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Class 5 31th May

The document discusses various SQL operators and functions. It describes operators like IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, LIKE, and NOT LIKE and how they are used to compare values and search for patterns. It also explains single-row functions that return one output per input and multi-row aggregate functions that return a single output from multiple inputs, such as MAX(), MIN(), AVG(), SUM(), and COUNT(). It provides the syntax and characteristics of these functions.

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Praveen Reddy Daka
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17 views2 pages

Class 5 31th May

The document discusses various SQL operators and functions. It describes operators like IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, LIKE, and NOT LIKE and how they are used to compare values and search for patterns. It also explains single-row functions that return one output per input and multi-row aggregate functions that return a single output from multiple inputs, such as MAX(), MIN(), AVG(), SUM(), and COUNT(). It provides the syntax and characteristics of these functions.

Uploaded by

Praveen Reddy Daka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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-->SQL OPERATORS:-(CONTINUED)

-->IS OPERATOR:-

*It is used to comapre with NULL.

SYNTAX:- Col-Name/Exp.. IS NULL;

-->IS NOT OPERATOR:-

*It is simililar to IS operator.


*The selected values gets rejected.

SYNTAX:- Col-Name/Exp.. IS NOT NULL;

-->LIKE OPERATOR:-

*It is used, whenever we have "Pattern_Matching"

SYNTAX:- Col-Name/Exp.. LIKE 'Pattern Matching';

NOTE:-

*Whenever we are using LIKE operator for pattern matching, we need two special
operators.

a) % -->used to find the incomplete name


ex:- S%->Name starts with
%A->Name ends with
%G%->Name contains letter
%LL%->Name contains consecutive letters
%A%A%->Name contains/has two letters
b) _ -->used to find the total number of letters present in a name.
EX:- Name Exactly 4 letters-- ('_ _ _ _')
Salary exactly 3 digits ('_ _ _')

-->NOT LIKE OPERATOR:-

*It is similar to LIKE operator


*The selected values gets rejected.

SYNTAX:- Col-Name/Exp.. NOT LIKE 'Pattern Matching';


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--
-->FUNTIONS:-

*Funtions are block of codes or list of instructions which will perform some
specified/perticular tasks.

-->Types of Functions:-

a)User defined function


b)In-Built/Built-In Function
i) Single row Function/Common Function
ii)Multi row Function/Aggregate/Group Function

i) Single row Function(SRF)/Common Function:-

*If we give single input to the SRF,finally we get single output.


*If we give multiple inputs to the SRF,finally we get Multiple outputs.
*No of inputs is equal to number of outputs.

ex: WAQTD Name & Salary of employees whose salary is 2000.


SELECT ENAME,SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE SAL=2000;

ii)Multi row Function(MRF)/Aggregate/Group Function:-

*If we give single input to the MRF,finally we get single/one output.


*If we give multiple inputs to MRF,Finally we get Single/one Output.
*Number of inputs is equal to single output.

-->Types of MRF:-(5 Types)

1)MAX()
2)MIN()
3)AVG()
4)SUM()
5)COUNT()

1)MAX():-
It is used to obtain Maximum values present in the column.

2)MIN():-
It is used to obtain Minimum values present in the column.

3)AVG(SAL):-
It is used to obtain Average values present in the column.

4)SUM():-
It is used to obtain Total values present in the column.

5)COUNT(*):-
It is used to obtain Number of values present in the column.

-->Characteristics Of MRF:-

*MRF can not accept null values


*Along with MRF,we can not use any other coulumn name inside the select clause.
*We can not use more than one column name inside the function.
*But MRF can accept 'Group by Expression' along with the function
*Where clause can not accept MRF.
*Count() is the only function which will accept astrisks(*) as an arguement.

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