CH.

5 Integration
Lecture 2
Chapter Summary
5.1 Approximating Areas under Curves
5.2 Definite Integrals
• Properties of Definite Integrals
5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Area Functions
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (PART 1)
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (PART 2)
5.4 Working with Integrals
Integrating Even and Odd Functions
Average Value of a Function
Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
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5.5 Substitution Rule
Calculus II
 Definite Integrals
Lecture 2

• Properties of Definite Integrals

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Calculus II
 ➢ Integral of a Sum
Lecture 2

Definition of definite integral

Split into two finite sums
Split into two limits.

➢ Constants in Integrals If f is integrable on [a, b]

and c is a constant

The justification is based on the fact that for finite sums,

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Calculus II
 ➢ Integrals over Subintervals
Lecture 2 If c lies between a and b, then the integral on [a, b] may be split into
two integrals.

when c lies outside the interval [a, b]

For example, if a < b < c and f is integrable on [a, c ], then it follows that:

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Calculus II
 ➢ Integrals of Absolute Values

Lecture 2

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Calculus II
 Example Assume that and
Lecture 2 Evaluate the following integrals, if possible.

Solution
a. By Property 4 of Table 5.4,

b. Therefore, By Property 5 of Table 5.4,

c. By Property 2 of Table 5.4,

d. Using Properties 2 and 4 of Table 5.4, we have

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Calculus II
 e. This integral cannot be evaluated without knowing the intervals on which f is
positive and negative. It could have any value greater than or equal to 10.
Lecture 2
Quiz:

2. Evaluate the following integrals.

3. Use the definition of the definite integral to evaluate the following

definite integrals. Use right Riemann sums and Theorem 5.1.

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Calculus II
 5.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Lecture 2
Evaluating definite integrals using limits of Riemann sums, as described in
Section 5.2, is usually not possible or practical. Fortunately, there is a powerful
and practical method for evaluating definite integrals, which is developed in this
section.
Area Functions A(x)
We start with a continuous function y = f(t) defined for
𝑡 ≥ 𝑎 where a is a fixed number. The area function for f
with left endpoint a is denoted A(x) it gives the net area
of the region bounded by the graph of f and the t-axis
between t = a and t = x.

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Calculus II
Lecture 2

Example
The graph of f is shown in Figure 5.34 with areas of various regions marked.
𝑥 𝑥
Let A(x)=‫׬‬−1 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 and F(x)=‫׬‬3 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 be two area
functions for f (note the different left endpoints).
Evaluate the following area functions.

a. A(3) and F(3) b. A(5) and F(5)

c. A(9) and F(9)

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Calculus II
 a. A(3) and F(3) b. A(5) and F(5)
Lecture 2 c. A(9) and F(9)

Solution
3
a. The value of A(3)=‫׬‬−1 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 is the net area of the
region bounded by the graph of f and the t-axis on the
interval [-1, 3]. Using the graph of f , we see that
A(3) = -27 (because this region has an area of 27 and
lies below the t-axis).
3
On the other hand, F(3)=‫׬‬3 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0.

5 5 5
b. A(5)= ‫׬‬−1 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬−1 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ‫׬‬−1 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡=3 − 27 = −24.

c. A(9) = -27 + 3 - 35 = -59 and F(9) = 3 - 35 = -32.

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Calculus II
 Example Consider the trapezoid bounded by the line f(t) = 2t + 3
Lecture 2 and the t-axis from t = 2 to t = x (Figure 5.35).The area function
𝑥
A(x)=‫׬‬2 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 gives the area of the trapezoid, for x ≥ 2.
a. Evaluate A(2).
b. Evaluate A(5).
c. Find and graph the area function y = A(x) for x ≥ 2.
d. Compare the derivative of A to f .
Solution
2
a. By Property 1 of Table 5.4,12 A(2)=‫׬‬2 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
b. Notice that A(5) is the area of the trapezoid (Figure
5.35) bounded by the line y = 2t + 3 and the t-axis
on the interval [2, 5]. Using the area formula for a
trapezoid(Figure5.36),we find that

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Calculus II
Lecture 2

Because the line f(t)= 2t + 3 is above the t-axis, for x ≥ 2.

the area function A(x)=𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10 , is an increasing
function of x with A(2) = 0
d. Differentiating the area function, we find that:

the area function A for a linear function f is an

antiderivative of f ; that is, 𝐴′ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥).

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Our goal is to show that this conjecture holds for
Calculus II more general functions
Lecture 2
Assume that f is a continuous function defined on an interval [a, b]. As before, A(x) it gives
the net area of the region bounded by the graph of f and the t-axis between t = a and t = x.

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Calculus II
Lecture 2

Example
“Derivatives of integrals”
Use Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem to simplify the following expressions:

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Calculus II
 Solution
a. Using Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem, we see that
Lecture 2

b. To apply Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem, the variable must

appear in the upper limit. Therefore, we use the fact that:

and then apply the Fundamental Theorem:

c. The upper limit of the integral is not x, but a function of x. Therefore, the
function to be differentiated is a composite function, which requires the Chain
Rule. We let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 to produce:

By the Chain Rule,

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Calculus II
Lecture 2

Given that A is an antiderivative of f on [a, b], it is one short step to a

powerful method for evaluating definite integrals. Remember (Section 4.9)
that any two antiderivatives of f differ by a constant. Assuming that F is any
other antiderivative of f on [a, b],we have:

Noting that A(a) = 0, it follows that

Writing A(b) in terms of a definite integral leads to the remarkable result:

We have shown that to evaluate a definite integral of f, we

Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal
Calculus II • find any antiderivative of f, which we call F; • compute F (b) – F(a),
 Example Finding antiderivatives. Use what you know about derivatives to
find all antiderivatives of the following functions.
Lecture 2

Solution
𝑑
a. Note that 𝑑𝑥(𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 2 . Therefore, an antiderivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 is 𝑥 3 By
Theorem 4.16, the complete family of antiderivatives is 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + C, where C is
an arbitrary constant.

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Calculus II
Lecture 2

The Inverse Relationship between

Differentiation and Integration

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Calculus II
 Example Evaluate the following definite integrals using the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part 2. Interpret each result geometrically.
Lecture 2

Solution
a. Using the antiderivative rules of Section 4.9, an antiderivative of 60𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
is 30 𝑥 2 - 2 𝑥 3 . By the Fundamental Theorem, the value of the definite integral is:

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Calculus II
 b. As shown in Figure 5.42, the region bounded by the graph of f(x) = 3 sin x and the
Lecture 2 x-axis on [ 0, 2𝜋] consists of two parts, one above the x-axis and one below the x-axis.
By the symmetry of f, these two regions have the same area, so the definite integral over
[ 0, 2𝜋] is zero.
Let’s confirm this fact. An antiderivative of f(x) =3 sin x is -3 cos x.
Therefore, the value of the definite integral is

c. Although the variable of integration is t, rather than x, we proceed

as in parts (a) and (b) after simplifying the integrand:

We know that

Therefore,

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Calculus II
 Example Net areas and definite integrals
Lecture 2 The graph of f(x) =6𝑥 (x+1)(x-2) is shown in Figure 5.44. The region 𝑅1 is bounded by the
curve and the x-axis on the interval [-1, 0], and 𝑅2 is bounded by the curve and the x-axis
on the interval [0, 2]
a. Find the net area of the region between the curve and
the x-axis on [-1, 2].
b. Find the area of the region between the curve and the
x-axis on [-1, 2].
.
Solution
a. The net area of the region is given by a definite
integral. The integrand f is first expanded in order to find
an antiderivative:

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Calculus II
 b. The region 𝑅1 lies above the x-axis, so its area is

Lecture 2

The region 𝑅2 lies below the x-axis, so its net area is negative:

= = -16

Therefore, the area of 𝑅2 is – (-16)=16

5 37
The combined area of 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 is + 16 =
2 2

2
We could also find the area of this region directly by evaluating ‫׬‬−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

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Calculus II
 Quiz: 1. Simplify the following expressions.
Lecture 2

2. Evaluate the following integrals using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

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Calculus II
 5.4 Working with Integrals
Lecture 3
Integrating Even and Odd Functions

Example Evaluate the following integrals using symmetry

arguments.

Solution
a. Using Properties 3 and 4 of Table 5.4, we split the
Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aal integral into two integrals and use symmetry:
Calculus II
Lecture 3

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Calculus II
 Average Value of a Function
Lecture 3

The average value of a function f on an interval [a, b] has a clear

geometrical interpretation. Multiplying both sides of the definition of
average value by (b – a), we have

We see that the average value is the height of the rectangle

with base [a, b] that has the same net area as the region
bounded by the graph of f on the interval [a, b]. (We need
to use net area incase f is negative on part of [a, b] , which
ҧ
could make 𝑓negative.)
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Calculus II
 Example
Average elevation A hiking trail has an elevation given by
Lecture 3

where f is measured in feet above sea level and x represents horizontal

distance along the trail in miles, with 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. What is the average
elevation of the trail?
Solution
The trail ranges between elevations of about 2000 and 5000 ft (Figure
5.52). If we let the endpoints of the trail correspond to the horizontal
distances a = 0 and b = 5, the average elevation of the trail in feet is

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Calculus II
 Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
Lecture 3 The average value of a function brings us close to an important theoretical result.
The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals says that if f is continuous on [a, b] then
there is at least one point c in the interval [a, b] such that f (c) equals the average
value of f on [a, b].

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Calculus II
Lecture 3

Combining these observations, we have

Example
Average value equals function value Find the point(s) on the interval
[0, 1] at which f (x) = 2x(1 – x) equals its average value on [0, 1].
Solution
The average value of f on [0, 1] is

1
We must find the points on [0, 1] at which 𝑓 𝑥 = . Using the quadratic
3
1
formula, the two solutions of f (x) = 2x(1 – x) = are
3

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Calculus II
Lecture 1

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Calculus II