(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2
Power angle = -30.02° Ans
= 157.8165179 𝑘𝑊 Ans

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(b)

Ans: 44.15830692-2.185925166 A, 0.9992723163 (lagging), 168.1433005 kW, 751.3402043 kW

Solve:

Y-connected SM;
For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ,
𝑋𝑠
2200 v  =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 86.2°
𝑅𝑎
with constant excitation
𝑅𝑎 = 0.4 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 6 Ω

|𝐸𝐴 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒| = 2200 𝑣 (Normal excitation)

𝐸𝐴 ∠ − Ө = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑀 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 2200𝑣
⇒ 𝐼𝑀 = 288.6127941∠ − 39.28° 𝐴

𝛿𝑚 = 3°
∴ (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 (√3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑀∗ )
8
𝛿𝑒 = 𝛿 = 3° × = 12° = 851.2970182 𝑘𝑊
2

𝐸𝐴 ∠ − 𝛿 = 𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 −𝐼(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 ) (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3|𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎

⇒ I = 44.15830592∠ − 2.2° A Ans ⇒ (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 751.3403043 𝑘𝑊 Ans

Power factor = Cos(-2.2°) = 0.99926 (lag)

Ans 3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 3 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2

= 751.3403043 𝑘𝑊 Ans

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(c)

Ans: 51.38989134 𝑘𝑊
Solve:

Y-connected SM; 𝐸𝐴 ∠ − Ө = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑀 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

400 v ⇒ 𝐼𝑀 = 106.9934668∠ − 17.844° 𝐴

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 4 Ω
∴ (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 (√3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑀∗ )

𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 400𝑣 = 70.56129427 𝑘𝑊

I = 60 𝐴 , Cosϕ = 0.866 (Leading) (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3|𝐼𝑎 |2 𝑅𝑎

⇒ (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 53.38989134 𝑘𝑊

𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 + 𝑃𝑥 = 2000 𝑤

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 3 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2
𝐸𝐴 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑉𝑡 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 −(𝐼∠𝜙)(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
= 53.38989134 𝑘𝑊
= 394.0357705∠ − 34.44° 𝑣

(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 + 𝑃𝑥

For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ,
𝑋𝑠 ⇒ (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 51.38989134 𝑘𝑊
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 82.875°
𝑅𝑎 Ans
with constant excitation

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(d)

Ans: 151.4173462 A, 0.8572489804 (lagging)

Solve:

Y-connected SM For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 , (with constant excitation)

3300-v 𝑋𝑠
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 83.66°
𝑅𝑎
𝑅𝑎 = 2 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 18 Ω
𝐸𝐴 ∠ − Ө = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑀 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

| 𝐸𝐴 /𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 | = 3800 𝑣 ⇒ 𝐼𝑀 = 151.4173462∠ − 30.99091228° 𝐴

𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3300 𝑣 Power factor = Cos(∠ − 30.99091228°)

= 0.8572489804 Ans

(e) ***

Ans: 5867.364221 𝑁𝑚 ( 1-ϕ or 3-ϕ )

Solve:

Assume 1-ϕ SM 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎

(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2
120 × 25
𝑁𝑠 = = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚
6 = 307214.4723 𝑊
𝑉𝑡 =2000-v
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 ×60
𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 5867.364221 𝑁𝑚
2𝜋 𝑁𝑠
Ans
𝑋𝑠 = √102 − 0.52 = 9.987 Ω

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(f) **

Ans: 0.8905086202 (Lagging), 134640.1743 / 171556.3228 = 78.48%

Solve:

Δ-connected SM (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 ( 3 𝑉𝑡 𝐼𝑝∗ )

415 v = 171556.3228 𝑤

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 4 Ω
(𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 3 |𝐼𝑀 |2 𝑅𝑎
|𝐸𝐴 | = 520 𝑣
⇒ (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 135640.1743 𝑤
𝑉𝑡 = 415 𝑣

3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡 3 𝐸𝐴2 𝑅𝑎
𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 = 1000 𝑤 (𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
𝑍𝑠 𝑍𝑠2

= 135640.1743 𝑤 (same)

For (𝑷𝒎 )𝒎𝒂𝒙 ,

𝑋𝑠
 =  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 82.875°
𝑅𝑎
(𝑃𝑚 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤

⇒ (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 134640.1743 𝑤

𝐸𝐴 ∠ − Ө = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼𝑀 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

⇒ 𝐼𝑀 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 154.74∠ − 27.063° 𝐴

(𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
∴𝜂= (𝑃𝑖𝑛 )𝑚𝑎𝑥
× 100%
Power Factor = Cos (−27.063°)
= 0.890508 Ans = 78.48161591% Ans

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52. **

Ans: 34.70336855 kVAR (leading), 0.8656356139 (leading)

Solve:

Load 1 SM ∴ 𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 60 + 240 = 300 𝑘𝑊

𝑃1 = 60 𝑘𝑊

𝑺 = 𝑺1 + 𝑺𝟐
Load 2 Factory Load
⇒ 𝑺1 = 𝑺 − 𝑺𝟐
𝑃2 = 240 𝑘𝑊
300 240
= ( ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.9) − ( ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.08)
Cos𝜙2 = 0.8 (𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔) 0.9 0.8

= 60 𝑘𝑊 − 𝑗34.7034 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅
Combined Load
= 69.313∠ − 30.04463652° 𝑘𝑉𝐴
Cosϕ = 0.9 (lagging)
∴ kVAR supplied by motor = −𝑗34.7034 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑅

Power factor of motor

= 𝐶𝑜𝑠∠ − 30.04463652°

= 0.8656356139 (Leading) Ans

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53. *
(a)

Ans: -28.99940231, 0.9432414077 (Leading)

(b)

Ans: -28.99940231, 0.9432414077 (Leading)

Solve:

Y-connected SM Case 2

6600 v 𝑃𝑖𝑛2 = 1500 𝑘𝑊

𝑅𝑎 = 0 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 20 Ω |𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 5413.19455 𝑣

𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 6600 𝑣
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 ( 𝑅𝑎 = 0 )
𝑍𝑠
Case1
𝑃𝑖𝑛1 = 1000 𝑘𝑊 , 𝑃𝑖𝑛2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿2
⇒ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 ⇒ =
𝑃𝑖𝑛1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿1
Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)

1000 ⇒ 𝛿2 = −28.99940231° Ans

−1
𝐼1 = ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 0.8
√3 × 6.6 × 0.8
𝐸𝐴2 ∠ − 28.99 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼2 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
= 109.3466419∠36.87° 𝐴

⇒ 𝐼2 = 139.1117578∠19.396° 𝐴
𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼1 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 5413.19455∠ − 18.85° 𝑣 ∴ New Power factor = Cos19.396°

= 0.9432414077(lead)
𝛿1 = −18.85° Ans

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(c) * Chapman, Ex-6.1
A 208 v, 45-kVA, 0.8 pf leading, Δ-connected, 60-Hz Synchronous motor has
synchronous reactance of 2.5 Ω and negligible armature resistance. Its windage &
friction losses are 1.5 kW and its core losses are 1.0 kW. Initially, the shaft is supplying a
15-HP Load and motor’s power factor is 0.8 Leading.

If the shaft load is increased to 30-HP,

What will be the new motor power factor ?

Ans: 71.516273715.06006165 A, 0.9656539824(leading)

Solve:
Δ-connected SM Case 2
Assume constant excitation
45-kVA (rated) , 208 v
|𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 255.1018068 𝑣
𝑅𝑎 = 0 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 2.5 Ω
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = 30 × 0.746 𝑘𝑊 = 22.38 𝑘𝑊
𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 208 𝑣
𝑃𝑖𝑛2 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2 + 0 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 = 24.88 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑐 = 1 𝑘𝑊 , 𝑃𝑤 = 1.5 𝑘𝑊
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
Case1 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 ( 𝑅𝑎 = 0 )
𝑍𝑠
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 = 15 × 0.746 𝑘𝑊 = 11.19 𝑘𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿2
𝑃𝑖𝑛1 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 + 0 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤
⇒ 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 ⇒ =
𝑃𝑖𝑛1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿1
= 13.69 𝑘𝑊
⇒ 𝛿2 = −23.00079795°
Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝐼1 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝐴2 ∠ − 23° = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼2 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

13.69
= ∠𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8
3 × 0.208 × 0.8
⇒ 𝐼2 = 41.28993987∠15.06° 𝐴
𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼1 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
= 255.1018068∠ − 12.4157° 𝑣 ∴ New Power factor = Cos15.06°
= 0.9656539824 (Lead)
𝛿1 = −12.4157° Ans
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(d) **

Ans: 22.5811632513.69578599 A (leading)

Solve:
Δ-connected SM Case 2
Assume 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
45-kVA (rated) , 208 v
|𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 1.25 × 182.4478127 𝑣
𝑅𝑎 = 0 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 2.5 Ω = 228.0597658 𝑣

𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 208 𝑣
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 ( 𝑅𝑎 = 0 )
𝑃𝑐 = 1 𝑘𝑊 , 𝑃𝑤 = 1.5 𝑘𝑊 𝑍𝑠

Case1 1 |𝐸𝐴2 | 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿1

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 = 15 × 0.746 𝑘𝑊 = 11.19 𝑘𝑊 ⇒ |𝐸𝐴 | ∝ ⇒ =
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 |𝐸𝐴1 | 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿2

𝑃𝑖𝑛1 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 + 0 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑤 ⇒ 𝛿2 = −13.91589287°

= 13.69 𝑘𝑊

Cos𝜙1 = 0.85 (𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔)

𝐸𝐴2 ∠ − 13.916° = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼2 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
𝐼1 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
13.69
= ∠−𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.85 ⇒ 𝐼2 = 22.58116325∠13.6957° 𝐴
3 × 0.208 × 0.85

𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼1 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
= 182.4478127∠ − 17.5° 𝑣 ∴ New Power factor = Cos13.6957°
= 0.9715665364 (Lead)
𝛿1 = −17.5° Ans
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(e)

Ans: 46.4996818430.32969252 A, 0.8631339722 (leading)

Solve:

Y-connected SM Case 2

693 v Assume 𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑅𝑎 = 0 Ω , 𝑋𝑠 = 2 Ω |𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 1.3 × 349.39635837 𝑣

= 454.2152658 𝑣
𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 693 𝑣
3 𝐸𝐴 𝑉𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 ( 𝑅𝑎 = 0 )
𝑍𝑠

Case1
1 |𝐸𝐴2 | 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿1
𝑃𝑖𝑛1 = 48 𝑘𝑊 ⇒ |𝐸𝐴 | ∝ ⇒ =
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿 |𝐸𝐴1 | 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛿2

Cos𝜙1 = 0.8 (𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔) ⇒ 𝛿2 = −10.14164606°

48
𝐼1 = ∠−𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8
√3 × 0.693 × 0.8
𝐸𝐴2 ∠ − 10.141° = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼2 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑡 − 𝐼1 ( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )
⇒ 𝐼2 = 46.38711119∠30.4485° 𝐴
= 349.3963583∠ − 13.2327° 𝑣

𝛿1 = −13.2327° ∴ New Power factor = Cos30.4485°

= 0.8620849198 (Lead)
Ans

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(f) **

Ans: 24.04351434 (lagging)

Solve:

Y-connected SM Case 2

400 v |𝐸𝐴2 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒| = 231.2341491𝑣

𝑅𝑎 = 0.5 Ω 𝐼2 = 60 𝐴

𝑋𝑠 = √42 − 0.52 = 3.967 Ω T variable ∴ P variable

𝑉𝑡 /𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 400 𝑣
𝐸𝐴2 = ( 𝑉𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠 − 𝐼2 𝑅𝑎 )2 + ( 𝑉𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑛 − 𝐼2 𝑋𝑠 )2
(Lagging)
⇒ 𝜙2 = 24.04351434° (lagging)
Case1

15 A, Cos𝜙1 = 1 (unity) ∴ New Power factor = Cos24.04351434°

= 0.9132362906 (lagging)
Ans

𝐸𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑡 − (𝐼1 ∠𝜙1 )( 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝑠 )

= 231.2341491∠ − 14.9183° 𝑣

𝛿1 = −14.9183°

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54.

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