NUMBER OF EXPERIMENT : EXPERIMENT 6

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : CARBONYL COMPOUNDS – REACTIONS OF

ALDEHYDES AND KETONE
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 11 MAY 2023

PREPARED BY:
NO NAME OF STUDENTS MATRIX GROUP
1 NOORDARLIENA HANIM BINTI 2022629298 AS1142B2
ASUNG
2 RAJA NURADRIANA BINTI RAJA 2022834116 AS1142B2
AZMI
3 SUECHINNIE TEE BINTI SUADI 2022492476 AS1142B2

4 NUR AIN BINTI HAMDI 2022818644 AS1142B2

PREPARED FOR:
ENCIK JAMIL MOHAMED SAPARI
OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with certain reagents.

DATA/RESULTS

Test Observations
Ethanal Propanone
A. Oxidation Silver precipitate was Clear solution.
I. Tollen’s Test formed.

II. Fehling’s Test The colour changing into The colour changing into
green blue colour. brown green like colour.

III. Reaction with After boiling in the water After boiling in the water
acidified KMnO4 bath, the solution turns bath, the solution turns light
colourless. brown and brown precipitate
was formed.
B. Condensation with - -
2,4-DNPH

C. Iodoform Test Brown precipitate was Orange precipitate was

(reaction on methyl formed and the solution formed and the solution
ketones turned into orange colour. turned into clear light orange
colour.
QUESTIONS

1. Compound A, C8H8O gives orange precipitate with 2,4-DNPH and reacts with
Fehling’s reagent to form brick-red precipitate. A also react with acidified potassium
dichromate (VII) solution to form B, a carboxylic acid. From, the observation of the
experiment above, identify A and B. Write equations involved.

- Compound (A) can be aldehyde or ketone, Fehling’s test is used for the detection of
reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, all the aldehyde will give the positive result
on this test, since compound (A) does not reducing Fehling’s test, then it ,must be
ketone such as phenyl methyl ketone. Meanwhile (B) can be carboxylic acid such as
benzoic acid due to the oxidation of ketone.
- Compound (A) equation: C8H8O + C6H6N4O4 → C14H12O4N4 + H2O
- Compound (B) equation: C8H8 _ K2Cr2O7 → C8H8O2

2. What is your observation if you differentiate 2-butanone and 2-methylbutanal using

Tollen’s reagent and 2,4-DNPH. Write the equations involved.

- My observation on differentiating 2-butanone and 2-methylbutanal using Tollen’s

reagent and 2,4-DNPH, no colour changes will happen for both solutions when they
react with Tollen’s reagent, however when these two chemicals react with 2,4-DNPH
the 2-butanone colour will change into green colour, meanwhile no changes in colour
for 2-methylbutanal.
- Equations for 2-butanone and 2-methylbutanal in Tollen’s reagent:
1. 2-butanone: C4H8O + 2Ag + H2O → C3H7COOH + 2Ag + 2H
2. 2-methylbutanal: C5H10O + 2Ag + H2O → C4H9COOH + 2Ag + 2H

- Equations for 2-butanone and 2-methylbutanal in 2,4-DNPH

1. 2-butanone: C4H8+ C6H6N4O4 → C10H12O4N4 + H2O
2. 2-methylbutanal: C5H10O + C6H6N4O4 → C11H14N4O4 + H2O
DISCUSSION

Carbonyl compounds are also known as the aldehydes and ketones due to their common
functional group, whereby a carbon and oxygen bonded via a double bond. Reactions of
aldehydes and ketones can be tested with a few tests such as for the oxidation test, Tollen’s
test, Fehling test and Reaction with oxidizing agent which is acidified KMnO4 can be
conducted. Meanwhile, for the reaction of carbonyl group, condensation test can be
conducted, however we did not test the reaction of carbonyl group in this experiment 6. Then,
for the reaction on the methyl ketones, iodoform test can be conducted.

In Tollen’s test for oxidation, preparation of Tollen’s reagent need to be done by adding 1
drop dilute NaOH to 1mL of dilute AgNO3 solution. Dissolve the grey solid of Ag2O solid
formed by adding dilute NH4OH solution until a clear solution is obtained. The solution was
then divided into two test tubes. The first test tube that containing Tollen’s reagent will be
added with 5 drops of ethanal and then heated in the water bath about 10 minutes and more.
For the second tube, it will be then added with 5 drops of propanone and then heated in a
water bath about 10 minutes or more. From this test, silver mirror precipitate was formed for
the ethanal meanwhile, clear solution was obtained for the propanone no precipitate was
formed. 2AgNO3 + 2NaOH → Ag2O + 2NaNO3 + H2O was the equation for Tollen’s
reagent then, Ag2 + 4NH3 + H2O → 2[Ag (NH3)2] OH. Then, CH3CHO + 2[Ag (NH3)2]
OH → CH3COONH$ + 2Ag + 2NH3 + H2O is the equation for ethanal. CH3COCH3 + 2[Ag
(NH3)2] OH was the equation for propanone.

Then, Fehling’s test was conducted where 1 ml of Fehling A solution and 1 ml of Fehling B
solution were added in a test tube along with 5 drops of ethanal. The test tube was then
heated inside water bath. These procedures were then repeated with propanone. As for the
ethanal, green blue colour solution was obtained after being heated in the water bath and as
for the propanone, brown green like colour was obtained after being heated in the water bath.
After that as the reaction of ethanal and propanone with acidified KMnO4, 2 ml of diluted
H2SO4 was added into a 1 ml KMnO4, then ethanal was added and these steps repeated on
propanone. After heating, ethanal solution become clear colourless which also mean ethanal
is ketone, C2H4O + 2Cu + 4OH → CH3H4OH + Cu2O + H2O, meanwhile propanone
become light brown and brown precipitate was formed proving to be aldehyde.
 Lastly Iodoform test where ethanal and propanone will be reacting with methyl ketones. In
this test, 1 ml of ethanal or propanone was added with 2 ml of iodine solution followed by
aqueous solution of NaOH drop by drop until the orange colour disappear. The mixture was
then heated for a few minutes and cooled down. For the ethanal, the solution still in orange
colour but brown precipitate was formed. As for propanone, the solution turned into clear
light orange and orange precipitate was formed.

From these tests which were conducted, it was proved that reaction of aldehydes and
ketones can be observed with some tests. Aldehyde and ketone can be distinguished from all
these tests. As for the aldehyde, it will show positive result in all these tests, meanwhile
ketone only show negative result. Ethanal is aldehyde meanwhile propanone is ketone. This
is also because aldehyde more reactive than ketone like ethanal and propanone. The suffix in
nomenclature itself also can distinguish the differences between these two chemicals.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this experiment is that, ethanal is the aldehyde meanwhile propanone is the
ketone. These two chemicals can be tested with Tollen’s test, Fehling’s test, reaction with
acidified KMnO4 and the Iodoform test. The objective of this experiment successfully
achieved.
REFERENCES

Websites

1. https://www.pw.live/chemistry-doubts/test-for-aldehydes-and-ketones
2. http://www.organicmystery.com/CarbonylGroup/OxidationAldehydesKetones.php
3. https://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.html

Journal / article

F Kipnis, I. L. (1949). Mercaptans from Aldehydes. Journal of the American Chemical, 71, 6, 2270.

William E. Benet, G. S. (DECEMBER 2011). The mechanism of the reaction of the Tollens reagent.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011, 675–677.

Yoshifumi Hachisu, J. W. (2003). Catalytic Intramolecular Crossed Aldehyde−Ketone Benzoin

Reactions:  A Novel Synthesis of Functionalized Preanthraquinones. Journal of the American
Chemical , 125, 28, 8432–8433.
PICTURES FROM THE OBSERVATION

2.

1.

3.

1. Fehling’s test
2. Iodoform test
3. Tollen’s test