INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

Course Title APPLIED PHYSICS

Course Code AHSC09
Program B.Tech
Semester II
Course Type Foundation
Regulation IARE - UG20
Theory Practical
Course Structure Lecture Tutorials Credits Laboratory Credits
3 - 3 - -
Course Coordinator Dr. Surya Sharma NVSS, Associate Professor

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The students will try to learn:

I Basic formulations in wave mechanics for the evolution of energy levels and quan-
tization of energies for a particle in a potential box with the help of mathematical
description..
II Fundamental properties of semiconductors including the band gap, charge carrier
concentration, doping and transport mechanisms..
III The metrics of optoelectronic components, lasers, optical fiber communication and
be able to incorporate them into systems for optimal performance..
IV The appropriate magnetic and dielectric materials required for various engineering
applications.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of the course, students should be able to:
CO 1 Apply the concepts of dual nature of matter and Schrodinger wave Apply
equation to a particle enclosed in simple systems.
CO 2 Demonstrate the classification of Solids and important aspects of semi- Understand
conductors in terms of carrier concentration and Fermi level.
CO 3 Make use of the key concepts of semiconductors to explain the ba- Apply
sic working mechanism of optoelectronic device characteristics of light-
emitting diodes, photodetectors and solar cells.
 CO 4 Illustrate the properties of dielectric and magnetic materials suitable Understand
for engineering applications.
CO 5 Compare the concepts of LASER and normal light in terms of mecha- Understand
nism and working principles for applications in different fields and sci-
entific practices.
CO 6 Explain functionality of components in optical fiber communication Understand
system by using the basics of signal propagation, attenuation and dis-
persion.

QUESTION BANK:
Q.No QUESTION Taxonomy How does this subsume CO’s
the level
MODULE I
QUANTUM MECHANICS
PART-A ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS
1 Calculate the velocity and Understand Learner to recall the CO1
kinetic energy of an electron Planck’s and Einstein’s
having wavelength of theory and Understand
0.21nm. about de Broglie
wavelength.
2 Determine the de Broglie Understand Learner to recall the CO1
wavelength associated with Planck’s and Einstein’s
a proton moving with a theory and Understand
velocity of 1/10 of velocity about de Broglie
of light. (Mass of proton = wavelength.
1.674 × 10−27 kg).
3 Estimate the wavelength of Understand Learner to recall the CO1
an electron rose to a Planck’s and Einstein’s
potential 15kV. theory and Understand
about de Broglie wavelength
associated with electron.
4 Obtain de-Broglie Understand Learner to recall the CO1
wavelength of neutron. Planck’s and Einstein’s
(Given kinetic energy of the theory and Understand
neutron is 0.025eV mass of about de Broglie
neutron = 1.674 × 10 −27 wavelength.
kg).
5 Calculate the velocity and Understand Learner to recall the CO1
kinetic energy of an electron Planck’s and Einstein’s
of wavelength theory and Understand
1.66 × 10−10 m. about de Broglie
wavelength.

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6 Find the wavelength Understand Learner to recall the CO1
associated with an electron Planck’s and Einstein’s
rose to a potential 1600V. theory and Understand
about de Broglie wavelength
associated with electron.
7 Calculate the energies that Apply Learner to recall the CO1
can be possessed by a concept of matter wave and
particle of mass 8.50 × 10−31 Understand quantization of
kg which is placed in an energy and apply it to
infinite potential box of potential box.
width 10−9 m.
8 Find the lowest energy of an Apply Learner to recall the CO1
electron confined in a square concept of matter wave and
box of side 0.1 nm. Understand quantization of
energy and apply it to
potential box.
9 Electrons are accelerated by Apply Learner to recall the CO1
344 volts and are reflected concept of matter wave and
from a crystal. The first Understand quantization of
reflection maximum occurs energy and apply it to
when the glancing angle is potential box.
60◦ . Determine the spacing
of the crystal.
10 An electron is bound in Apply Learner to recall the CO1
one-dimensional infinite well concept of matter wave and
of width 1 × 10−10 m. Find Understand quantization of
the energy levels in the energy and apply it to
ground state and first two potential box.
excited states.

Page 3
 PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Compare a particle with a Understand Learner to recall the CO1
wave and discuss about dual properties of particle and
nature of radiation. wave and understand the
dual nature of light
radiation
2 Enlist physical significance Understand Learner to recall the CO1
of wave function according characteristics of wave
to Schrodinger and Max – function and Understand
Born interpretation. Max Born and
Schrodinger’s interpretation
of wave function.
3 Matter waves are new kind Understand Learner to recall the CO1
of waves. Justify this concept of dual nature of
concept by discussing material particle and
different properties of Understand the behavior of
matter waves. matter wave.
4 Using Planck’s and Understand Learner to recall the CO1
Einstein’s theory of Planck’s and Einstein’s
radiation, Show that the theory and Understand the
wavelength associated with derivation of de Broglie
an electron of mass ‘m’ and wavelength.
kinetic energy ‘E’ is given
h
by √2mE
5 Determine an expression for Understand Learner to recall the CO1
the wavelength associated concept of de Broglie
with an electron, accelerated wavelength and understand
by a potential V. the wavelength associated
with electron.
6 Explain the difference Understand Learner to recall the CO1
between a matter wave and properties of matter wave
an electromagnetic wave. and understand that matter
waves are not
electromagnetic waves
7 Describe Davisson Germer Understand Learner to recall the CO1
experiment with a neat concept of dual nature of
diagram and explain how it material particle and
established the proof for Understand the proof for
wave nature of electrons. existence of matter wave.

Page 4
8 Considering dual nature of Understand Learner to recall the CO1
electron, derive concept of matter wave and
Schrodinger’s time understand the wave
independent wave equation equation associated with
for the motion of an matter wave.
electron.
9 Assuming that a particle of Apply Learner to recall the CO1
mass m is confined in a field concept of matter wave and
free region between Understand quantization of
impenetrable walls in energy and apply it to
infinite height at x = 0 and potential box.
x = a, show that the
permitted energy levels of a
particle are given by
n2 h2 /8ma2 .
10 Discuss the results from the Apply Learner to recall the CO1
eigen values, eigen functions concept of matter wave and
and probability density for a Understand quantization of
particle in a one energy and apply it to
dimensional potential box of potential box.
infinite height. Also sketch
the figures.
11 Show that the energies of a Apply Learner to recall the CO1
particle confined between concept of matter wave and
two rigid walls of infinite Understand quantization of
potential are quantized. energy and apply it to
potential box.
12 What is de-Broglie wave? Understand Learner to recall the CO1
Derive expression for de Planck’s and Einstein’s
Broglie wavelength theory and Understand the
associated with a particle derivation of de Broglie
having mass m and velocity wavelength.
v.
13 Discuss different Understand Learner to recall the CO1
phenomenon’s that show the properties of particle and
behavior of light radiation wave and understand the
interacting with matter. dual nature of light
radiation
14 Write major differences Understand Learner to recall the basics CO1
between classical mechanics of classical mechanics and
and quantum mechanics. Understand to compare
with quantum mechanics.

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15 Differentiate between ψ and Understand Learner to recall the CO1
|ψ|2 . characteristics of wave
function and Understand
Max Born and
Schrodinger’s interpretation
of wave function.
16 Highlight the conditions for Understand Learner to recall the CO1
an acceptable wave function. characteristics of wave
function and Understand
the dual nature of material
particle.
17 Extend the one dimesional Apply Learner to use the 1D CO1
problem to 3 dimensions particle in a box and deduce
and hence give the the equations in 3D
equations for eigen values
and eigen functions.
18 Why matter waves are understand Learner to recall the CO1
observed for particles of concept of dual nature of
atomic or nuclear size. material particle and
understand the behavior of
matter wave.
19 Explain the concept of understand learner to recall the concept CO1
phase velocity and group of dual nature and
velocity deduce a relation understand the concept of
between them matter wave.
20 Derive the equation for Apply Learner to recall the CO1
energy of a particle confined concept of matter wave and
in a 1-D infinite square well Understand quantization of
and explain energy energy and apply it to
quantization, zero-point potential.
energy and spatial nodes.
Part - C(Short Answer Questions)
1 Relate the dependency of Remember CO1
wavelength of matter waves
on velocity and mass of
material particle.
2 Write an expression for Remember CO1
de-Broglie wavelength in
terms of momentum and
kinetic energy.

Page 6
3 Explain the conception of Understand Learner to recall the CO1,
light behaving both as a properties of Particle and CO1
particle and wave. wave and understand the
dual nature of light
radiation
4 Justify the statement that Understand Learner to recall the CO1,
Heisenberg’s uncertainty properties of matter wave CO1
principle is a direct and understand uncertainty
consequence of dual nature in locating position of
of matter wave. particle behaving as wave.
5 Prove that matter waves Understand Learner to recall the CO1,
travel with a velocity Planck’s and Einstein’s CO1
greater than velocity of theory and Understand how
light. Also justify it. matter wave travel with
velocity of light.
6 Write one dimensional time Remember CO1
independent Schrodinger
equation associated with
matter wave.
7 Explain the feature of wave Understand Learner to recall the CO1
function which connects the characteristics of wave
particle nature and wave function and Understand
nature of matter wave. the dual nature of material
particle.
8 Describe behavior of matter Understand Learner to recall the CO1
waves by giving any two of properties of particle and
its properties. wave and understand the
dual nature of material
particle.
9 Define Phase Velocity Remember Learner to recall the CO1
associated with a matter concept of matter wave
wave.
10 Define Group velocity Remember Learner to recall the CO1
associated with a matter concept of matter wave
wave.
11 Write expressions for eigen Remember CO1
function and eigen values
for a particle in one
dimensional square well box
of infinite potential.

Page 7
12 Discuss about Apply Learner to recall the CO1
Normalization condition as characteristics of wave
postulated by Max Born. function and Understand
Max Born interpretation of
wave function and apply it
to probability density.
13 What is the Schrödinger’s Understand Learner to recall the CO1
interpretation of complex characteristics of wave
and not observable wave function and Understand
function? Schrodinger’s interpretation
of wave function and apply
it to charge density.
14 How energy of a particle Apply Learner to recall the CO1
confined in a potential box concept of matter wave and
is related to the width of Understand quantization of
the box. energy and apply it to
potential box.
15 Write about probability Apply Learner to recall the CO1
density of moving material characteristics of wave
particle as explained by function, understand Max
Born and Schrodinger. Born interpretation of wave
function and apply it to
probability density.
16 What is the minimum Apply Learner to recall the CO1
energy possessed by the concept of matter wave,
particle in an infinitely deep understand quantization of
potential well? energy and apply it to
potential box.
17 Discuss about the nature of Apply Learner to recall the CO1
the walls of the box in concept of matter
which a particle is bound. wave,understand
quantization of energy and
apply it to potential box.
18 What happens to the Apply Learner to recall the CO1
wavefunction associated characteristics of wave
with a particle in an function, understand Max
infinitely deep potential well Born interpretation of wave
function and apply it to
probability density.

Page 8
19 What is the boundary Apply Learner to recall the CO1
condition for normalized characteristics of wave
wave function? function, understand Max
Born interpretation of wave
function and apply it to
probability density.
20 Define square well potential Apply Learner to recall the CO1
associated with a bound concept of matter wave,
electron moving along one understand quantization of
dimension. energy and apply it to
potential box.
MODULE II
INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
PART-A ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS
1 Determine carrier Understand Learner to recall about CO2
concentration of an intrinsic intrinsic semiconductor and
semiconductor of band gap Understand to find value of
0.7eV at 300K. [Given that carrier concentration from
the effective mass of electron the data given.
= effective mass of hole =
rest mass of electron].
2 The intrinsic carrier density Understand Learner to recall about CO2
at room temperature in Ge intrinsic semiconductor and
is 2.37 × 1019 /m3 . If the Understand to find values of
electron and hole mobilities conductivity, mobility and
are 0.38 and 0.18m2 V −1 s−1 position of Fermi level from
respectively, calculate the the data given.
resistivity.
3 Obtain the temperature at Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
which the EF shifts by 15% and Understand its
from middle of forbidden dependency on temperature
gap (Eg )? Given Eg =1.2ev, and nature of dopants.
effective mass of holes is 5
times that of electrons.
4 For silicon semiconductor Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
with bandgap 1.12 eV, and Understand its
interpret the position of the dependency on temperature
Fermi level at 300 K if me =∗ and nature of dopants.
0.12 mo and m∗h = 0.28 mo.

Page 9
5 In a Hall experiment, a Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
current of 25 A is passed and Understand about this
through a long foil of silver phenomenon and apply it to
which is 0.1 mm thick and find Hall voltage.
3 cm wide. If the magnetic
field of flux density
0.14 W b/m3 is applied
perpendicular to the foil,
calculate the Hall voltage
developed and estimate the
mobility of electrons in
silver. The conductivity of
silver is 6.8 × 107 Ω−1 m−1
and the Hall coefficient is
−8.4 × 10−11 m3 /coulomb.
6 Simulate the Hall voltage Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
developed across the width and Understand about this
of the slab of a metallic slab phenomenon and apply it to
carrying a current of 30 A is find Hall voltage.
subjected to a magnetic
field of 1.75T. The magnetic
field is perpendicular to the
plane of the slab and to the
current. The thickness of
the slab is 0.35 cm. The
concentration of free
electrons in the metal is
6.55 × 1028 electrons/m3 .
7 Evaluate the value of carrier Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
concentration, if the RH of and Understand about this
a specimen is phenomenon and apply it to
3.66 × 10−4 m3 C −1 . find carrier concentration.
8 Calculate the density of Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
charge carriers of and Understand about this
semiconductor, given the phenomenon and apply it to
Hall efficient is find carrier concentration.
−6.85 × 10−5 m3 /Coulomb.

Page 10
9 A silicon plate of thickness Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
1 mm, breadth 10 mm and and Understand about this
length 100 mm is placed in phenomenon and apply it to
a magnetic field of find Hall voltage.
0.5W b/m2 acting
perpendicular to its
thickness. If 10−2 A current
flows along its length,
obtain the Hall voltage
developed if the Hall
coefficient is
3.66 × 10−4 m3 /coulomb.
10 For a semiconductor, the Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
Hall coefficient is and Understand about this
−6 3
−3.7 × 10 m /coulomb phenomenon and apply it to
and electrical conductivity find density and mobility of
is 250m−1 Ω−1 . Calculate charge carriers.
the density and mobility of
charge carriers.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Summarize Bloch’s Understand Learner to recall one CO2
theorem? Demonstrate in dimensional crystal array
detail the motion of an and Understand variation of
electron in a periodic potential of electron with its
potential. position in lattice.
2 Using Kronig-Penny model, Understand Learner to recall about CO2
show that the energy periodic potential and
spectrum of an electron Understand formation of
contains a number of energy bands.
allowed energy bands
separated by forbidden
bands.
3 Explain in detail the origin Understand Learner to recall about CO2
of energy band formation in energy band diagram and
solids that lead to the Understand types of solids
classification of materials based on width of forbidden
based on conductivity. energy gap.
4 Distinguish between Understand Learner to recall different CO2
intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors and
semiconductors. Indicate on Understand about them
an energy level diagram, the based on their energy levels.
conduction and valence
bands, donor and acceptor
levels for intrinsic and
extrinsic semiconductors.

Page 11
5 Develop a mathematical Understand Learner to recall about CO2
expression for intrinsic intrinsic semiconductor and
carrier concentration and Understand derivation of its
hence prove that the Fermi carrier concentration and
level lies at the middle for locating position of Fermi
an intrinsic semiconductor. level.
6 Obtain an expression for Understand Learner to recall about CO2
carrier concentration of n- extrinsic semiconductor and
type semiconductor. Understand derivation of
carrier concentration of
n-type semiconductor.
7 Derive an expression for Understand Learner to recall about CO2
carrier concentration of p- extrinsic semiconductor and
type semiconductor. Understand derivation of
carrier concentration of
p-type semiconductor
8 Illustrate the dependence of Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
Fermi level on and Understand its
carrier-concentration and dependency on temperature
temperature in n-type and and nature of dopants.
p-type semiconductors.
9 Demonstrate in detail Hall Apply Learner to recall Hall effect CO2
effect and obtain an and Understand about this
expression for Hall phenomenon and apply it to
coefficient. List out the uses find nature of charge
of Hall effect. carriers.
10 Interpret the graphical Understand Learner to recall about CO2
representation of periodic potential and
Kronig-Penny model. Understand formation of
Extend the conclusions energy bands.
drawn from the graph.
11 With neat energy band Understand Learner to recall about CO2
diagrams, classify the energy band diagram and
materials into conductors, Understand types of solids
insulators and based on width of forbidden
semiconductors. energy gap.
12 Derive an expression for the Understand Learner to recall about CO2
electron concentration in intrinsic semiconductor and
the conduction band of an Understand derivation of its
intrinsic semiconductor. electron concentration.
13 Infer an expression for hole Understand Learner to recall about CO2
concentration in the valence intrinsic semiconductor and
band of an intrinsic Understand derivation of its
semiconductor. electron concentration.

Page 12
14 Summarize an intrinsic Understand Learner to recall intrinsic CO2
semiconductor? Justify why semiconductor and
an intrinsic semiconductor Understand change in its
behaves as an insulator at conduction with
0K. Highlight 2D temperature.
representations of the
crystal of Silicon at T = 0K
and T >0K.
15 Discuss about an extrinsic Understand Learner to recall extrinsic CO2
semiconductor? Distinguish semiconductor and
between n-type and p-type Understand change in its
semiconductors. conduction with nature of
dopants.
16 Explain the significance of Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
Fermi energy level. Mention and Understand its
its position in intrinsic and dependency on temperature
extrinsic semiconductors at and nature of dopants.
0 K.
17 Develop the mathematical Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
expression showing the and Understand derivation
variation of position of of expression for Fermi level
Fermi energy level in p-type showing its dependency on
semiconductor. temperature and nature of
dopants.
18 Derive mathematical Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
expression showing the and Understand derivation
variation of position of of expression for Fermi level
Fermi energy level in n-type showing its dependency on
semiconductor. temperature and nature of
dopants.
19 Explain the classical free Understand Learner to recall classical CO2
electron theory of metals. free electron theory and
Also discuss its drawbacks. Understand its postulates
and drawbacks.
20 Discuss the assumptions Understand Learner to recall quantum CO2
made in quantum theory to theory of solids and
overcome the drawbacks of understand its postulates.
free electron theory of
metals.

Page 13
 Part - C (SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 What do you mean by Understand Learner to recall one CO2
periodic potential associated dimensional crystal array
with an electron moving in and Understand variation of
a one dimensional crystal potential of electron with its
lattice? position in lattice.
2 Explain a metallic solid and Understand Learner to recall structure CO2
draw its band diagram to of a metal and Understand
explain its electronic free flow of electrons
behavior. through it.
3 Justify that the crystalline Understand Learner to recall energy CO2
solids are classified into band diagram and
conductors, semiconductors Understand change in
and insulators. properties of solids with
width of forbidden energy
gap.
4 Illustrate electronic Understand Learner to recall structure CO2
behavior of a semiconductor of a semiconductor and
by drawing its band Understand about its
diagram. conductivity based on
energy band diagram.
5 Outline the behavior of an Understand Learner to recall structure CO2
insulator by sketching its of insulator and Understand
band diagram. about its conductivity based
on energy band diagram.
6 Distinguish semiconductors Understand Learner to recall structure CO2
based on variation of of a semiconductor and
conductivity in terms of Understand about its
temperature and doping. conductivity based on
energy band diagram and
doping.
7 Explore an intrinsic Understand Learner to recall structure CO2
semiconductor by giving an of intrinsic semiconductor
example. and Understand about its
conductivity based on
energy band diagram and
temperature.
8 Give the expressions for Understand Learner to recall conduction CO2
carrier concentration of phenomenon in intrinsic
electrons and holes in semiconductor and
intrinsic semiconductors. Understand about its carrier
concentration.

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9 Write an expression for Understand Learner to recall conduction CO2
carrier concentration of phenomenon in n-type
electrons in n-type semiconductor and
semiconductor. Understand about its carrier
concentration.
10 Give an expression for Understand Learner to recall conduction CO2
carrier concentration of phenomenon in p-type
holes in p-type semiconductor and
semiconductor? Understand about its carrier
concentration.
11 Define Hall Effect. Remember Learner to recall hall effect. CO2
12 How does the Fermi level Understand Learner to recall Fermi level CO2
play a significant role in and Understand its
semiconductor? dependency on temperature.
13 Explain different Understand Learner to recall nature of CO2
mechanisms responsible for charge carriers in metals
electrical resistance in and Understand their
metals. behavior for different
electrical resistance.
14 Explain about mean Remember Learner to recall terms drift CO2
collision time and mobility velocity and mobility and
associated with charge understand how their values
carriers in a semiconductor. change with movement of
electrons and holes in a
semiconductor.
15 List out the failures of Remember CO2
quantum free electron
theory of solids.
16 Enlighten about Root Mean Remember CO2
Square velocity (RMS) and
Relaxation time.
17 Write about Mean free path Remember CO2
as given by classical free
electron theory of metals.
18 Define Mean collision time Remember CO2
as given by classical free
electron theory of metals.
19 Discuss about formation of Understand Learner to recall the CO2
a hole in a semiconductor. concept of formation of
holes and Understand its
nature in a semiconductor.

Page 15
20 How do you interpret the Understand Learner to recall the CO2
idea of conduction taking concept of formation of
place due to movement of holes and Understand its
holes in a semiconductor? role in conduction in a
semiconductor.
MODULE III
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
PART-A ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS
1 Calculate the value of Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
applied forward voltage for diode and understand
a p-n junction diode if calculation of applied
Is = 50µA, I = 2A and forward voltage from the
e/kT = 40. given data.
2 The current in a p-n Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
junction at 27 ◦ C is 0.18µA diode and understand
when a large reverse bias calculation of forward
voltage is applied. Estimate current from the given data.
the current when a forward
bias of 0.98V is applied.
3 Evaluate the forward bias Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
current of a Si diode when diode and understand
forward bias voltage of 0.4V calculation of forward
is applied, the reverse current from the given data.
saturation current is
1.17 × 10−9 A and the
thermal voltage is 25.2mV .
4 Obtain the reverse Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
saturation current of a diode and understand
diode if the current at 0.2V calculation of forward
forward bias is 0.1mA at a current from the given data.
◦
temperature 25 C and the
ideality factor is 1.5.
5 Find the applied voltage on Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
a forward biased diode if the diode and understand
current is 1mA and reverse calculation of applied
saturation current is 10−10 . forward voltage from the
(Given temperature is 25 ◦ C given data.
and ideality factor as 1.5).

6 Calculate the wavelength of Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3

emitted radiation from a understand its working
LED made up of GaAs with principle and apply it to
a band gap of 1.52eV. calculate wavelength of
emitted radiation.

Page 16
7 A semiconductor diode laser Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3
has a wavelength of 1.65µm. understand its working
Find its band gap in eV principle and apply it to
calculate bandgap.
8 Find the temperature at Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
which a diode current is diode and understand
2mA for a diode which has calculation of temperature
reverse saturation current of at which current is emitted.
10−9 A. The ideality factor
is 1.4 and the applied
voltage is 0.6V forward bias.
9 Consider a silicon diode Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
with η = 1.2. Estimate the diode and understand
change in voltage if the calculation of change in
current changes from voltage for current
0.1 mA to 10 mA. variation.
10 What will be the ratio of Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
final current to initial diode and understand
current of a diode if voltage calculation of ratio of final
of a diode changes from to initial current.
0.7 V to 872.5 mV ? Take
ideality factor as 1.5.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Write notes on direct and Understand Learner to recall role of CO3
indirect band gap energy band gap in
semiconductors. semiconductors and
understand the importance
of indirect band gap
semiconductors for light
emission.
2 What is forward biasing of a Understand Learner to recall biasing of CO3
PN junction? Draw the diode and understand about
circuit diagram and explain. forward biased diode
behaving as conductor.
3 Describe the drift and Understand Learner to recall mobility of CO3
diffusion currents in a charge carriers in a
semiconductor. semiconductor and
understand drifting and
diffusion of charge carriers
contributing to current.

Page 17
4 Discuss in detail about Understand Learner to recall p-type and CO3
formation of a PN junction n-type semiconductors and
diode. understand formation PN
junction diode and
depletion layer in diode.
5 What is reverse biasing of a Understand Learner to recall biasing of CO3
PN junction diode? Draw diode and understand about
the circuit diagram and reverse biased diode
explain. behaving as insulator.
6 Draw the graphic symbol of Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
crystal diode and explain its diode and understand diode
significance. How will you behaving as conductor and
determine the V-I insulator from V-I
characteristics of a p-n characteristics.
diode.
7 Write a short note on Zener Understand Learner to recall Zener CO3
diode. Explain how Zener diode and understand how
diode maintains constant Zener diode acts as voltage
voltage across the load. regulator.
8 Draw and explain the Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
energy band diagram for a diode and understand
p-n junction diode in an change in energy band
unbiased condition. diagram of individual p-type
and n-type semiconductors
after forming PN junction.
9 Show that the application of Understand Learner to recall biasing of CO3
forward bias voltage across diode and understand about
p-n junction causes an forward biased diode
exponential increase in behaving as conductor from
number of charge carriers in V-I characteristics..
opposite regions.
10 What is Zener voltage or Understand Learner to recall Zener CO3
breakdown voltage in a PN diode and understand the
junction diode? phenomenon of Avalanche
breakdown in reverse
biasing.

11 Write a note on Avalanche Understand Learner to recall Avalanche CO3

photo diode. Review the diode and understand
parameters that are difference between normal
commonly used to assess the photodiode and Avalanche
performance of a detector. photodiode.

Page 18
12 Illustrate the construction Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3
and working of LED. What understand its working
are the advantages and principle and apply it in day
disadvantages of LEDs in to day life.
electronic display?
13 Compare and contrast the Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3
functioning of Light photodiode and understand
Emitting diode and photo difference in their working
diode. principle and application in
different fields
14 Give the theory of junction Apply Learner to recall photo CO3
photo diode with a neat diode and understand its
diagram. Discuss the factors drawbacks by studying its
which limit the speed of working principle and apply
response of photodiodes. it in day to day life.
15 Summarize how a photo Apply Learner to recall photo CO3
diode can be converted into diode and understand its
PIN and Avalanche photo drawbacks and apply to
diode. convert it to PIN and
Avalanche photo diode.
16 In what respect is an LED Apply Learner to recall junction CO3
different from an ordinary diode and LED and
p-n junction diode? State understand LED being
applications of LEDs. Why superior to normal diode in
should LEDs preferred over light emission and
conventional incandescent application in day to day
lamps. life.
17 Explain with a neat sketch Apply Learner to recall solar cell CO3
the construction, working and understand its
and V-I characteristics of construction and working
solar cell. principle and apply it in
different fields.
18 Compare and contrast the Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3
functioning of Light solar cell and understand
Emitting diode and solar difference in their working
cell. principle and application in
different fields
19 Give the properties of Apply Learner to recall structure CO3
silicon and gallium arsenide of silicon and GaAs and
based on band theory. understand difference in
their energy bandgap and
apply GaAs for light
emission.

Page 19
20 What are the main Apply Learner to recall LED, CO3
requirements of a LED understand its working
material? Infer advantages principle and apply it in day
of LED. to day life.
PART C- SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Illustrate how potential Understand Learner to recall junction CO3
barrier prevents the diode and understand
diffusion of electrons and formation of depletion layer
holes across the junction. in diode.
2 Explain the terms charge Understand Learner to recall CO3
carrier generation and semiconductor and
recombination in understand the phenomenon
semiconductors. of generation and
recombination of
electron-hole pairs.
3 List the materials used to Remember CO3
fabricate direct and indirect
band gaps semiconductors.
4 Explain biasing of a Understand Learner to recall biasing of CO3
semiconductor material. diode and understand about
Show how they are forward and reverse biasing
connected in forward and of diode.
reverse biasing.
5 List the applications of Remember CO3
direct and indirect bandgap
semiconductors.
6 Recall different techniques Remember CO3
used for the formation PN
junction diode.
7 Define Depletion layer Remember CO3
formed in a PN junction
diode. Draw the V-I
characteristics of diode.
8 Draw the circuit of a Remember CO3
forward biased PN junction
diode.
9 What are elemental and Understand Learner to recall compound CO3
compound semiconductors? semiconductors and
Give two examples. understand how they help
in light emission.
10 Why is Zener diode used as Understand Learner to recall Zener CO3
voltage regulator? diode and understand how
it behaves as voltage
regulator.

Page 20
11 Why do we need a suitable Apply Learner to recall direct CO3
material for the Light bandgap semiconductors
Emitting Diode? and understand how they
help in light emission.
12 Mention the different types Remember CO3
of LED materials along with
their radiant colour.
13 Illustrate any two Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3
differences between Light photo diode and understand
Emitting Diode and Photo difference in their principle.
diode.
14 Compare the principle Apply Learner to recall LED and CO3
behind working of Light solar cell and understand
Emitting Diode and solar difference in their principle.
cell.
15 Draw the circuit of a reverse Remember CO3
biased PN junction diode
16 Mention any two advantages Remember CO3
of Avalanche photo diode.
17 Mention the industrial Remember CO3
applications of a solar cell.
18 What are the materials used Remember CO3
for the fabrication of a solar
cell.
19 Define efficiency of a solar Remember CO3
cell.
20 Draw the V-I characteristics Remember CO3
of photo diode.
MODULE IV
ENGINEERED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
PART-A ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS
1 Find the electric Apply Learner to recall CO4
susceptibility of a dielectric susceptibility and dielectric
gas having dielectric constant and understand
constant of 1.000041. relation between them and
applies it to find
susceptibility once given
dielectric constant value.

Page 21
2 A parallel capacitor has an Apply Learner to recall capacitor CO4
area of 100cm2 , a plate and understand capacitance
separation of 1 cm and is in terms of area, plate
charged to a potential of separation and potential
100 Volts. Calculate the and apply it to find
capacitance of the capacitor capacitance from the given
and the change on the data.
plates.
3 The dielectric constant of Apply Learner to recall CO4
He gas is 1.0000684. Find polarizability and dielectric
the electronic polarizability constant and understand
of He atoms if the gas relation between them and
contains 2.7 × 1025 atoms applies it to find
per m3 . polarizability once given
dielectric constant value.
4 A solid dielectric with Apply Learner to recall CO4
density 3 × 1028 atoms/m3 susceptibility and dielectric
shows an electronic constant and understand
polarizability of relation between them and
10−40 f arad − m−2 . applies it to find dielectric
Assuming the internal constant once given
electric field to be a Lorentz polarizability value.
field, calculate the dielectric
constant of the material.
5 A parallel capacitor of area Apply Learner to recall capacitor CO4
650mm2 and a plate and understand capacitance
separation of 4mm has a in terms of area, plate
charge of 2 × 10−10 C on it. separation and potential
When a material of and apply it to find
dielectric constant 3.5 is potential from the given
introduced between the data.
plates, what is the resultant
voltage across the
capacitors?

6 Calculate magnetization Apply Learner to recall terms CO4

and magnetic flux density if related to magnetism and
magnetic field intensity understands relation
250 amp/m and relative between them and applies it
permeability is 15. to find magnetization and
flux density from the data
given.

Page 22
7 Find relative permeability, if Apply Learner to recall terms CO4
H = 220 amp/m and related to magnetism and
M = 3300amp/m. understands relation
between them and applies it
to find relative permeability
from the data given.
8 The magnetic susceptibility Apply Learner to recall terms CO4
of aluminium is 2.3 × 10−5 . related to magnetism and
Find its permeability and understands relation
relative permeability. between them and applies it
to find permeability from
the data given.
9 If a magnetic field of Apply Learner to recall terms CO4
strength 300 amp/meter related to magnetism and
produces a magnetization of understands relation
4200 A/m in a between them and applies it
ferromagnetic material, find to find relative permeability
the relative permeability of from the data given.
the material.
10 A paramagnetic material Apply Learner to recall terms CO4
has a magnetic field related to magnetism and
intensity of 104A/m. If the understands relation
susceptibility of the material between them and applies it
at room temperature is to find magnetization and
3.7 × 10−3 , calculate the flux density from the data
magnetization and magnetic given.
flux density in the material.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 What do you understand by Understand Learner to recall dielectric CO4
dielectric materials? material and understand
Establish a relationship occurrence of polarization
between D, E and P. with applied electric field.
2 Explain in detail, the terms: Understand Learner to recall different CO4
(a). Dielectric constant terms related to polarization
and understands
(b). Electric susceptibility measurement of dielectric
(c). Displacement vector constant, susceptibility from
polarization.
3 Derive a relation between Apply Learner to recall CO4
electronic polarization and polarization in dielectrics
electric susceptibility of the and understand
dielectric medium. measurement of
susceptibility and apply it
to functional materials.

Page 23
4 Explain in detail, the terms: Understand Learner to recall different CO4
terms related to
(a). Polarizability polarization and
(b). Polarization vector understands measurement
of polarizability, dipole
(c). Electric dipole moment from polarization.

(d). Electric dipole

moment

5 Discuss about Apply Learner to recall CO4

Clausius-Mosotti relation in polarizability and dielectric
dielectrics subjected to constant and understand
static fields and also explain relation between them and
its significance. apply it to find dielectric
constant once given
polarizability value.
6 On application of external Apply Learner to recall different CO4
electric field, various dielectric materials and
polarization processes takes understand nature of
place in dielectric material. polarization occurring in it
Explain briefly all these and apply it to get
polarization processes. functional materials.
7 Obtain an expression for the Apply Learner to recall internal CO4
internal field experienced by field and understand
an atom inside a dielectric different types polarization
material subjected to an contributing to it and apply
external field by using it to get functional materials
Lorentz method.
8 Write notes on Apply Learner to recall CO4
ferroelectricity. What are ferroelectric materials and
the important understand their retention
characteristics of property and apply it to
ferroelectric materials memory storage.
9 Explain the phenomenon of Apply Learner to recall structure CO4
ferroelectricity with of Barium Titanate and
particular reference to understand its retention
Barium titanate. property and apply it to
memory storage.
10 Define dielectric breakdown. Apply Learner to recall dielectric CO4
What are the different breakdown, understand
mechanisms involved in causes of it and apply it to
dielectric breakdown? get good functional
materials

Page 24
11 Explain the terms magnetic Understand Learner to recall different CO4
dipole, magnetic dipole terms related to magnetism
moment, magnetic field and understands
intensity and magnetic measurement of dipole
induction. moment and magnetic
induction.
12 Discuss in detail about the Understand Learner to recall different CO4
magnetic permeability, terms related to magnetism
relative permeability, and understands
Intensity of magnetization measurement of
and magnetic susceptibility. permeability and magnetic
susceptibility.
13 Obtain a relation between Understand Learner to recall different CO4
magnetic susceptibility, terms related to magnetism
magnetization and magnetic and understands relation
field intensity. between susceptibility and
magnetization.
14 Describe the origin of Understand Learner to recall spins in CO4
magnetic moment and find magnetic materials and
the magnetic dipole understand how magnetic
moments due to orbital and moment is developed from
spin motions of an electron. their spins.
15 What is a Bohr magneton? Understand Learner to recall Bohr CO4
How it is related to magneton and understand
magnetic moment of how it helps to measure
electron. magnetic moment of atomic
systems.
16 Distinguish between Understand Learner to recall different CO4
diamagnetic, paramagnetic magnetic materials and
and ferromagnetic materials. understand their properties
Explain their behavior with in terms of magnetization.
the help of examples.
17 Illustrate the phenomenon Understand Learner to recall CO4
of magnetization. Show that magnetization and
B = µ0 (H + M ). understand derivation of
relation between magnetic
induction and permeability.
18 Draw the B-H curve for a Understand Learner to recall hysteresis CO4
ferromagnetic material and curve and understand to get
identify the retentivity and retentivity and coercivity
the coercive field on the from it.
curve.

Page 25
19 What are the sources of understand Learner to recall dipole CO4
permanent dipole moment moment and understand
in magnetic materials? different materials
exhibiting different moment
values.
20 Explain the hysteresis loop Understand Learner to recall the domain CO4
in a ferromagnetic material movement in a ferro
in reference to the domain magnetic material.
theory.
PART C- SHORT QUESTIONS
1 Explain the different types Understand Learner to recall different CO4
of solid dielectric materials dielectric materials and
and their polarization understand nature of
process. polarization occurring in it.
2 Write Lorentz relation for Remember CO4
internal field or local field in
a dielectric material.
3 How ferroelectric material is Apply Learner to recall CO4
different from normal ferroelectric materials and
dielectric material. understand their retention
property and apply it to
memory storage.
4 Write the Clausius - Mosotti Remember CO4
equation associated with a
dielectric material.
5 Name different types of Remember CO4
polarizations that occur in
dielectric materials in the
presence of external electric
field.
6 When an electric field is Understand Learner to recall CO4
applied, how does the polarization process and
phenomenon of polarization understand separation of
takes place? charges with electric field
7 What is the difference Understand Learner to recall internal CO4
between local electric field field and understand that
and applied electric field? internal field is greater than
applied electric field.
8 Recall about polar and Remember CO4
non-polar molecules. Give
two examples for each.
9 Write the relation between Remember CO4
electric susceptibility and
dielectric constant.

Page 26
10 Why is a capacitor known to Understand Learner to recall capacitor CO4
be an energy storing device? and understand
development of charges on
the surface of plates of
capacitor.

11 How do you account for the Understand Learner to recall magnetic CO4
magnetic properties of moment and understand
materials? how it helps for magnetism
in some materials.
12 What is curie temperature? Understand Learner to learn curie CO4
Is it unique for all temperature and
substances? understand transition of
magnetic properties at this
temperature.
13 Mention the types of Remember CO4
magnetic materials based on
electron spins.
14 Sketch neatly hysteresis Remember CO4
loop observed in
ferromagnetic materials.
15 What is hysteresis? What Understand CO4
does the area of hysteresis
curve represent?
16 Define diamagnetic, Remember CO4
paramagnetic and
ferromagnetic materials.
17 Give two examples for each Remember CO4
diamagnetic, paramagnetic
and ferromagnetic material.
18 Define coercivity and Remember CO4
retentivity of a
ferromagnetic material.
19 Discuss in detail about Bohr Understand Learner to recall Bohr CO4
magneton. Also mention its magneton and understand
value. how it helps to measure
magnetic moment of atomic
systems.
20 Compare the relative Understand Learner to recall relative CO4
permeability values of permeability and
diamagnetic, paramagnetic understand that
and ferromagnetic material. ferromagnetic materials
have highest relative
permeability values.

Page 27
 MODULE V
LASERS AND FIBER OPTICS
PART-A ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS
1 Find the relative population Understand Learner to recall expression CO5
of the two states in a ruby for population and
laser that produces a light understand to calculate
beam of wavelength 6943 Å relative population.
at 300 K.
2 For a He-Ne laser at 1 m Understand Learner to recall divergence CO5
and 2 m distances from the and understand to find its
laser the output beam spot value from the data given.
diameters are 4 mm and 6
mm respectively. Calculate
the divergence.
3 A He-Ne laser emits light at Understand Learner to recall energy CO5
a wavelength of 632.8 nm bandgap and understand to
and has an output power of find photons emitted from
2.3 mW. How many photons energy gap and energy of
are emitted in each minute photon.
by this laser when
operating?
4 Solve the value of the Understand Learner to recall energy CO5
wavelength of emitted bandgap and understand to
radiation from a find wavelength of laser
semiconductor diode laser, from it.
which has a band gap of
1.44eV.
5 A semiconductor diode laser Understand Learner to recall energy CO5
has a wavelength of 1.55µm. bandgap and understand to
Estimate its band gap in eV. find its value once given
wavelength of laser.

6 A step index fiber has a Understand Learner to recall acceptance CO6

numerical aperture of 0.16 angle and understand to
and core refractive index of find its value from the data
1.45. Estimate the given.
acceptance angle of the fiber
and refractive index of the
cladding.

Page 28
7 The refractive indices of Understand Learner to recall acceptance CO6
core and cladding materials angle and numerical
of a step index fiber are 1.48 aperture and understand to
and 1.45 respectively. find their values from the
Simulate i) Numerical data given.
aperture ii) Acceptance
angle.
8 An optical fiber has a Understand Learner to recall acceptance CO6
numerical aperture of 0.02 angle and understand to
and a cladding refractive find its value from the data
index of 1.59. Solve the given.
value of acceptance angle for
the fiber in water which has
a refractive index of 1.33.
9 Calculate the fractional Understand Learner to recall relative CO6
index change for a given refractive change and
optical fiber if the refractive understand to find its value
indices of the core and the from the data given.
cladding are 1.563 and 1.498
respectively.
10 When the mean optical Understand Learner to recall logarithmic CO6
power launched into an 8 formula for attenuation and
Km length of fiber is 120 understand to find its value
µW. The mean optical from the data given
power at the fiber output is
3 µW. Find the overall
signal attenuation and
signal attenuation per Km.
PART-B LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 Illustrate the characteristics Understand Learner to recall CO5
of lasers, and highlight the characteristics of laser and
phenomenon of lasing action understand its principle.
required for the production
of laser light.
2 Explore the phenomena’s of Understand Learner to recall transition CO5
absorption and pumping between energy states and
mechanism related to understand excitation to
excitation of atoms from higher state with energy.
lower to higher energy
states?

Page 29
3 Demonstrate the Understand Learner to recall ruby laser CO5
construction and working of and understand its
a Ruby laser in detail, with construction and working.
the help of a neat suitable
diagram.
4 Narrate the construction Understand Learner to recall He-Ne CO5
and working of He-Ne laser and understand its
gaseous laser in detail, with construction and working.
the help of a neat diagram.
5 Enlist the importance of Understand Learner to recall CO5
lasers in various fields like characteristics of laser and
industry, medicine, science, understand its applications
etc., by giving their in various fields.
applications.
6 Discuss in detail the Understand Learner to recall transition CO5
phenomenon’s of between energy states and
spontaneous emission and understand de-excitation to
stimulated emission. lower state.
7 What do you mean by Understand Learner to recall excitation CO5
population inversion? process with energy and
Explain it using three understand its role in laser
energy level diagram. Also emission.
discuss why population
inversion is essential for
laser action.
8 Illustrate the purpose of an Understand Learner to recall different CO5
active medium and optical parets of laser system and
resonator in a laser system. understand role of them in
laser emission.
9 How light amplification is Understand Learner to recall stimulated CO5
achieved in a laser system. emission and understand
role optical resonator for
light amplification.
10 Explain the pumping Understand Learner to recall excitation CO5
process involved in laser process and understand
emission. Also discuss in different ways of excitation
detail different pumping to achieve population
mechanisms. inversion.

11 Describe an optical fiber? Understand Learner to recall optical CO6

Explore its construction and fiber and understand its
principle with a neat construction and principle.
diagram.

Page 30
12 Derive an expression for Understand Learner to recall acceptance CO6
angle of acceptance of an angle and understand to get
optical fiber in terms of expression for it.
refractive indices of core
and cladding.
13 What is a Numerical Understand Learner to recall Numerical CO6
aperture? Determine an Aperture and understand to
expression for numerical get expression for it.
aperture of an optical fiber.
14 Compare different types of Understand Learner to recall single and CO6
optical fibers based on multimode fibers and
number of modes understand that single
propagation through core mode is best suitable for
medium of an optical fiber. communication.
15 Draw the block diagram of Understand Learner to recall different CO6
fiber optic communication parts of optical fiber
system and explain the communication system and
functions of each block in understand role of each.
the system.
16 Describe the step index fiber Understand Learner to recall step index CO6
with a neat diagram and fiber and understand how
explain the transmission of its refractive index profile
a signal through it. affects signal transmission.
17 Illustrate the advantages of Understand Learner to recall advantages CO6
optical fibers in of optical fibers and
communication system over understand its importance.
ordinary cable
communication.
18 Discuss in detail graded Understand Learner to recall Graded CO6
index optical fiber with a index fiber and understand
neat figure and explain the how its refractive index
transmission of signal profile reduces dispersion.
through it.
19 What do you mean by Understand Learner to recall CO6
attenuation in optical transmission loss in optical
fibers? Write a brief note on fibers and understand
different losses in optical different reasons for losses.
fibers.
20 Write a note on the Understand Learner to recall advantages CO6
applications of optical fibers of optical fibers and
in different fields. understand its application
in different fields.

Page 31
 PART C-SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
1 Mention the three distinct Remember CO5
processes by which a
transition can take place.
2 What do you mean by Understand Learner to recall coherence CO5
coherence? Name two types and understand spatial and
of coherence. temporal coherence.
3 State the properties of laser Remember CO5
beam that makes it different
from normal light.
4 List out the different types Remember CO5
of lasers?
5 What is the advantage of Understand Learner to recall principle of CO5
using laser as light sources laser and understand its use
in CD player? in CD player
6 What are the three Remember CO5
important requisites for
laser action to take place?
7 What does the term laser Understand Learner to recall CO5
stand for? Illustrate about abbreviation of laser and
the principle of laser. understand its principle.
8 Recall the role of metastable Remember CO5
state in achieving the
population inversion.
9 Define the terms lifetime Remember CO5
and population of an energy
state.
10 List any two applications of Remember CO5
lasers in engineering.

11 Explain the basic principle Understand Learner to recall optical CO6

used in optical fiber for fiber and understand its
transmission of light. principle.
12 Define Acceptance angle, Remember CO6
Acceptance cone and
Numerical Aperture of an
optical fiber.
13 List any two applications of Remember CO6
optical fibers in day to day
life.
14 Mention any three Remember CO6
advantages of optical fiber
communication system.

Page 32
 15 How is attenuation loss in Understand Learner to recall CO6
optical fiber measured? propagation of signal
Mention its units. through fiber and
understand loss during
propagation.
16 Recall the expressions for Remember CO6
Acceptance angle and
Numerical aperture of an
optical fiber.
17 Illustrate a neat sketch of Remember CO6
refractive index profile of
step index optical fiber.
18 State the expressions for Remember CO6
Snell’s law and critical angle
associated with an optical
fiber.
19 Enlist different types of Remember CO6
attenuation in optical fibers
that occur during
propagation of light signals.
20 State the two different types Remember CO6
of bending losses in an
optical fiber.

Course Coordinator: HOD, FE

Dr. Surya Sharma NVSS, Associate Professor

Page 33