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Session 4

This document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain, including local histogram equalization, spatial filtering, and convolution. Spatial filtering techniques covered include averaging, median, sharpening, and high-boost filters. Convolution is explained for both continuous and discrete 1D domains. Image subtraction, addition, and halftoning techniques such as Floyd-Steinberg dithering are also summarized. The document is presented by Prem Kalra and provides an overview of digital image processing methods.

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Noorullah Shariff
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91 views26 pages

Session 4

This document discusses various techniques for image enhancement in the spatial domain, including local histogram equalization, spatial filtering, and convolution. Spatial filtering techniques covered include averaging, median, sharpening, and high-boost filters. Convolution is explained for both continuous and discrete 1D domains. Image subtraction, addition, and halftoning techniques such as Floyd-Steinberg dithering are also summarized. The document is presented by Prem Kalra and provides an overview of digital image processing methods.

Uploaded by

Noorullah Shariff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COL783: Digital Image Processing

Prem Kalra
[email protected]
h4p://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian InsEtute of Technology Delhi
Recap: Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Local Histogram Equaliza2on x
Intensity at x is changed considering
the local histogram in a neighborhood region Local Neighborhood

Spa2al Filtering

Averaging Filter: Simple, Weighted Average


Gaussian
Digital Image Processing
(Low Pass Filter) http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783
Recap: Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain

Spa2al Filtering
Median Filter: Salt and Pepper Noise removal
(Non Linear Filter)

Sharpening Filter: Enhance Details


(High Pass Filter)
Gradient Filter: Roberts
Prewi4
Sobel
High Boost Filter

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Laplace Filter

In x direcEon second difference: f(x-1,y)-2f(x,y)+f(x+1,y)


In y direcEon second difference: f(x,y-1)-2f(x,y)+f(x,y+1)

The combined difference:
f(x-1,y)+f(x+1,y)+f(x-1,y)+f(x+1,y)-4f(x,y)

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Laplace Filter

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Image Subtrac2on Image Addi2on Uncorrelated
zero mean noise

g(x,y) = f(x,y) + n(x,y)

g(x,y) = f(x,y) – h(x,y)


Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783
Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D ConEnuous Domain
f(α) 1 h(α)
1/2

1 1

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D ConEnuous Domain
f(α) 1 h(α)
1/2

1 1 1
h(-α)

-1

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D ConEnuous Domain
f(α) 1 h(α)
1/2

1 1 1
h(x-α)

-1 x

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D ConEnuous Domain
1 1
f(α) h(x-α) f(α) h(x-α)

-1 x 1 -1 x 1
1
f(α)* h(x-α)
1/2

1 2
Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783
Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
h(-α)
5 4 3 2 1 Origin
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
h(x-α)
5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
h(x-α)
5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
h(x-α)
5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
h(x-α)
5 4 3 2 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 h(x-α)
0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 h(x-α)
0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on
1D Discrete Domain
f(α) h(α)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 4 3 2 1 h(x-α)
0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0

Result

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Convolu2on

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Halftoning

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Halftoning

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Halftoning

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Halftoning

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Halftoning
Floyed Steinberg Method

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Halftoning
Floyed Steinberg Method

Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783


Digital Image Processing http://www.cse.iitd.ac.in/~pkalra/col783

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