Process

Involved in
Counseling
This is the heart of the counseling process
because it provides the force and
foundation for the counseling to
succeed.
• promote acceptance of the client as a
person with worth,
• establishing genuine interaction,
• promote direct mutual communication
• helping clients understand themselves,
• helping client focus and
• Slowly promote counseling-relevant
communication, from the client
One of the most crucial stages.
• This serves as the window for the
counselor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
• It entails an analysis of the root causes
of problems.
• The data that will be gathered in
diagnosis will be utilized in the
formulation of goals.
Goals are important as it sets the
direction of the counseling process.
• It shall serve as the parameter of work
and the client-counselor relationship.
• Counseling goals may be treated as
process goals or outcome goals.
• The client and counselor must agree on
the counseling goals.
Guidelines:
A. The counselors has to provide a mapping
of the different approaches offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and
client for each procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that
may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each
procedure.
• Problem detection
• Problem definition
• Identification of alternative solutions
• Decision-making
• Execution
• Verification
The essential goal in counseling is to witness a
client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor. There are four
components of termination that were identified
by Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counseling
2. Review of the course of counseling
3. Closure of the counselor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-
counseling plan
 Methods
Involved in
Counseling
People’s behavior is influenced by strong
unconscious forces which seek expression.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the originator
of psychoanalysis. According to Freud,
human beings are basically determined by
psychic energy and early experiences. What
the counselor does is unconscious thoughts
and feelings are brought into consciousness.
Counselor uncovers unconscious material
and analyzes hidden conflicts.
For instance, Juan suffered from physical
abuse during his childhood. Whenever he
commits a mistake even if it’s simple, his
elders always hit him with either a stick or
a hand. So, while growing up he thinks
that hitting someone is just normal. In this
case, the counselor separates fantasy
from reality and helps the client gain
insight into how he or she misinterpreted
the present in terms of the past.
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) the founder of the
person-centered approach believes that
individuals have the capacity to solve their
own problems and regulate themselves
without the direction or manipulation of the
therapist. The counselor provides an
atmosphere of freedom in which the client,
through self-exploration, sees himself and his
reactions more clearly and accepts his
attitudes more fully.
In this instance, the counselor just listens to
the client, is not giving advice, does not
evaluate, not criticize and moralize or
preach. This approach is not technique
oriented; listening and observation are
emphasized.
The chief advocate of this type of counseling is
Frederick Charles Thorne (1863-1904). He believes
that counselor an eclectic counselor will select
from a number of different approaches
appropriate to the client’s needs. This is based on
the theory that there is no proof that any one
theoretical approach works better than all others
for a specific problem. The method of counseling
may change from client to client or even with
the same client from time to time.
Rational-emotive Therapy founded by
Albert Ellis (1913-2007), focuses on the
cognitions, emotions and behaviors that
create the problems and their underlying
themes. Human beings are born with a
potential for both rational and irrational
thinking as well as negative and positive
emotions.
Based on the concept of RET, people
have the capacity to change their
cognitive, emotive, and behavioral
processes; they can choose to react
differently from their usual patterns and
refuse to become upset and train
themselves so that their life pattern will be
one of minimal disturbance. The causes
of an individual’s problems are not the
events that have happened but how the
individual perceives them.
Given that a person lost his job, instead of
thinking and entertaining the feeling of
“I’m worthless, I’m hopeless” that may
lead to depression, the counselor will help
the client to alter the way that person
perceived that situation. Thus, the person
will be able to tell himself “My boss is a
jerk. I deserve something better” and he
will not be depressed.
William Glasser (1925-2013) founded
Reality Therapy. Humans were motivated
to desire for a unique quality world which
contains all the needs and wants related
to the five genetic needs. In this manner,
human thinks out of reality. The
perceptions and images that individuals
have of the world around them
influences how their needs are met.
This counseling method assumes that we
choose our behavior and are therefore
responsible not only for what we are
doing but also for how we think and feel.
The counselors may then help the client
see things that are achievable and
acceptable. Counselors help the client
make the quality world more realistic by
eliminating the unattainable and
prioritizing wants.
For instance, for a student who is not
serious about his academic studies, the
counselor will ask the student what will
happen if he continues doing things that
eventually lead him in failing. The student
will now think of the possible
consequences and the things he should
be doing to avoid failing.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was the founder of
Adlerian Therapy. He believed that the first six
years of life influenced an individual. He also
stressed that the idea that place in the family
constellation (such as being the youngest
child) can have an impact on one's later
personality and functioning. – Birth order and
the interpretation of one’s position in the
family have a great deal to do with how
adults interact in the world.
Counselors help clients look at their
lifestyle and personal core values to help
them understand and question their usual
patterns of behaviors and hidden goals.
Individuals’ social being is the advocate
of this therapy method. Counselors assist
the client to move towards useful
involvement and contribution to society.
In this method, the loner will be taught to
socialize him/herself from the group. Adler
emphasized that where we are striving to
go is more important than where we
have come from or simply the future is
more important than the past.
Frederick S. Perls (1893-1970) was the
originator of and developer of the Gestalt
theory. It is a school of thought that looks
at the human mind and behavior as a
whole not in parts.
Given an example, Maria had a not so
good relationship with her mum. One day
her mum caught in an accident and
died. Maria felt sorry and guilty since
then. There came to a point that her
state of equilibrium suffers. She consulted
a counselor. The counselor applied the
‘empty chair’ technique wherein Maria
imagined that her mum is sitting in the
chair. The counselor asked Maria to tell
everything what she wants to tell to her
mum. After doing that, she felt better.
As we can see in the given example,
much of the focus is on dealing with
unfinished business from past traumatic
experiences in the life of the client.
Techniques include confrontation,
dialogue with parties, role-playing,
reliving, and re-experiencing unfinished
business in the forms of resentment and
guilt. The emphasis of this therapy is on
doing and experiencing rather than
merely talking about one’s feelings.
Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is an
evidenced-based psychotherapy
approach that was developed by Steve
de Shazer (1940-2005), and Insoo Kim
Berg (1934-2007) and their colleagues.
Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)
places focus on a person's present and
future circumstances and goals rather
than past experiences.
It has been the most common therapy
used in schools. Solution-Focused Brief
Therapy (SFBT) concentrates on finding
solutions in the present time and exploring
one’s hope for the future to find a quicker
resolution to one’s problems. ‘Miracle
question’ is one of the various techniques
in this therapy.
The counselor would ask the troubled
client, “If a miracle happened and you
woke up tomorrow and your problem
was solved, what will be the difference?”
the client will then have a clearer picture
of the problem and will be able to
formulate resolutions to solve his problem.