Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 21 views

    Defects in Solids

    Uploaded by

    Samina Zaib
    Solids contain defects such as point and line defects that arise from irregular particle arrangements during crystal formation. There are three main types of defects in solids: stoichiometric, non-stoichiometric, and impurity defects. Stoichiometric defects include vacancies, interstitials, Schottky defects where both cations and anions are missing, and Frenkel defects where ions occupy interstitial sites. Non-stoichiometric defects involve excess metal ions occupying interstitial sites or anionic vacancies. Impurity defects occur when foreign ions replace lattice ions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Defects in Solids

    Uploaded by

    Samina Zaib
    21 views6 pages
    Solids contain defects such as point and line defects that arise from irregular particle arrangements during crystal formation. There are three main types of defects in solids: stoichiometric, non-stoichiometric, and impurity defects. Stoichiometric defects include vacancies, interstitials, Schottky defects where both cations and anions are missing, and Frenkel defects where ions occupy interstitial sites. Non-stoichiometric defects involve excess metal ions occupying interstitial sites or anionic vacancies. Impurity defects occur when foreign ions replace lattice ions.

    Original Title

    1606978484-defects-in-solids(1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Solids contain defects such as point and line defects that arise from irregular particle arrangements during crystal formation. There are three main types of defects in solids: stoichiometric, non-stoichiometric, and impurity defects. Stoichiometric defects include vacancies, interstitials, Schottky defects where both cations and anions are missing, and Frenkel defects where ions occupy interstitial sites. Non-stoichiometric defects involve excess metal ions occupying interstitial sites or anionic vacancies. Impurity defects occur when foreign ions replace lattice ions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    21 views6 pages

    Defects in Solids

    Uploaded by

    Samina Zaib
    Solids contain defects such as point and line defects that arise from irregular particle arrangements during crystal formation. There are three main types of defects in solids: stoichiometric, non-stoichiometric, and impurity defects. Stoichiometric defects include vacancies, interstitials, Schottky defects where both cations and anions are missing, and Frenkel defects where ions occupy interstitial sites. Non-stoichiometric defects involve excess metal ions occupying interstitial sites or anionic vacancies. Impurity defects occur when foreign ions replace lattice ions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Defects In Solids

    Solids are formed from many small crystals. However, during the process of crystallization, the defect in
    solids occurs due to the fast or moderate rate of formation of crystals. Defects, in general, are defined as
    those in which there will be irregularities in the arrangements of constituent particles. On the basis of
    irregular arrangement, the defect may be a point or line defect.

    In an ideal crystal when there are any irregularities of arrangement around any point or any atom in the
    crystal then it is said to be deviation point defect. Likewise, when there is any deviation of arrangement in
    the entire row of lattice points of crystals then such type of defect will be line defect. We will learn about
    all the defects in solids in this lesson.

    Table of Content

     Types of Defects in Solids

     Stoichiometric Defect

     Schottky Defect

     Frenkel Defect

     Impurity Defects

     Non-stoichiometric Defects

     Metal Deficiency Defect

    Types of Defects in Solids

    As we know, according to the third law of thermodynamics, at absolute 0k temperature any substance will
    be perfectly crystalline but on increasing temperature defects in solids are created which are classified
    into the following three types:-

     Stoichiometric defects

     Non-Stoichiometric defects

     Impurity Defect

    Stoichiometric Defects

    The defect in which stoichiometry of the compound remains the same as shown by their chemical
    formula. It is also called as intrinsic or thermodynamic defects. These are further classified into two
    types;

     Vacancy Defect: (Vacant sites in the lattice)

     Interstitial Defect: (Constituents particles move to the interstitial site of the lattice).
    Both vacancy and interstitial defect are only for the non-ionic solids. For ionic solids which maintain the
    neutrality of the crystal are shown by Frenkel and Schottky defects.

    Schottky Defects

    This defect occurs due to the missing of the same number of cations and anions from the lattice site.
    These type of defect is shown by this substance which having high co-ordination number.

    Schottky defect generally occurs in ionic compounds in which the radius ratio of cation and anion [r +/r–] is
    not far below unity. It is a kind of vacancy defect where an equal number of cations and anions are
    missing but maintain the neutrality of the crystal. The density of such type of crystal decreases. Due to the
    presence of ions this crystal can conduct electricity at a small extent. Examples:- NaCl , CsCl , KCl ,
    AgBr etc.

    Frenkel Defect

    In this type of defect, some cations are missing from their lattice site and occupy the interstitial site of the
    lattice. This type of defect is shown by those substances which have low co-ordination number. The
    closeness of like charges tends to increase the dielectric constant of crystal.
    Frenkel defect is a kind of dislocation defect or interstitial defect in which the smaller ion generally cation
    dislocate from their position to occupy the interstitial site of the lattice or crystal. The density of these
    types of crystals remains the same because there is no movement of ion outside the crystal. This defect is
    exhibited in those ionic compound in which the radius ratio[r +/r–] is low. Example: ZnS , AgBr , AgI ,
    AgCl

    Note: AgBr shows both Frenkel and Schottky defect.

    Impurity Defects

    In the molten state, NACL contains a small amount of SrCl2 in the form of impurity in the crystal. Due to
    the presence of SrCl2 some site of Na+ ion is occupied by Sr2+. For maintaining the neutrality of the
    crystal one Sr2+ replaces two ions of Na+ and remaining one site of Na+ will be vacant. Example:
    CdCl2 and AgCl.
    Non- stoichiometric Defects

    This defect is shown by compound of D block elements of the periodic table. These defects are classified
    as metal excess defects which are again of two types. They are as follows;

    Metal excess defect due to anionic vacancy

    When a compound having excess metal ion if an anion is absent from the lattice site there it creates a void
    while is there occupied by an electron. This type of defect is shown by alkali metal halides like NaCl,
    KCl, LiCl.

    When alkali metal halides are heated in an atmosphere of vapour of the alkali metal, anion vacancies are
    created. This anion is then diffuse to the surface of the crystal and combine with newly generated metal
    cations. The electron is lost by the metal atom is then diffuses the crystal and occupy the anionic vacancy
    site and form F-centres inside the crystal. These F-centres give different colours like NaCl gives a yellow
    colour. KCl gives a violet colour and HCl gives pink colour.

    Metal excess defect due to the presence of interstitial cation:

    When an excess positive ion is located in the interstitial site. This type of defect is shown by ZnO. When
    ZnO is heated it loses oxygen reversibly. The excess Zn2+ ions are occupied in the interstitial sites for
    maintaining the neutrality, electrons are enclosed in the neighbouring interstitial sites. On heating, ZnO
    turns yellow colour by losing oxygen.
    Metal Deficiency Defect

    In this defect, some cations are missing from the lattice site and for maintaining its electrical neutrality
    another remaining cation increase their valency. For example, FeO which is found with a composition of
    Fe0.95 O. It may actually range from Fe0.93O to Fe0.96O.

    In the crystal of FeO, some Fe2+ cations are missing and the loss of positive charge is made up by the
    presence of the required number of Fe+3 ions.

    You might also like