1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. TITLE PAGE No.

1. ABSTRACT 5

2. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 6

3. INTRODUCTION

3.1. IDEA 8

3.2. OBJECTIVE 8

3.3. PROCESSES INVOLVED 8

4. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

4.1. SLAB 10

4.2. BEAM 11

4.3. COLUMN 12

4.4. FOOTING 13

4.5. STAIR CASE 14

5. GENERAL DETAILS OF PROJECT

5.1. DESCRIPION

6. PLAN
6.1. GROUND FLOOR 19

6.2. FIRST FLOOR 20

2
7. STAAD-PRO DETAILS
7.1. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 22

7.2. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE 38

7.3. 2-D DIMENSIONAL VIEW 39

7.4. NODE OF THE STRUCTURE 40

7.5. SHEAR & SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 41

7.6. BENDING & REINFORCEMENT 42

7.7. PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURE 43

7.8. LOAD AND DEFINITION 44

8. MANUAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN

8.1. SLAB 50

8.2. BEAM 55

8.3. COLUMN 59

8.4. FOOTING 62

8.5. STAIR CASE 64

9. CONCLUSION 67

10. REFERENCE 69

3
 1. ABSTRACT

The design of the G+6 multi-storied building starts with the planning of the

residential building both for individual house and total layout of the building.

The building has an overall area of 530 sq.m with four houses in each floor.

Each house an area of 121 sq.m. Ground floor is used for parking with a

capacity of 30 cars. Total building is designed in AutoCAD and analyzed by

STAAD Pro. REVIT Architecture software is used for 3D diagrams and

renderings. After being analyzed by STAAD Pro the results are verified by

manual design using code books IS 456-2000 and SP-16.

STAAD Pro is the new advancement in structural engineering. This

software is used for analysis and design of concrete, steel, timber and

aluminum. The model is been created and analyzed under various load condition

such as dead load, live load, and some combination. As a result of analysis,

shear force, bending moment and support reaction are evaluated. Based on

analyzed result, the structure is designed manually and cross referenced with the

software results.

4
2. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Ast - Area of Steel

Ast (Min) - Minimum Area of Steel
Ast (Pro) - Area of Steel Provided
Asc - Area of Concrete
D - Effective Depth
D - Overall Depth
H - Height Ratio
L - Length
B - Breadth
M - Bending Moment
Pa - Active Earth Pressure
Mu (supp) - Ultimate Moment at Supports
Mu (mid) - Ultimate Moment at Centre
Vu - Ultimate Shear Stress
Mu - Ultimate Moment of Resistance
Wu - Factored Load or Design Load
Fck - Compressive Strength of Concrete
fy - Yielding Strength of Steel
P - Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil
R - Rise
T - Tread
ɸ - Diameter of the bar
Lx - Effective length of shorter span of slab
Ly - Effective length of longer span of slab
Fsc - Stress in Compression Steel
Asc - Area of Compression Steel
Ag - Gross Area of Column
Pt - Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
Mu (limit) - Limiting Moment of Resistance
Sv - Spacing of Stirrups

5
3. INTRODUCTION

6
 INTRODUCTION
3.1 IDEA

Designing and analyzing of G+6 multi storied residential building using analyzing
software STAAD Pro. Structural analysis is the backbone of civil engineering. During recent
years, there has been a growing emphasis on using computer aided software's and tools to
analyze the structures. These developments are most welcome, as they relieve the engineer of
the often-lengthy calculations and procedures required to be followed while large or
complicated structures are analyzed using classical methods. But not all the time such
detailed analysis is necessary to be performed. Now-a-days, high rise buildings and
multistory buildings are common in metropolitan cities. These multistoried buildings have
large number of Joints which are free to move and it is very difficult and time consuming
when it analyzed manually. Hence the computer method for analysis is used using the modern
analyzing software STAAD Pro.

3.2 OBJECTIVE

1) To analyze the multi-storey residential building consists of 6 floors using STAAD Pro.

2) To obtain the results of Maximum shear force and Maximum bending Moment for beams,
Maximum axial force for columns.

3) To design the critical structural members of beam, column, slab, footing and staircase
using IS 456-2000 & SP-16.

3.3 PROCESSES INVOLVED

 To visit the site and analyze the general site conditions and its orientation.
 To prepare the plans using AutoCAD.
 Analyzing the frame, using standard analysis software STAAD Pro for load
conditions as per IS 456-2000.
 Identifying the critical frame.
 Comparing the critical beam and column with the manual calculations designed using
IS 456-2000.
 Designing the slab, footing, staircase as per IS 456-2000 and SP-16 design aids.

7
4. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF
BUILDING

8
 STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDING

4.1 SLABS:

It is a structural member subjected to flexure and transmits imposed and

dead load to supports.

Imposed loads are the weights of occupants, furniture, machinery, weight

of snow and Dead loads are self-weight of slab and weight of flooring slabs fro
floors and roofs of building. Generally, they are assumed to carry uniformly
distributed loads. In most cases, slabs are analyzed for flexure only. Usually,
slabs are horizontal except in the case of staircase and ramps for stored car
parks. Beams and walls support slabs. The various types of slab provided are the
following,

1. Simply supported slabs spanning in one direction (One-way slabs).

2. Simply supported slabs spanning in two direction (Two-way slabs).
3. Continuous slabs. (These slabs may be one way or two-way slabs).
4. Cantilever slabs.
5. Flat slabs.

Consider a slab panel supported on all this four sides. If the ratio of the
long span to the short span is greater than 2 the load on the slab is taken as
carried by the short span. Such a slab is considered as a one-way slab. If the
ratio of the long span to the short span is less than of 2, the load on the slab is
carried partly by the short span and partly by the long span. A greater part of the
load is carried by the short span.

A one-way slab is simply a wide shallow rectangular beam as far as analysis

is concerned. The reinforcing steel bars are spaced uniformly over its width. For
the sake of convenience, a one-meter width of the slab is considered for analysis,
or

9
designed, as loads are generally specified in terms of load per square meter.
Hence, on a one-meter wide strip, this unit load becomes the load per linear meter.
The effective area steel Ast corresponds to a certain member of bars in the one-
meter width of slab.

4.2 BEAMS:

Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system of

external loads such as walls and slabs of roof and floor systems. The cross-
sectional dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability requirements.
The width is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of reinforcements and
the depth is selected to control deflection within safe permissible limits.

The reinforcements in beam are designed for flexure and shear forces
along the length of the beam based on structural analysis. The designed beam is
checked for the limit states of serviceability and safety against collapse.

The design problem has several solutions and is not unique since several
parameters such as material properties, cross-sectional dimensions and loads
control the design of reinforcements. The aim of the design should be to provide
economical designs consistent with safety and serviceability.

4.2.1 TYPES OF BEAMS

1. Rectangular beams.

2. T-beams.

3. L-beams.

1. RECTANGULAR BEAMS

If the slab and beams cast separately then the beam designed as
rectangular beam. The rectangular beam further classified into two types.

10
 1. Singly reinforced rectangular beams.
2. Doubly reinforced rectangular beams.

The classification based on limiting moment.

2. T-BEAMS

The most common type of reinforced concrete floors and roof system
comprises slabs monolithically cast with floor beams in the span range of 5 to 10
m. In such cases, the compressive flange is made up of the width of rip and a
portion of the slab length on either side of the rib referred to as the effective width
of flange. Effective width of flange of T-beam. bf= (Lo / 6 + bw+ 6Df)

3. L-BEAMS

The edge beams which are cast monolithic with slabs on one side of the
rib only are designed as L-beams. Due to eccentricity of load transferred from
the flange. Torsion moments develop in the beams in addition to the bending
moments and shear forces.

The tensional and hogging bending moments are maximum at the support
sections. The support section of the L-beam is the most critical section subjected to
combined bending, torsion and shear and this section is designed according to the
provisions of the IS:456-2000 Code outlined in section of the text.

4.3 COLUMNS:

A column is generally a compression member supporting beams and slabs

in a structural system and having an effective length exceeding three times the
lateral dimension. Load carrying capacity of a column is depending upon the
longitudinal steel and cross-sectional size of the column.

11
4.3.1 TYPES OF COLUMNS

1. Axially loaded column

Load is acting exactly at the centroid of column is called axially

loaded column.

2. Uniaxial eccentrically loaded column

Axial load and bending moment acting along one direction is

known as uniaxial loaded column.

3. Biaxial eccentrically loaded column

Axial load and bending moment acting along both directions is

known as biaxial loaded column.

4.4 FOOTINGS

The foundation or footing is a very important part of the structure, located

below the ground level.

In footing the load coming from the column is transfer into the base at
dispersion angle of 45 degree. Generally, one-way shear or vertical shear failure
in columns occurs at sections (effective depth) from face of the column.

4.4.1 TYPES OF FOOTINGS

1. Shallow foundation

Depth of the foundation is less than or equal to width of footing is

called as shallow foundation.

12
 2. Deep foundation

Depth of the foundation is greater than width of footing is called as

deep foundation.

4.5 STAIRCASES:

Stairs consists of step arranged in a series for the purpose of giving access
to different floors of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of
communication between the various floors of the building, the location of the
stair requires good and careful consideration. In a residential house the stair
case may be provided near the main entrance. In a public building, the stair
must be from the main entrance itself and located centrally, to provide quick
accessibility to the principal apartments. All staircases should be adequately
lighted and properly ventilated.

4.5.1 TYPES OF STAIRS

1. Straight Stair

This consists of step leading in the same direction. This is provided

in long narrow stair case. This often consists of one flight; but in some
circumstance it may consists of two flights with an intermediate landing.

2. Dog Legged Stair

In this type, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The

two flights, in plan, are not separated by a well. A landing provided
corresponding to the level at which the direction of flight changes.

13
3. Open Well Stair

In this type, a rectangular well or opening is left between forward

and backward flights. This type of stairs is a very comfortable form. The
well assists as a means for good lighting. The forward and backward flights
may be connecting the forward and backward flights with a quarter space
landing on each side of the short flight.

4. Geometrical Stair

In this type of stair, the well between the forward and backward
flights in curved. Winders are therefore used these winders have a certain
width even at inner edge.

14
5. GENERAL DETAILS OF
THE PROJECT

15
 GENERAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT

5.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

1. Type of Building - G+6 residential building

2. Number of storey - 6 storeys

3. Types of foundation - Sloped foundation

4. Height of building - 22m from G.L

5. Total gross area of the building - 530 sq.m

6. Column Size - 300X600 & 600X300 mm

7. Beam Size – 230X300 & 300X350 mm

16
6. PLAN

17
6.1. GROUND FLOOR

18
6.2. FIRST FLOOR

19
STAAD-PRO ANALYSIS

20
 7.1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
GENERAL:

The frames can be analyzed either by 2D or 3D analysis.

2D ANALYSIS:

The 2D analysis methods are

1. Slope deflection method.
2. Moment distribution method.
3. Matrix stiffness method.
4. Conjugate beam method.
5. Matrix flexibility method.

3D ANALYSIS:

The members or pin - jointed space carry only axial forces provided the
loads are applied at the joints and the members are straight. The nature of the
stress in the members of a pin – jointed frame is the same whether it is a plane
frame or a space frame. A large number of pin – jointed frames commonly
encountered in practice, such as radio and transmission tower are 3D space
frames.
The 3D analysis methods are
1. Force method.
2. Displacement method.

SOFTWARE PACKAGE:

STAAD Pro V8i (SS6 Version) is the most popular structural engineering
software product for 3D model generation, analysis and multi – material design.

21
 It has an intuitive, user friendly, visualization tools, powerful analysis and
design facilities and seamless integration to several other modeling and design
products. For static or dynamic analysis of bridges, containment structures,
embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe racks, steel, concrete,
aluminum or timber buildings, transmission towers, stadiums or many other
simple or complex structure, STAAD Pro has been the choice of design
professionals
around the world for their specific analysis need.

ANALYSIS:
The design of multi-storied building is done by using structural package
namely STAAD Pro.

DESIGN CRITERIA:
Concrete grade : M30 N/mm2
Steel grade : Fe 415 N/mm2 for beam & slab
Fe 500 N/mm2 for column
Wind effect is not considered
Earthquake effect is considered
Member sizes:
Beam : 230X300 mm & 300X350 mm
Column : 300X600 mm & 600X300 mm
Slab thickness : 125mm
Dead loads:
Unit weight of the concrete : 25 KN/m3
Unit weight of the brick : 20 KN/m3
Self-weight of the critical beam : 2.013 KN/m
Self-weight of the column : 4.5 KN/m
Self-weight of the slab : 3.125 KN/m
Floor finish : 1 KN/m2

22
Live loads:
For residential building : 2 KN/m2

ANALYSIS:

The following ANALYSIS facilities are available in STAAD Pro

1. Stiffness Analysis/Linear Analysis.

2. Second Order Static Analysis

 P-Delta Analysis

 Non-Linear Analysis

 Multi Linear Analysis

 Member/Spring Tension/Compression only

3. Dynamic Analysis

 Time History

 Response Spectrum

We have already designed our building according to the stiffness

Analysis/Linear Static Analysis.

STIFFNESS ANALYSIS:
The stiffness analysis implemented in STAAD is based on the
matrix displacement method. In the matrix analysis of structures by the
displacement method, the structure is first idealized into an assembly of discrete
structural components (framed members or finite elements). Each component

23
has an assumed form of displacement in a manner which satisfies the force
equilibrium and displacement compatibility at the joints.
Structural systems such as slabs, plates, spread footing etc., which
transmit loads in 2 directions have to be discredited into a member of 3 or 4
nodded finite elements connected to each other at their nodes. Loads may be
applied in the form of distributed load on the element surface or as concentrated
loads at the joints. The plane stress effects as well as the plate bending effects
are taken into consideration in the analysis.

STAAD INPUT DETAILS:

The STAAD Input file represents our thought about what we want to
analyze or design with knowledge of the STAAD command language, any other
person can also verify the accuracy of work.
There are many ways to create structure in STAAD Pro
 Structure Wizard
 Staad Editor
 Using building planner
 Add Beam
 Add plate
 Copy and pasting the nodes

24
25
 7.2 ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE

GENERAL

The frames were identified from the building and the corresponding loads
were calculated using IS 875 (part-1), (part-2). The analysis of frames for the
vertical forces was carried by STAAD Pro Software.

ANALYSIS OF THE FRAMES

Figure no 7.1

26
7.3. 2-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF THE STRUCURE

Figure No. 7.2

27
7.4. NODES OF THE STRUCTURE

Figure no 7.3

28
7.5. SHEAR & REINFORCEMENT

Fy(kN)
3 3
0 0
02 02
0 0
0 01
100
20
57.
0 03
4
1 2 3 44.26. 6
7 8
367 -57 -100
-
-
20. -
72 2
-0 0-
03
100 03
0 0
0 0

Figure No 7.4

Figure No 7.5 & 7.6

29
7.6. BENDING & ITS REINFORCEMENT

Mz(kN-m)
6 60
044.144
4040

2 2
0 0
36368
712344.26
-20-20

- -
4 -44.1-44 4
0 -60-60 0

Figure No 7.7 & 7.8

30
7.7. PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURE

Figure No 7.9

31
7.8. LOAD & DEFINITION

Figure No 7.10

32
8. MANUAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN

33
 MANUAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

A reinforced concrete structure should be so designed that it fulfils its

intended purpose during its life time with:

1. Adequate safety, in terms of strength and stability.

2. Adequate serviceability in terms of stiffness and durability.
3. Reasonable economy.

Thus, all the structure must be designed by one of the following two
methods:

1. The method of theoretical compulsion using accepted theories /

procedures approved by the code of practices.
2. The method of experimental investigation on models or full-size
structures or elements.

The following are used for the design of reinforced concrete structures /
elements:

1. Working Stress Method (WSM).

2. Ultimate Load Method (ULM).
3. Limit State Method (LSM).

In this project, we are used limit state method of design. So, let us discuss
the concept of limit state method.

34
LIMIT STATE METHOD (LSM)

In this method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall
be designed to withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it
shall also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as limitations on
deflection and cracking.

The acceptable limit for the safety and serviceability requirements before
failure occurs is called a Limit State. The aim of design is the achieves
acceptable probabilities that the structure will not the structure will not become
unfit for which it is intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state.

All relevant limit states shall be considered in design to ensure an adequate

degree of safety and serviceability. In general, the structure shall be designed on
the basis of the most critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.

For ensuring the above objective, the design should be based on

characteristic values for materials strength and applied loads, which consider the
variations in the material strengths and in the loads to be supported.

The characteristic values should be based on statistical data if available;

where such data are not available. They should be based on experience. The
design values are derived from the characteristic values through the use of
partial safety factors, one for material strength and other for loads. In the
absence of special considerations, these factors should have the values given in
IS:456-2000 clause 36. According to the material, the type of loading and the
limit state considered.

The following two categories of limit state are considered to design.

xlvii
Limit State of Collapse

The limit state of collapse of the structure or part of a structure could be

assessed from rupture of one or more critical sections and buckling due to
elastic or plastic instability (including the effects of sway where appropriate) or
overturning. The resistance to bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every
section shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section produced by
the probable most unfavorable combination of loads and the structure using the
appropriate partial safety factor.

Limit State of Serviceability

Deflection

Limiting values of deflections are given in IS:456-2000 clause 23.2

Cracking

Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or

durability of the structure; the acceptable limits of cracking would vary with the
type of structure and environment. Where specific attention is required limit the
designed crack width to a particular value, crack width calculation may be done
using formula given in Annex F (IS:456-2000).

The surface width of the crack should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in
members where cracking is not harmful and does not have any serious adverse
effect upon the preservation of reinforcing steel or upon the durability of the
structures. For particularly aggressive environment, such as the severe category
in Table 3 (IS:456-2000) the assessed surface width of cracks should not exceed
0.1 mm.

48
Other Limit States

Structures designed for unusual or special functions shall comply with any
relevant additional limit state considered appropriate to the structure.

PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

When assessing the strength of a structure or a structural member for the

state of collapse, the values of partial safety factor should be taken as 1.5 for
concrete and 1.15 for steel.

49
 1. DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLAB

DATA:

Effective Shorter Span (Lx) = 4.26 m

Effective Longer Span (Ly) = 5.02 m

Width of Support = 0.3m

Fck = 25 N/mm2

Fy = 415 N/mm2

STEP 1: TYPE OF SLAB

Ly/Lx = 5.02/4.26

= 1.18< 2

Since Ly/Lx ratio is lesser than 2

The slab should be designed as two-way slab

STEP 2: DEPTH OF SLAB

Clear cover = 25 mm

Adopt effective depth = 125mm

Over all depth (D) = 150mm

STEP 3: LOADS

Self-weight of slab = 3.125 KN/m2

Live load = 2 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1 KN/m

Total load = 6.125 KN/m2

50
FACTORED LOAD

Wu = (1.5 x6.125)

= 9.1875 KN/m2

STEP 4: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT

From IS 456, Table 26

Short span coefficient

αx (-ve) = 0.0418 αx(+ve) = 0.0312

Long span coefficient

αy(-ve) = 0.032 αy(+ve) = 0.024

Mux(+ve) = αxWl x2

= (0.0418× 9.1875 × 4.262)

= 6.96 KN-m

Mux(-ve) = αxWl x2

= (0.0312 × 9.1875 × 4.262)

= 5.20 KN-m

Muy(+ve) = αyWl x2

= (0.024 × 9.1875 × 4.262)

= 4 KN-m

Muy(-ve) = αyWl x2

= (0.032 × 9.1875 × 4.262)

= 5.33 KN-m

51
STEP 5: CHECK FOR DEPTH

From IS 456, Pg.no:96

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
Mu, lim = 0.36 (1 − 0.42 ) 𝑏𝑑2𝑓
𝑑 𝑑 𝑐𝑘

= 0.36x0.48(1-(0.42x0.48)) x1000x1252x25

Mu, lim = 53.89x106 KN-m

Mu, actual < Mu, lim

Hence section is under reinforced

Hence safe

STEP 6: CALCULATION OF REINFORCEMENT

SHORTER SPAN

Mu = 0.87 fy 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦
Ast d(1 − )
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×415
6.96x106 = 0.87x415x Ast x 125x(1 − )
1000×125×25

Ast, Req = 158 mm2

Use 10mm ϕ bars,

sv = 78.5
× 1000
158

= 490 mm

Provide 10mm ϕ bars @490mmc/c

Ast, prov = 160 mm2

52
Top of support:

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d(1 − )
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×415
5.20x106 = 0.87x415x Ast x 125x(1 − )
1000×125×25

Ast = 117 mm2

Use 10mm ϕ bars,

sv = 78.5
× 1000
117

= 650 mm

Provide 10mm ϕ bars @ 650mmc/c

Ast, prov = 121 mm2

LONGER SPAN

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d(1 − )
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×415
4 x106 = 0.87x415x Ast x 125x(1 − )
1000×125×25

Ast = 90 mm2

Use 10mm ϕ bars,

sv = 78.5
× 1000
90

= 850 mm

Provide 10mm ϕ bars @ 850 mmc/c

Ast, prov = 92.35 mm2

53
Top of
support:
𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦
= 0.87 fy Ast d(1 − )
Mu 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×415
5.33 x106 = 0.87x415x Ast x 125x(1 − )
1000×125×25

Ast = 120 mm2

Use 10mm ϕ bars,

sv = 78.5
× 1000
120

= 650 mm

Provide 10mm ϕ bars @ 650mmc/c

Ast, prov = 121 mm2

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

54
 2. DESIGN OF BEAM

STEP 1: GIVEN DATA

Effective Length = 4.26 m

Assume b = 230 mm

d = 325 mm

Cover = 25 mm

D = 350 mm

Grade of Concrete = M30

Grade of Steel = Fe415

Load transferring from slab to the beam

= 10.04 KN/m

STEP 2: LOAD CALCULATION

Dead Load from slab = 1 KN / m2

Wall Load = 0.23 x 20 x 3

= 14 KN/m

Self-Weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.35 x 25

= 2.013 KN/m

Live Load = 2 KN/m

Total Dead Load (Wd ) = 28.05 KN/m

55
STEP3: ULTIMATE BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

2
Mu support = 1.5 ( 𝑊𝑑 × 𝑙 )
12

28.05 × 4.262
= 1.5 ( 12 )

= 60 KN-m

STEP 4: CHECK FOR DEPTH

𝑀𝑢
d = √
0.138 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × 𝑏

60 × 106
= √
0.136 ×30 × 230

d = 253 mm

dprovided > drequired

Hence OK

STEP 5: AREA OF STEEL

At Support

𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d(1 − )
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝐴𝑠𝑡×415
60x106 = 0.87x415x Ast x 325x (1 − )
230×325×30

Ast req = 572 mm2

Provide 3 bars of 16 mm dia. bar

56
 as = ( 𝜋 × 162)
4

= 201 mm2
Ast pro = 3 x 201 mm2
= 603 mm2
1000 × 𝑎𝑠
Sv = 𝐴𝑠𝑡

1000 × 201
= 603

= 333 mm

Provide 3 nos. of 16 mm dia. bars @ 300 mm c/c

STEP 6: CHECK FOR SHEAR

Vu = 89.61 KN

𝑉𝑢
τv = 𝑏×𝑑

= 89.61× 103
230× 325

= 1.2 N / mm2

τc = 0.6 N / mm2

τc max = 3.5 N / mm2

τc max > τv > τc

Shear Reinforcement should be provided.

Vus 0.87 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑑

= 𝑆𝑣

0.87 × 415 ×157.76 × 325

Sv = 44.85×103

Sv = 413 mm

57
 Provide 10mm dia. of 2 Legged Stirrups @ 400 mm c/c

STEP 7: CHECK FOR SPACING

Sv ≤ (0.75 d) = 0.75 x 325

= 244 mm

𝐴𝑠𝑣 × 𝑓𝑦 157 ×415

Sv ≤ ( ) = ( )
0.4 × 0.4 × 230
𝑏
= 708.2 mm

Sv ≤ 300 mm

Hence ok

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

58
 3. DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Use M30 grade concrete and Fe500 grade steel.

Unsupported length, L = 3m

Effective length, leff = 0.65L = 0.65 x 3000

= 1950 mm

D = 300mm
Dy = 600mm
pu = 1029.752 KN
Mux = 20.59 KN-m
Muy = 22.82 KN-m
leff/D = 1950/300 =6.5 < 12

Hence design it as a short column.

AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:

We have
𝑝/𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 1.4/30

= 0.05

𝑑′/𝐷 = 50/600 =0.08

Chart of 𝑑′/𝐷 =0.1 will be used

𝑝𝑢/(𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑) =1029.75 × 103/30𝑋300𝑋600

= 0.191
Refer to chart 48

𝑀𝑢/(𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2) = 0.09

MUX1 = 291.6 KN-m

MUY1 = 145.8 KN-m

59
CALCULATION OF PUZ

P=1.4; fy = 500 N/mm2; fck =30 N/mm2

Referring to the chart 63 SP-16

PUZ /Ag =18.8

=18.8x300x600 KN

= 3384 KN

PU/PUZ = 1029.75/3384

= 0.3

MUY/MUY1 = 22.82/145.8

= 0.16

MUX/MUX1 = 20.56/291.6

= 0.071

Referring to the Chart 64

MUx /MUx1 =0.9

Hence it is safe

AS = 1.4X300X600/100

= 2520 mm2

AS provided = 2520 mm2

Provide 6 bars of 25 mm dia.

60
LATERAL TIES:
The diameter of transverse reinforcement (lateral ties) is determined
from clause 26.5.3.2 of IS - 456 as not less than,
= 25/4
= 6.25mm,
Where ø is the largest ø used as longitudinal reinforcement.
The pitch of the lateral ties as per clause 26.5.3.2-C-1 of IS 456, should
not be more than the least of,

• Least lateral dimension of column = 300mm.

• Sixteen times the smallest ø of longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied

=16x25 = 400mm.

• 300mm.

Let the pitch of the lateral ties be 300mm.

Provide 10mm dia. @300mm c/c

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

61
 4. DESIGN OF FOOTING

GIVEN DATA:
Size of the column = 300x600mm
Load on the column Wu = 1076.81KN
Safe bearing capacity of soil, q0 = 250 KN/mm2
fck = 25N/mm2
fy = 415N/mm2

WIDTH OF THE FOOTING:

Assume,
Self-weight of the footing, Wd = 87KN/m3

Total load = Wu+ Wd

=1076.81+87

= 1163.81KN
Assume footing size = 2700x2400x750mm

Density of Soil = 18 kN/cum

Soil Bearing Capacity = 200 kN/sqm
Footing Type : Sloped
Footing Size (Lx B x : 2550mm X 2550mm X 550mm, d =275mm
D)
Column Offset : 50 Mm
Effective Self
= 68.74 kN
Weight
Check For Maximum Soil Pressure:
Pcomb = 1187.55 kN
P = Pcomb + Effective Self Weight
P = 1256.29 kN
Mx = 129.66 kNm
My = -5.28 kNm

62
P/A = 193.2 kN/sqm
Mx/Zx = 46.92 kN/sqm
My/Zy = -1.91 kN/sqm
Maximum Soil Pressure = 242.03 kN/sqm
Allowable Soil Pressure = 1.25x200 kN/sqm
= 250 kN/sqm
Check For Minimum Soil Pressure:
Pcomb = 246.31 kN
P = Pcomb + Effective Self Weight
P = 315.06 kN
Mx = -125.61 kNm
My = -3.35 kNm
P/A = 48.45 kN/sqm
Mx/Zx = -45.45 kN/sqm
My/Zy = -1.21 kN/sqm
Minimum Soil Pressure = 1.79 kN/sqm
> 0
Design For Bending:
Bottom Reinforcement Along L:
Pu = 1075.39 kN
Mux = 3.04 kNm
Muy = -6.47 kNm
P/A = 165.38 kN/sqm
Mx/Zx = 1.1 kN/sqm
My/Zy = -2.34 kN/sqm
Deff = 502 mm
Beff = 931.25 mm
SPu = 166.48 kN/sqm
Mu = SPu X B X Loff X Loff / 2
= 201.78 kNm
Pt = 0.248 %
Ast Rqd (BM) = 1161 Sqmm

63
Ast Prv = 15 - T10 @ 185
= 1178 Sqmm
Distributed Across Total Width
Top Reinforcement Along
L:
(D+dmin) /2 = 412.50 mm
<= 1000 mm, Hence
Ast = Min Pt for Top Reinforcement X [(D+dmin)/2]
XB
= 0.06% X 413 X 2550
= 631 sqmm
Ast Prv = 12 - T10 @ 300 c/c
= 785 sqmm
Bottom Reinforcement Along B:
Pu = 1075.39 kN
Mux = 3.04 kNm
Muy = -6.47 kNm
P/A = 165.38 kN/sqm
Mx/Zx = 1.1 kN/sqm
My/Zy = -2.34 kN/sqm
Deff = 486 mm
Leff = 931.25 mm
SPu = 167.72 kN/sqm
Mu = SPu X L X Boff X Boff / 2
= 203.29 kNm
Pt = 0.268 %
Ast Required (BM) = 1213 sqmm
Ast Provided = 16 - T10 @ 170
= 1257 sqmm
Distributed Across Total Length

64
Top Reinforcement
Along B:
(D+dmin) /2 = 413 Mm
<= 1000 mm, Hence
Ast = Min Pt for Top Reinforcement X
[(D+dmin)/2] X L
= 0.06% X 413 X 2550
= 631 sqmm
12 - T10 @ 300
Ast Prv =
c/c
= 785 sqmm

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:

65
5. DESIGN OF STAIR CASE:

GIVEN DATA:
Rise, R = 150mm

Tread, T =300mm

Effective span, l = 5.3m

Assume, waist slab thickness ~ l/20 ~ 265mm

Waist slab thickness, t = 270mm

Assuming 20mm clear cover and 12mm ø

Effective depth, d = 270-20-12/2 = 250mm

The slab thickness I landing regions may be taken as 200mm as the bending
moment are relatively low here.

Load calculation:
Dead load on slab on slope (Ws) = 0.27x1.5x25

= 10.125KN/m

Dead load of slab on horizontal span

= Ws√T2+R2

=11.32KN/m

Dead load on slab =0.5x0.15x0.3x25

= 0.56KN/m

Load of step 1m length =0.56x1000/300

= 1.86KN/m

Finishes= 0.5KN/m

Total dead load = 11.32+1.86+0.56

=13.74KN/m

66
 Live load = 5KN/m

Total service load = 13.74+5

= 28.74KN/m

Factor load (Wu) = 1.5x18.74

= 28.11KN/m

BENDING MOMENT
Maximum bending moment at center span

Mu= 0.125xWuxl2

= 0.12X28.11X5.32

= 98.70KN/m

CHECK FOR DEPTH ON WAIST SLAB

d = √Mu/0.138xfckxb

d = 189.10mm<250mm

Hence ok

MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d{1-(fy Ast/fck b d)}

98.70 X 106 = 0.87 x 415x Ast x 250{1-(415 Ast/20x1000x250)}

Ast(req) = 1093.874mm2

Use 12mm ø bars.

Spacing for 12mm ø bars,
Sv = (area of one bar / total area) x 1000

= (ast/Ast) x 1000

= [(π/4) x 122/ 1093.87] x 1000

= 104mm.

67
Provide 12mm ø bars @ 100mm c/c.

Spacing for 16mm ø bars,

Sv = (area of one bar / total area) x 1000

= (ast/Ast) x 1000

= [(π/4) x 162/ 1093.87] x 1000

= 185mm.
Provide 16mm ø bars @ 180mm c/c.

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
Ast(req) = 0.12%Bd

= (0.12/100) x (1000x250) = 300mm2

Provide 10mm ø bars
Spacing for 16mm ø bars,
Sv = (area of one bar / total area) x 1000

= (ast/Ast) x 1000

= [(π/4) x 102/ 300] x 1000

= 237mm.
Provide 16mm ø bars @ 230mm c/c.

68
CONCLUSION

69
 CONCLUSION

The sole purpose of a School building has been achieved in order to

facilitate the students with all the facilities that were required to lead a proper
life style and to become a good citizen of our Nation. It educates us with all the
needed attributes in leading our life in a proper life style. Education does make a
remarkable effect on one’s personality. Getting educated and finally earning a
professional degree prepares you to be a part and contribute in good
organization, companies or institutions.

Moreover, it was a great experience to be exposed to practically design

such a building rather than just studying the theoretical matters that were printed
in the book

70
10. REFERENCES

71
 REFERENCES

CODE BOOKS REFERRED

1. IS:456-2000
2. SP 16
3. IS:875 (Part 1) & (Part 2)
4. National Building Codes (NBC)

BOOKS REFERRED

1. Reinforced Concrete Structures – B. C. Punmia

2. Design of RCC Elements – N. Krishna Raju

72