SAFETY AND FIRE ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS AND FIRE HYDRAULICS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

FST202
CALCULATION PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: The aim of this subject is to offer students a solid background in the
fundamentals of mechanics of fluids and to impart that knowledge in engineering
disciplines. The program is designed to develop scientific attitudes and enable the students
to correlate the concepts of fluid mechanics with the core programmes.

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Classify fluids based on their properties.

CO 2 Explain hydrostatic forces on different surfaces and equilibrium of bodies.
CO 3 Explain the effect of friction and other losses on different fluid flows.
CO 4 Explain the working of hydraulic machines and devices.
CO 5 Understand basics of fire hydraulics and its calculation.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO PO PO
10 11 12
CO 1 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 2 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 3 2 1 - - - 2 - - - - - -
CO 4 3 2 1 - - 3 - - - 2 - -
CO 5 2 2 2 - - 3 - - - 2 - -

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination

1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 20 20 40
Apply 20 20 40
Analyse
Evaluate
Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

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Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10
questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should
answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer
any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.
Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Define: dynamic viscosity, surface tension and capillary effect

2. Problems to find the fluid property values.

3. Explain NLV. Classify fluids according to NLV.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

1. Derive an expression for centre of pressure and total pressure for an inclined planar surface
submerged in liquid.

2. Explain the conditions of equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies in liquid.

3. Derive Pascal’ law. Derive Hydrostatic law.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Classify fluid flows

2. Problems based on head lost due to friction, Darcy-Weisbach relation, Chezy’s formula.

3. Derive an expression for Bernoulli’s theorem, its assumptions and applications

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working of venturimeter. Obtain an expression for
discharge through venturimeter.

2. Explain the working of Bourdon-tube pressure gauge with neat sketch.

3. Explain the working of reciprocating pump with neat sketch.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. What is the standard nozzle pressure for hand line fog nozzles?

2. Explain the principles of water relay.

3. Problems on real life situations related to water supplies, calculation of areas, density etc.
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Model Question paper

QP CODE: PAGES:3

Reg. No: ______________ Name :______________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, MONTH & YEAR

Course Code: FST 202

Course Name: FLUID MECHANICS AND FIRE HYDRAULICS CALCULATION

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all Questions.

Each question carries 3 Marks

1. Classify fluids based on viscosity

2. Calculate the capillary rise in a glass tube of 2.5 mm diameter when immersed vertically in
mercury. Take surface tension σ = 0.0725 N/m for water and σ = 0.52 N/m for mercury in
contact with air. The specific gravity for mercury is given as 13.6 and the angle of contact =
130o

3. Explain the conditions for equilibrium of floating body.

4. Derive an expression for total pressure for an inclined surface submerged in liquid.

5. State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an incompressible fluid

6. Explain the significance of Reynolds number in fluid flow.

7. Explain the working of Bourdon pressure gauge.

8. List any three uses of air vessel

9. Differentiate relay pumping and collector pumping.

10. A pipe, 120 m long and 10 cm in diameter is the outlet from a reservoir. The coefficient
of friction is 0.002 and the pipe descends at a gradient of 1 in 12. If the issuing water shows
no loss of head during its flow, determine the velocity of water.

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module.

Each question carries 14 Marks
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Module 1

11. Explain the following terms: - (14)

OR
i. Surface tension ii. Capillarity iii. Vapour pressure iv. Cavitation
12. a. State Newton’s law of viscosity. Explain the variation of viscosity with temperature
for (i) Liquids (ii) Gas (8)
b. Determine the viscosity of a liquid having kinematic viscosity of 6 stokes and specific
gravity 1.9. (6)
Module 2

13. a. What do you mean by total pressure and centre of pressure? (6)
b. A circular plate 3.0 m diameter is immersed in water in such a way that its greatest
and least depth below the free surface are 4 m and 1.5 m respectively. Determine
the total pressure on one face of the plate and position of the centre of pressure (8)

OR

14. a. Define metacentric height. What is its significance? (6)

b. Derive an expression for metacentric height of a floating body. (8)

Module 3

15. Write short notes on:

a. Siphon effect (7)
b. Water hammer (7)

OR

16. Find the head lost due to friction in a pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 50 m,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3 m/s using (i) Darcy formula (ii)
Chezy’s formula for which C = 60. Take kinematic viscosity of water = 0.01 stoke. (14)

Module 4

17. A 20 cm x 10 cm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe carrying oil of specific gravity

0.8, the flow of oil is in upward direction. The difference of levels between the throat
and inlet section is 50 cm. the oil mercury differential manometer gives a reading of 30
cm of mercury. Find the discharge of oil. Neglect losses. (14)

OR

18. With the help of neat sketch, explain the working of a reciprocating pump. (14)

Module 5

19. Explain the rules governing the frictional losses in fire hoses. (14)
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OR

20. a. A pump with brake power of 30 kW and with an efficiency of 80% discharges 2400
litre of water /min at a pressure which is 0.9 bar higher than the pressure of the
1600 litres/min discharged by a second pump having an efficiency of 65%. What is
the brake horse power of the second pump? (7)

b. Calculate the height of the effective jet of a monitor fitted with 45 mm nozzle when
operated vertically at a pressure of 9 bar. Also find out the jet reaction produced at
the nozzle. (1 metre head = 0.1 bar) (7)

Syllabus

Module 1 Fundamental concepts: Properties of fluid - density, specific weight, viscosity,

surface tension, capillarity, vapour pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, velocity, rate of
shear strain, Newton’s law of viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, real and ideal
fluids, incompressible and compressible fluids.

Module 2 Hydrostatic forces and Stability: Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and
absolute pressure. Pascal’s Law, Hydrostatic law. Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces
–vertical plane surface, horizontal plane surface, inclined plane surface and curved surface -
Centre of pressure and total pressure.

Buoyancy and floatation: buoyant force, centre of buoyancy, equilibrium of floating and
submerged bodies, metacentre and metacentric height.

Module 3 Fluid kinematics and dynamics: Classification of flow -1D,2D and 3D flow,
steady, unsteady, uniform, non-uniform rotational, irrotational, laminar and turbulent flow,
path line streak line and stream line.

Continuity equation, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s equation Reynolds experiment, Reynold’s

number. Hagen- Poiseuille equation, head loss due to friction, Darcy- Weisbach equation,
Chezy’s formula, compounding pipes, branching of pipes, siphon effect, water hammer
transmission of power through pipes (simple problems)

Module 4 Hydraulic devices and machines: Pressure measurements - piezo meter,

manometers, pressure gauges. Flow rate measurements- venturi and orifice meters, notches
and weirs (description only for notches, weirs and meters), practical applications. Velocity
measurements- Pitot tube and Pitot –static tube.

Operating principles of Non-Centrifugal pumps - Positive displacement pumps:

Reciprocating pump, Ejector pumps, air vessels and their purposes, slip, negative slip and
work required and efficiency
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Operating principles of Centrifugal pumps – pump characteristics, priming, multi-stage
pumps, regenerative pumps, Vehicle mounted fire pumps, Portable pumps- primers and
cooling system.

Module 5 Fire Hydraulics: Pump operator – basic equation – nozzle pressure – friction loss
– appliance friction loss – elevation.

Water Supplies – Introduction. Flow of water through pipes and fire hoses– Water
horsepower and efficiency of pumps. Water relay – principles of water relay – relay
technique – types of relay – considerations.

Hydraulic calculations – calculation of area, volume and capacity of different types of

containers. Problems related to moving bodies, force, density, specific gravity. Hydraulics
and water supply for firemen.

Text Books

1. Dr. R.K Bansal, “A textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines”, Laxmi Publications (P)
Ltd., 9th edition, 2012.

2. R.S Gupta, “A handbook of fire technology”, Universities Press, 2nd edition, 2011.

Reference Books

1. J. F. Douglas, “Fluid Mechanics”, Pearson education.

2. Cengel Y. A. and J. M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics, Tata McGraw Hill, 2013

3. Robert W. Fox and Mc Donald, “Introduction to fluid dynamics”, John Wiley and sons

4. Paul Spurgeon, “Every Pump Operator’s Basic Equation”, Pennwell, Fire Engineering University.

5. Equipment and Media Hydraulics, Pumps and Water Supplies “Volume 1 Fire Service Technology,
Fire Service Manual”.

6. Paul Spurgeon, “Fire Service Hydraulics and pump operations, Pennwell, 2012

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No. Topic No. of Lectures
1 Fundamental concepts (7 hours)
1.1 Properties of fluid - density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, 3
capillarity
1.2 vapour pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, velocity, rate of shear 2
strain,
1.3 Newton’s law of viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, real 2
and ideal fluids, incompressible and compressible fluids.
2 Hydrostatic forces and Stability (9 hours)
2.1 Atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure. Pascal’s 3
Law, Hydrostatic law.
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2.2 Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces –vertical plane surface, 3
horizontal plane surface, inclined plane surface and curved surface -
Centre of pressure and total pressure.

2.3 Buoyancy and floatation: buoyant force, centre of buoyancy, 3

equilibrium of floating and submerged bodies, metacentre and
metacentric height.

3 Fluid kinematics and dynamics (9 hours)

3.1 Classification of flow -1D,2D and 3D flow, steady, unsteady, uniform, 3
non-uniform rotational, irrotational, laminar and turbulent flow,
path line streak line and stream line.
Continuity equation, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s equation, Reynolds
experiment, Reynold’s number.
3.2 Hagen- Poiseuille equation, head loss due to friction, friction, Darcy- 3
Weisbach equation, Chezy’s formula.
3.3 compounding pipes, branching of pipes, siphon effect, water hammer 3
transmission of power through pipes (simple problems)
4 Hydraulic devices and machines (10 hours)
4.1 Pressure measurements - piezo meter, manometers, pressure gauges. 3
4.2 Flow rate measurements- venturi and orifice meters, notches and weirs 3
(description only for notches, weirs and meters), practical applications.
Velocity measurements- Pitot tube and Pitot –static tube.
4.3 Operating principles of Non-Centrifugal pumps - Positive displacement
pumps: Reciprocating pump, Ejector pumps, air vessels and their
purposes, slip, negative slip and work required and efficiency 4
Operating principles of Centrifugal pumps – pump characteristics,
priming, multi-stage pumps, regenerative pumps, Vehicle mounted fire
pumps, Portable pumps- primers and cooling system.

5 Fire Hydraulics (10 hours)

5.1 Pump operator – basic equation – nozzle pressure – friction loss – 3
appliance friction loss – elevation.

5.2 Water Supplies – Introduction. Flow of water through pipes and fire 3
hoses– Water horsepower and efficiency of pumps. Water relay –
principles of water relay – relay technique – types of relay –
considerations.

5.3 Hydraulic calculations – calculation of area, volume and capacity of 4

different types of containers. Problems related to moving bodies, force,
density, specific gravity. Hydraulics and water supply for firemen.