Refraction by Spherical Lenses © A Spherical lens is a piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surfaces. © There are two types of Spherical Lenses 4. Aconvex lens bulges outward and is thick at the center and thinner at the ‘edges. Convex lens converges the light rays as shown below in the figure 1) M Figure 1(a) Converging action of convex lens Hence convex lenses are called converging lenses. 2. Aconcave lens bulges inward and is thinner in the middle and thicker at the ‘edges. Such lenses diverge light rays as shown in Figure 1(b) Figure 1(b) Diverging action of concave lens‘Such lenses are called diverging lenses. lens, whether it is a convex lens or a concave lens, has two spherical surfaces which form a part of a sphere. The centers of these spheres are called centers of curvature of the lens usually represented by the letter C. Since there are two centers of curvature, we may represent them as C, and C,. ‘An imaginary straight line passing through the two centers of curvature of a lens is called its principal axis as shown in figure 1 © The central point of a lens is its optical centre. Itis usually represented by the letter °. © Aray of light through the optical centre of a lens passes without suffering any deviation. © The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is called its aperture. © In figure 1 (a) you can see several rays of light parallel to the principal axis are falling ‘on a convex lens. These rays, after refraction from the lens, are converging to a point ‘on the principal axis. This point on the principal axis is called the principal focus of the lens © Letter F is usually used to represent principal focus. A lens has two principal fol © Similarly in figure 1 (b) several rays of ight parallel tothe principal axis are falling on ‘a concave lens. These rays, after refraction from the lens, are appearing to diverge from a point on the principal axis. This point on the principal axis is called the principal focus of the concave lens ‘The distance of the principal focus from the optical centre of a lens is called its focal length represented by letter f + Image Formation by Lenses © Lenses form images by refraction of light and type of image formation depends on the position of the object in front of the lens. © We can place the objects at Infinity Beyond 2F, ALF, Between F, and 2F, At focus F, 6. Between focus F, and optical center 0 ‘© Image formation by a convex lens for different positions of the object is shown below inthe tablePosition of the Position of the Relative size of Nature of object image the image the image Infinity At focus F, Highly diminished, | | Real and point sized inverte d Beyond 2F, Between F, and Diminished Real and 2F, inverte d At2F, At2F2 Same size Real and Inverte d Between F, Beyond 2F, Enlarged Real and and 2F, inverteAtfocus 2F, At infinity Infinitely large or | Real and highly inverte enlarged a Between F, Onthe same side | Enlarged Virtual and and optical of the lens as erect center 0 the object © Nature, positon and relative size ofthe image formed by a concave Tens for various positions of the objects given below inthe table Position of the Position of | Relative size of | Nature of object the image the image the image At infinity At focus F Highly Virtual and diminished, erect point-sized Between infiity and | Between F, Diminished Virtual and: optical center O and optical, erect of the lens center 0 © concave lens will always give a virtual, erect and diminished image, irrespective of the position of the object. Image Formation in Lenses Using Ray Diagrams © Ray diagram helps us to study the nature, position and relative size of the image formed by lenses, For drawing ray diagrams we first consider how light rays falling on both concave and ‘convex lenses in three different ways get refractedparallel to ‘After refraction froma the principal convex lens, passes axis zn ~ through the principal focuson the other side of the lens Passing “After retraction roma through a convex lens, will principal BR FB emerge parallel to the focus principal axis Passing ‘After refraction froma through the convex lens will optical centre + + emerge without any of alens deviationparallel to ‘After refraction froma the principal concave lens, the ray axis appears to diverge fromthe principal focus located on the ‘same side of the lens passing ‘After refraction froma through a concave lens, will principal emerge parallel to the focus principal axis, % passing ‘After refraction from a through the concave lens will optical center emerge without any of alens 5 m deviation| nity ‘Beyond FiBetween Fr and 2Fr Re focus Fr Between Fr ond Spuest center 0Between infinity and optical center 0 of the lens Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses All the distances are measured from the optical center ofthe lens. ‘The distances measured in the same direction as that of incident ight are taken as positive. ‘The distances measured against the direction of incident light are taken as negative. The distances measured upward and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as postive. © The distances measured downwards and perpendicular to principal axis is taken as, negative. + Lens Formula and Magnification © Lens Formula gives the relationship between object distance (u), image image-distance (v) and the focal length (f) and is expressed as teu ‘This formula is valid in all situations for any spherical lensThe magnification produced by a lens is defined as the ratio ofthe height ofthe image and the height ofthe object. Height of Image(h’) eight of object(h) Magnification produced by a lens is also related tothe object-dstance u, and the image-cistance v and is given by m The power ofa lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. Itis represented by the letter P. The power P of a lens of focal length fis given by P: Power of @ convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is negative The SI unit of power ofa lens is ‘diopter. It is denoted by the letter D 1 diopter is the power ofa lens whose focal length is 1 meter so, 1