-->Single Row Functions:-(SRF)

*It we give single/one input to SRF,finally we get only Single/one output.

*If we give multiple inputs to SRF, finally we get Multiple Outputs.
*.'. Number of Inputs is equals to number of Outputs.
*We have totally 32-types of SRF.
*In which 16-types are maily used.

-->Types of SRF:-[C I2 L3 M2 N R3 S T2 U]

1)CONCAT()
2)INITCAP()
3)INSTR()
4)LENGTH()
5)LOWER()
6)LAST_DAY()
7)MOD()
8)MONTHS_BETWEEN()
9)NVL(Null value Logic)
10)REVERSE()
11)REPLACE()
12)ROUND()
13)SUBSTR()
14)TRUNC()
15)TO_CHAR()
16)UPPER()

1)CONCAT():-
*It is used to "merge the two strings'.

Syntax:-
CONCAT('STR1','STR2')

EX:- WAQDT TO MERGE THE 2-STRINGS USING SRIMAN AND NARAYANA

SELECT CONCAT('SRIMAN','NARAYANA')
FROM DUAL;//SRIMANNARAYANA

2)INITCAP():-
*It is used to convert the given string's 1st letter into 'Uppercase'.

Syntax:-
INITCAP('STR')

EX:- ganga
SELECT INITCAP('ganga')
FROM DUAL;//Ganga

3)INSTR():-
*It is used to find the position of the string from the given original string.

Syntax:-
INSTR('ORIGINAL_STR','STR',POSITION[,OCCURANCE])

EX:- B A N A N A
1 2 3 4 5 6 (POSITION)

1)INSTR('BANANA','A',1,1)=2 pos
2)INSTR('BANANA','A',1,2)=4 pos
3)INSTR('BANANA','A',1,3)=6 pos
4)INSTR('BANANA','N',1,1)=3 pos
5)INSTR('BANANA','N',1,2)=5 pos
6)INSTR('BANANA','A',2,2)=6 pos

.'.SELECT COL NAME/EXP

FROM DUAL;

4)LENGTH():-
*It is used to find the number of characters present in the given string.

Syntax:-
LENGTH('STR')
ex:- SRIMANNARAYANA

SELECT LENGTH('SRIMANNARAYANA')
FROM DUAL;//

5)LOWER():-
*It is used to convert the given string into 'Lower case'.

Syntax:-
LOWER('STR')
EX:-SRIMANNARAYANA
SELECT LOWER('SRIMANNARAYANA')
FROM DUAL;//srimannarayana

6)LAST_DAY():-
*It is used to find the last date of the month from the given date.

Syntax:-
LAST_DAY('DATE'/SYSDATE)
EX:- '27-FEB-2023'
SELECT LAST_DAY('27-FEB-2023')
FROM DUAL;//TUESDAY

7)MOD():-
*It is used to get the reminder value of given 2-numbers.

Syntax:-
SELECT MOD(N1,N2)
FROM DUAL;
EX:- 1)MOD(8,3)//2
2)MOD(10,3)//1

8)MONTHS_BETWEEN():-
*It is used to find the number of months present between the given two dates.

Syntax:-
Months_Between('Date1','Date2');
ex:-
SELECT Months_Between('14-FEB-2023','14-NOV-2023')
FROM DUAL;

9)NVL():-
*It stands for NULL VALUE LOGIC.
*It is used to 'eliminate the side effects by using 'Arithmatic Operator'.

Syntax:-
 SELECT NVL(ARG1,ARG2)
FROM EMP;
EX:- SELECT SAL+NVL(COMM,0)
FROM EMP;
ENAME SAL COMM RESULTS
A 10 0 10+0=10
B 20 2 20+2=22
C 30 - 30+0=30
D 40 4 40+4=44

10)REVERSE():-
*It is used to convert the given string into 'Reverse Mode'.

Syntax:- SELECT REVERSE('STR')

FROM DUAL;
EX:- BALAJI
S.REVERSE('BALAJI')
F.DUAL;//IJALAB

11)REPLACE():-
*It is used to convert the string by new string from the given original string.

Syntax:-
SELECT REPLACE('ORIGINAL_STR','STR','NEW STR')
FROM DUAL;

-->( TO REPLACE WITH SINGLE STRING VALUE)

EX:-1 AMRUTH
SELECT REPLACE('AMRUTH','M','N')
FROM DUAL;//ANRUTH

-->( TO REPLACE WITH ENTIRE STRING VALUE)

EX:-2 AMRUTH
SELECT REPLACE('AMRUTH','AMRUTH','AMMU')
FROM DUAL;//AMMU

-->( TO REPLACE WITH SINGLE STRING VALUE)

EX:-3 SAJID
SELECT REPLACE('SAJID','J','H')
FROM DUAL;//SAHID

( TO REPLACE WITH ENTIRE STRING VALUE)

EX:-4 SAJID
SELECT REPLACE('SAJID','SAJID','SHOIB')
FROM DUAL;//SHOIB

12)ROUND():-
*It is used to 'Round off' the given number based on the scale value.

Syntax:- ROUND(NUMBER[,SCALE]);

EX:-ROUND(7.4)=7
ROUND(7.5)=8
ROUND(7.9)=8
ROUND(9.2222)=9
ROUND(8.44444,3)=8.444
ROUND(8.66666,3)=8.667
.'. SELECT COL_NAME/EXP
FROM DUAL;

13)SUBSTR():-
*It is used to extract the part of string from the given original string.

Syntax:- SUBSTR('ORIGINAL_STR',POSITION[,LENGTH])

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 (LENGTH)
EX:- B A N G A L O R E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (POSITION)

1)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',1,3)=B A N
2)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',3,4)= N G A L
3)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',6)= L O R E
4)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',7,5)= O R E
5)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',6,4)= L O R E
6)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',-6,3)= G A L
7)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',-6,-3)= G N A
8)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',4,9)= G A L O R E
9)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',-3,-7)=O L A G N A B
10)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',1)=B A N G A L O R E
11)10)SUBSTR('BANGALORE',-1)= E R O L A G N A B

14)TRUNC():-
*It is similar to Round function.
*It will always gives the results based on lower value.

Syntax:- TRUNC(NUMBER[,SCALE]);

EX:-
1)TRUNC(7.8)=7
2)TRUNC(7.6)=7
3)TRUNC(8.2222,2)=8.22
4)TRUNC(8.444,3)8.444

15)TO_CHAR():-
*It is used to convert the given 'date' into String format, based on 'Format
Models'.

Syntax:- TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'FORMAT_MODELS');

FORMAT_MODELS:-

YYYY D
YEAR HH12
YY HH24
MON MIN
MM MI
DD SEC
DAY SS

EX:- 1)
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YYYY')
FROM DUAL;

2)
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MON')
FROM DUAL;

3)
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY')
FROM DUAL;

16)UPPER():-
*It is used to convert the given string into 'Upper Case'.

Syntax:-
SELECT UPPER('STR')
FROM DUAL;

EX:- srimannarayana

SELECT UPPER('srimannarayana')
FROM DUAL;//SRIMANNARAYANA
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