LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1 Basic Building Blocks of IoT Technology ............................................................... 10

Figure 2 node mcu diagram ..................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3 Voltage sensor ........................................................................................................... 18
Figure 4 Variable resistance..................................................................................................... 20
Figure 5 ultrasonic sensor ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 6 Dht 11 sensor . ........................................................................................................... 24
Figure 7voltage regulator ......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 8 main circuit diagram .................................................................................................. 28
Figure 9 Circuit result .............................................................................................................. 29
Figure 10 circuit with attach with fan. ..................................................................................... 30
Figure 11 circuit with attach with fan. ..................................................................................... 31

5
 NDEX

Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................... 2
Certificate ................................................................................................................................... 3
Declaration ................................................................................................................................. 4
List of figure .............................................................................................................................. 5
Index .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................... 8
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 NEED OF TRANSFORMER health MONITORING .................................................... 9
1.3 Flowchart diagram ......................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Benefits of an IoT-based transformer health monitoring system................................... 12
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 13
Literature reviews .................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 3 .................................................................................................................................. 16
Material and methods. ............................................................................................................. 16
chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................... 28
Purposed methodology and result analysis .............................................................................. 28
4.1 Purposed Flow chart ...................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Working process ............................................................................................................ 29
4.3 Result analysis ............................................................................................................... 29
.................................................................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 5 .................................................................................................................................. 32
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 32
5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 32
REFERENCES: ....................................................................................................................... 33

6
 ABSTRACT

A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in an

electric power distribution system network. Because of, large of transformer and various
components over a wide area in a power system, the data acquisition, condition monitoring are
the important issues. The remote monitoring of transformer health over internet system is a
system that could be used for the real-time data monitoring of transformer through internet of
things (IOT). Also it proposed to send the central database via Wi-Fi module for further
process. The real time monitoring system consist of embedded system. Wi-Fi and sensors are
installed at transformer site which reads and measure the physical quantity from the distribution
transformer and further it converts into the analogy signal. As the parameters used it processed
and records the data in system. In case of emergency situation at distribution transformer the
obtained parameters sense the signal and it sends alert to the Android app regarding information
about the parameter signals at distribution transformer according to the data occurred by the
microcontroller. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers the
are equipped with a set of digital and analog input/output pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards and other circuits.

7
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Transformers are important equipment’s in power system network. A healthy power supply at
the customer end mainly depends on the performance of the distribution transformer. The
monitoring and control of distribution transformer is an important procedure for diagnosing the
rapid alerts of the electrical network and also for the proper functioning of the electrical
network. The monitoring of distribution transformer is done by an electronic system with the
capacity of sampling, storage, prosecution and mailing of information. If there is a real time
monitoring or inspection of the system, so that we can prevent the sudden breakdown of the
transformer that may lead to stop serving the electric power to several charges and produces
serious affectations to the functioning of the electrical network. The monitoring of distribution
transformer includes the measurement of transformer parameters like voltage, current, power
and frequency. The important factor that necessary to consider is the inspected information
regarding the distribution transformer should be transmitted properly by considering the
coverage to the electrical network. Transformer plays an important role in power system so,
it is essential to monitor its condition for uninterrupted operation of any distribution network.
This paper presents an IoT (Internet of Things) based health monitoring system, in this report
NodeMcu has been selected as the processor for transmitting the data sense by sensors, while
local server platform has been used for the display of output data. Adoption of IoT technique
in transformer may help for continuity of power supply. This low-cost system can be installed
in the transformer to get monitored remotely, which not only determine health condition but
also to assist in predicting the life span as well. The transformer plays an important and crucial
role in the network of the electrical system. In every area, we can see at least one transformer.
Overloading and insufficient cooling of transformer may causes them to fail unexpectedly
affecting electricity distribution to a significant number of people. Because identical data
cannot be retrieved manual assessment of voltage, temperature, humidity, smoke and other
factors are more difficult. We are in an era where it is impossible to live without electricity
even for a minute. Every core activity whether it is residential or for plants and factories is

8
dependent on the power supply. There are various implicit and explicit reasons due to which
the performance of transformer may deteriorate. The most commonly observed contingencies
are like partial discharge, insulation deterioration, humidity, moisture, overheating, winding
resonance, loss of winding clamping, insulating oil solid contamination, lightning strike,
system faults, system overload, switching operations etc.
Every snapshot of our lifespan depends on electricity. Electricity unit has hardware that helps
human to exchange and manage distribution as indicated by use. The transmission and
distribution sector of electricity purely depends on transformer. The distribution transformer is
an electrical gear in the control cabinet that specifically distributes energy to customers and its
operational condition is vital for the distribution of organizational managers. In control panels,
an electrical gearbox transformer transmits power specifically to low-voltage customers and its
activity status is vital. criteria of the complete system task. The task of distributing the
transformer in the recharging conditions (according to the details on its nameplate) guarantees
a long service life. However, their life is essentially reduced when they are subjected to
excessive loads, heating, low or high voltage/current which cause surprising disappointments.
The excessive and inadequate cooling of the transformers is the fundamental engine of
disappointment. The frames of the monitoring
devices used by the distribution transformer present some problems and shortcomings. Because
the transformer consists of numerous coupled components, all of these parts should be
inspected regularly to keep the transformer in operating condition. As indicated by the previous
prerequisites, a continuous monitoring framework of the distribution transformers is required
to select each fundamental parameter activity It guides online regular surveillance of the useful
fundamental parameters of the distribution transformers that will provide vital data on the
power of the distribution transformers.

1.2 NEED OF TRANSFORMER HEALTH MONITORING

The Monitoring Devices Which Are Presently Used For Monitoring Transformer
Have Some Problems And Deficiencies Such As,
• Manual Monitoring System Generally Detects A Single Parameter Such As
Power, Current, Voltage And Phase. The Time For Acquiring The Data Or
Readings And Operating Parameters Is Too Long And Testing Speed Is Not So
Fast Enough.

9
• Detection System Is Not Reliable Because Poor Anti-jamming Capability And
Low Measurement Accuracy Of The Data.
• Timely Detection Data Will Not Be Sent To Monitoring Centres In Time.
• Cost Of Presently Used Monitoring System Is Very High.
According To The Above Requirements We Need A Real-time Electrical Parameters
Monitoring System To Detect All Operating Parameters And Send It To The Monitoring Centre
In Time.

1.3 FLOWCHART DIAGRAM

Figure 1 Basic Building Blocks of IoT Technology

10
The transformer plays an important and crucial role in the network of the electrical system. In
every area, we can see at least one transformer. We are in an era where it is impossible to live
without electricity even for a minute. Every core activity whether it is residential or for plants
and factories is dependent on the power supply. Without them, every business will come to
standstill and may face huge financial consequences. There are various implicit & explicit
reasons due to which the performance of transformer may deteriorate. The most commonly
observed contingencies are like partial discharge, insulation deterioration, humidity, moisture,
overheating, winding resonance, loss of winding clamping, insulating oil solid contamination,
lightning strike, system faults, system overload, switching operations etc. The conventional
method of transformer health monitoring includes Infrared Emission Testing (IET) technique,
used for transformer external surface temperature measurement. Transformer overheating may
cause due to following reasons such as current, voltage or temperature. Cooling system
blockages, hotspot locations and electrical connection problems can be detected using this
method. Besides of this Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is performed to identify emission of
different gases released by transformer are hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, carbonyloxies,
Methane, Ethene, Ethyne and Ethane . Emission of these gases indicates the following faults
like Corona, Cellulose insulation breakdown, Low temperature oil breakdown, arcing
respectively. Photo-acoustic emission spectroscopy or Laboratory gas chromatography
involves a three-step process to determine the probability of the kind of fault occurrences. This
has become tedious processes to identify the same within the stipulated time so that the
equipment can be saved well before occurrence of a hazard. This depicts that a periodical test
needs to be conducted on regular basis to protect the device from failure. Hence for proper
maintenance GPRS supports internet protocol (IP) for communication. Different servers are
used for the client-server request. Things speak server is a very useful platform and it also
provides a backtalk feature that helps in controlling the commands. This communication
process helps in sending messages to a designated device. An algorithm is also programmed
so that if the incoming value goes beyond the threshold value the isolation of the system will
take place to avoid failure. Because of these unique abilities, IoT technology has got large
applications in various fields like Smart home, Smart Building, Smart City, Smart
transportation and traffic control, Smart water Management system, Smart industrial
applications, Smart Healthcare, etc. Likewise, it is also getting applications in upgrading the
power grids systems surveillance and effective control. This is enhancing the transmission and
distribution systems performance ability, service availability, reliability, safety and security of
the equipment connected to. The pillar of IoT technology is based on the following building
11
blocks like data through sensors and actuators, hardware or software gateways to communicate
between controller, sensors and intelligent devices, Edge IT and data centre.Fig. 1 shows the
basic building blocks of IoT technology.

1.4 BENEFITS OF AN IOT-BASED TRANSFORMER HEALTH

MONITORING SYSTEM:

 Early fault detection: By continuously monitoring transformer parameters, the system

can detect early signs of faults or abnormalities, allowing for proactive maintenance
and minimizing downtime.
 Improved reliability: Real-time monitoring and analysis help in optimizing
maintenance schedules and reducing the risk of unexpected transformer failures.
 Enhanced safety: The system can detect safety-related issues such as excessive
temperature or gas levels, enabling timely actions to prevent accidents.
 Cost savings: Predictive maintenance based on data analysis helps in reducing
unnecessary maintenance activities and extending the lifespan of transformers.
 Remote accessibility: Operators can remotely monitor and control transformers,
reducing the need for on-site visits and improving operational efficiency.

12
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Pawar and Deosarkar [6] have presented a paper in which they have applied a mobile embedded
system. There GSMGPRS technology is used for the monitoring of the distribution
transformer. The control unit was divided into two parts in which the first part is the Remote
Controlling Unit (RTU) which collects data from sensors and the second part is at the
monitoring node where software is there for monitoring of parameters of the transformer and
the information is displayed on engineers screen

Hongyan Mao [1] has used GPRS for wireless communication and LPC2132 module as the
main processor for the data communication, and GR47 module is used for data link.
Configuration of GPRS and network is done before connecting as it creates a problem without
configuring it. Different data transmission methods were also applied for communication as
every time different IP addresses were received by the devices.

Avinash Nelson, Gajanan, Makarand, and D.R. Tutakne [4] have shown an effective method
for increased life of transformers. As the life of the transformer is shortened due to overloading
and they approached the health index monitoring of the transformer by calculating with a
certain algorithm for health status prediction. Humming noise is also used for prediction
according to the frequency spectrum.

A new approach is tested by Tarun Kanti Roy and Tusher Kanti Roy [9] in which they have
used Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) instead of HTTP as it is better for the
response of client-server communication. MQTT uses lesser bandwidth than HTTP and also
consumes less power. This can be accessed by logging in to the gateway even with mobile
devices and this feature does not support by GSM.

13
SH. Mohamadi and A. Akbari [3] presented a model in which they have used DTMAS
software for the analysis. A transducer box is used to make the measurement signal compatible
for sending by GSM modem. DTMAS software can also be used when there are multiple
transformers where different layers are used in the process. An alarming layer of DTMAS
compares the values with the rated one and generate an alarm accordingly.

Diagnosis of vibration spectrum has been shown in the paper presented by Md. S Naderi and
Oveis Abedinia [10] in which the frequency of vibration spectrum is disturbed when faults are
introduced in it. They have also plotted the graph by which they have concluded that an increase
in Short Circuit Current (SCC) results in an increase of the gap between the characteristic curve
of healthy and faulty states which shows that SCC affects the vibration spectrum.

Hassan Jamal, Ayesha Anjum, and Mohsin khan Janjua [11] have presented the solution of
overloading in Distribution Transformer in their paper. They have also eliminated the complete
termination of the transformer and load shedding during faults. They have also used the
backtalk feature in which the operator can reset control commands for protection. DC fan is
also used for cooling. An algorithm is designed for keeping the range of average value of
current to compare with a threshold value. The mechanism consists of transistors connected
with the ports of Node MCU (Microcontroller).
Priyanka R. Chaithshree N [12] has used a Raspberry Pi microcontroller with a different
approach. At first, the sensors and raspberry pi modem initialization occur. Then the required
data are measured from the sensor and then raspberry pi starts comparing the incoming values
with the saved values and even if any of the parameters denies the saved values then the action
of sending alerts starts via the Twilio cloud server and this process continues till decision
making output logic becomes negative.

Sajidur Rahman and Nipu Kumar Das [7] have used a wireless module system that uses SMS
(short message service) to designate mobile telephones to get information about any
abnormality at the transformer site. Since this method is wireless, it is highly cost-effective.
The use of PIC16F877A microcontroller enables the system to behave as a real-time embedded
system that fulfills the industrial demands.

14
J. Crossey, W. Ferguson [2] have illustrated how Dissolved Gas Analysis (DSA) is a well
versed and well-established method of transformer diagnosis. About 70% of the faults can be
detected by it. The faults encountered by DGA include partial discharge called the corona.
Every fault produces different key gases with different ratios of gases which can easily be
identified.
Shuvam Pathania, [13] shows hardware set up of transformer health monitoring with 3D
modeling. Authors have proposed that PIC 18F4550 Microcontroller is connected with current
sensor, temperature sensor, vibration sensor, oil level, humidity as input devices at Remote
Terminal Unit (RTU). After receiving inputs from different sensors microcontroller sends the
signal to display on LCD and webpage. It translates all physical inputs as quantitative values
and display on webpage as online interface to engineers. During, any abnormal situations like
overvoltage, over current, change of oil level, rise in temperature, unwanted vibrations and
change in humidity, notification is auto generated by SMS through GSM and informs the
concerned engineers for immediate course of action. Also it is displaying the real time status
of the device on LCD with buzzer sound at Remote Terminal Unit (RTU). At monitoring node
whole system can be accessed by webpage. Alternatively using arduino UNO and Wi-Fi
modem also condition can be monitored [14]

Quynh T. Tran 1, 2 , Kevin Davies [16]Based on several investigation and analysis of power
and distribution transformers, following basic causes are identified as the major occurrences of
transformer failures. In this list, insulation failure probability is taking the lead with 41% failure
rate, followed by components failure like windings, bushings and on –load tap changers with
14%, 10% and 10% respectively. Other low significant causes are cooling system, core and
operating errors which may also lead to failure of the system. Synchronizing its effect with
cause is another challenge in selection of sensors for correct prediction of failures and taking
the right corrective measures

15
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIAL AND METHODS.

1) NodeMcu
2) Voltage sensor
3) Variable resistance
4) Ultrasonic sensor
5) Dht 11
6) Voltage regulator 7805

Figure 2 node mcu diagram

NodeMCU is an open-source development board based on the ESP8266 microcontroller.

It is designed to facilitate the development of Internet of Things (IoT) projects. The

16
NodeMCU board combines the functionality of a microcontroller with built-in Wi-Fi
capabilities, making it easy to connect to the internet and interact with other devices or
cloud services.

1. ESP8266 Microcontroller: NodeMCU is built around the ESP8266 microcontroller,

which is a low-cost, low-power, and highly integrated Wi-Fi chip. The ESP8266
provides processing power, memory, and Wi-Fi connectivity for NodeMCU projects.
2. Lua-Based Firmware: NodeMCU comes with pre-installed firmware that allows
developers to program the board using the Lua scripting language. Lua is a lightweight
and easy-to-learn language, making it accessible for beginners. However, NodeMCU
can also be programmed using the Arduino IDE or other programming languages like
MicroPython.
3. Wi-Fi Connectivity: One of the main advantages of NodeMCU is its built-in Wi-Fi
capabilities. This allows the board to connect to local Wi-Fi networks, access the
internet, and communicate with other devices or cloud services. It can be used for
applications such as home automation, wireless sensor networks, or remote monitoring
systems.
4. GPIO Pins: NodeMCU features a number of General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins
that can be used to connect and control various sensors, actuators, and other external
devices. These pins support digital input/output (I/O) and analog input, enabling
interaction with the physical world.
5. Development Environment: NodeMCU is supported by various development
environments, including the Arduino IDE, which allows you to write and upload code
to the board. The NodeMCU firmware also includes a built-in interactive development
environment (IDE) called "ESPlorer," which provides a web-based interface for writing
and testing Lua scripts.
6. Extensibility: NodeMCU is designed to be extensible, allowing you to add additional
functionality through the use of third-party libraries or by developing your own
firmware modifications. This makes it versatile for a wide range of IoT applications.
7. Community and Documentation: NodeMCU has a large and active community of
developers, providing ample resources, tutorials, and examples for beginners and
experienced users alike. The availability of community support ensures that you can
find assistance and guidance while working on NodeMCU projects.

17
2)Voltage sensor

Figure 3 Voltage sensor

A voltage sensor, also known as a voltage detector or voltage transducer, is a device used to
measure the electrical potential difference between two points in an electrical circuit. It is
commonly used in various applications, including power systems, electronics, and automation.
1. Principle of Operation: Voltage sensors are based on different principles, depending on
the specific type. Some common principles include resistive, capacitive, and
electromagnetic induction. These principles allow voltage sensors to measure the
voltage level accurately.
2. Voltage Measurement Range: Voltage sensors are available in various voltage
measurement ranges to accommodate different applications. They can measure low
voltage levels, such as millivolts (mV), or high voltage levels, such as kilovolts (kV) or
even higher.
3. AC and DC Voltage Sensing: Voltage sensors can be designed to measure either AC
(alternating current) or DC (direct current) voltages. AC voltage sensors are commonly

18
 used in power systems to monitor electrical networks, while DC voltage sensors are
used in applications like battery monitoring or solar energy systems.
4. Non-Contact and Contact Voltage Sensors: Voltage sensors can be either non-contact
or contact-based. Non-contact voltage sensors detect voltage without physical contact
with the conductor, making them safer and more convenient. Contact-based sensors
require physical connection to the circuit under measurement.
5. Output Signal: Voltage sensors provide an output signal that represents the measured
voltage. The output can be in analog form, such as voltage or current proportional to
the measured voltage, or in digital form, such as a digital signal or serial communication
protocol.
6. Accuracy and Resolution: The accuracy and resolution of voltage sensors vary
depending on the specific device. Higher-quality sensors provide better accuracy and
resolution, ensuring precise voltage measurements.
7. Safety Features: Many voltage sensors incorporate safety features to protect the user
from electric shock or other hazards. For example, non-contact voltage sensors may
have built-in insulation or isolation to ensure safe operation.
8. Integration with Control Systems: Voltage sensors are often used in conjunction with
control systems or microcontrollers to monitor and control electrical equipment. They
can provide input signals to control devices or trigger alarms or shut-off mechanisms
based on specific voltage thresholds.
9. Calibration and Maintenance: To ensure accurate measurements, voltage sensors may
require periodic calibration or maintenance. Calibration ensures that the sensor
provides accurate readings within specified tolerances.
10. Application Areas: Voltage sensors are used in various applications, including power
distribution systems, electrical safety systems, industrial automation, robotics,
renewable energy systems, and electronic circuit testing.

19
3) Variable resistance

Figure 4 Variable resistance

Variable resistance, also known as a variable resistor or rheostat, is an electronic component

that allows the resistance value to be manually or electronically adjusted. It provides a variable
level of resistance to control the flow of electric current in a circuit.
1. Construction: Variable resistors are typically constructed with a resistive element and
a movable contact or wiper. The resistive element is made of a material with varying
resistance properties, such as carbon or metal wire. The movable contact allows the
resistance value to be changed by adjusting its position along the resistive element.
2. Resistance Adjustment: Variable resistors can be adjusted to change the resistance
value in a circuit. This adjustment can be made manually by turning a physical knob or
lever on the resistor or electronically using an external control signal.
3. Types of Variable Resistors:
 Potentiometer: A potentiometer is a three-terminal variable resistor with a
rotating knob or shaft that adjusts the resistance value. It provides a
continuously variable resistance between its two outer terminals.

20
  Rheostat: A rheostat is a two-terminal variable resistor that allows the resistance
value to be adjusted between the two terminals. It is often used for controlling
current flow in a circuit.
4. Resistance Range: Variable resistors come in different resistance ranges to suit various
applications. The resistance value can range from a few ohms to several kilohms or
even higher.
5. Power Rating: Variable resistors have a power rating that specifies the maximum power
they can dissipate without damage. It is important to choose a resistor with a power
rating appropriate for the intended application to prevent overheating and failure.
6. Linear and Logarithmic Taper: Variable resistors are available with different taper
types, which determine how the resistance changes with respect to the physical position
or control signal. Linear taper resistors provide a uniform change in resistance per unit
of rotation or adjustment. Logarithmic (also called audio or logarithmic audio) taper
resistors provide a logarithmic change in resistance, which is commonly used in audio
control applications to achieve a perceived linear response.
7. Application Areas: Variable resistors find applications in a wide range of electronic
circuits and systems. Some common applications include volume controls in audio
equipment, brightness controls in lighting systems, speed controls in motors, and
adjustable voltage dividers in electronic circuits.
8. Trimming Potentiometer: Trimming potentiometers, also known as trim pots, are a type
of variable resistor designed for initial adjustment or fine-tuning during manufacturing
or servicing of electronic devices. They are typically small and are often mounted
directly on a circuit board.

21
5)Ultrasonic sensor

Figure 5 ultrasonic sensor

Variable resistance, also known as a variable resistor or rheostat, is an electronic component

that allows the resistance value to be manually or electronically adjusted. It provides a variable
level of resistance to control the flow of electric current in a circuit.
Here are some key points about variable resistance:
1. Construction: Variable resistors are typically constructed with a resistive element and
a movable contact or wiper. The resistive element is made of a material with varying
resistance properties, such as carbon or metal wire. The movable contact allows the
resistance value to be changed by adjusting its position along the resistive element.
2. Resistance Adjustment: Variable resistors can be adjusted to change the resistance
value in a circuit. This adjustment can be made manually by turning a physical knob or
lever on the resistor or electronically using an external control signal.
3. Types of Variable Resistors:

22
  Potentiometer: A potentiometer is a three-terminal variable resistor with a
rotating knob or shaft that adjusts the resistance value. It provides a
continuously variable resistance between its two outer terminals.
 Rheostat: A rheostat is a two-terminal variable resistor that allows the resistance
value to be adjusted between the two terminals. It is often used for controlling
current flow in a circuit.
4. Resistance Range: Variable resistors come in different resistance ranges to suit various
applications. The resistance value can range from a few ohms to several kilohms or
even higher.
5. Power Rating: Variable resistors have a power rating that specifies the maximum power
they can dissipate without damage. It is important to choose a resistor with a power
rating appropriate for the intended application to prevent overheating and failure.
6. Linear and Logarithmic Taper: Variable resistors are available with different taper
types, which determine how the resistance changes with respect to the physical position
or control signal. Linear taper resistors provide a uniform change in resistance per unit
of rotation or adjustment. Logarithmic (also called audio or logarithmic audio) taper
resistors provide a logarithmic change in resistance, which is commonly used in audio
control applications to achieve a perceived linear response.
7. Application Areas: Variable resistors find applications in a wide range of electronic
circuits and systems. Some common applications include volume controls in audio
equipment, brightness controls in lighting systems, speed controls in motors, and
adjustable voltage dividers in electronic circuits.
8. Trimming Potentiometer: Trimming potentiometers, also known as trim pots, are a type
of variable resistor designed for initial adjustment or fine-tuning during manufacturing
or servicing of electronic devices. They are typically small and are often mounted
directly on a circuit board.

23
6) Dht 11 Sensor

Figure 6 Dht 11 sensor .

The DHT11 is a popular digital temperature and humidity sensor module used in various
electronic projects and applications. It is a low-cost sensor that provides reliable measurements
of temperature and relative humidity.
Here are some key points about the DHT11 sensor:
1. Measurement Range: The DHT11 sensor can measure temperature in the range of 0 to
50 degrees Celsius (32 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit) with an accuracy of ±2 degrees
Celsius. It can measure relative humidity in the range of 20% to 90% with an accuracy
of ±5%.
2. Digital Output: The DHT11 sensor communicates with a microcontroller or other
digital devices using a single-wire digital interface. It provides a digital signal output

24
 in a specific format that needs to be processed by the connected device to obtain the
temperature and humidity readings.
3. Integrated Sensor and Signal Processing: The DHT11 sensor incorporates a resistive
humidity sensor and a thermistor for temperature measurement. It also includes a built-
in microcontroller that performs signal processing and converts the sensor readings into
a digital format.
4. Low Power Consumption: The DHT11 sensor is designed to operate with low power
consumption, making it suitable for battery-powered applications.
5. Sampling Rate: The DHT11 sensor has a sampling rate of approximately once every 2
seconds. This means that it can provide updated temperature and humidity readings
every 2 seconds.
6. Wiring and Interfacing: The DHT11 sensor has four pins: VCC (power supply), GND
(ground), DATA (digital data output), and NC (no connection). It can be interfaced
with microcontrollers and development boards using the data pin and providing the
necessary power supply and ground connections.
7. Limitations: While the DHT11 sensor is a cost-effective option for basic temperature
and humidity sensing, it has some limitations. It has a relatively lower accuracy
compared to more advanced sensors, and it may be affected by variations in supply
voltage and ambient conditions. It is also not designed for use in high-precision or
critical applications.
8. Libraries and Example Code: The DHT11 sensor is supported by various libraries and
example code for popular development platforms like Arduino. These libraries simplify
the process of reading data from the sensor and provide functions for converting the
raw data into meaningful temperature and humidity values.
The DHT11 sensor is commonly used in projects such as weather monitoring systems, home
automation, environmental monitoring, and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) applications. It provides a cost-effective solution for obtaining temperature and
humidity measurements in a wide range of DIY and prototyping projects.

25
7) 7805 voltage regulator

Figure 7voltage regulator

The voltage regulator 7805 is a popular integrated circuit (IC) used to regulate and stabilize the
voltage in electronic circuits. It is part of the 78xx series of linear voltage regulators
manufactured by various companies. The "78" in the name represents the series, and "05"
represents the specific voltage output of 5 volts.

1. Output Voltage: The 7805 provides a fixed regulated output voltage of +5 volts DC.
2. Input Voltage Range: The input voltage range typically varies from 7 volts to 25 volts.
However, it is recommended to keep the input voltage at least 2 volts higher than the
desired output voltage for stable regulation.

26
 3. Output Current: The maximum output current rating of the 7805 is 1 ampere (A). If the
load connected to the regulator draws more current than this limit, it may overheat and
cause the regulator to shut down or get damaged.
4. Regulation: The 7805 provides excellent voltage regulation, typically maintaining the
output voltage within a few percentage points of the nominal value, even with varying
input voltage and load conditions.
5. Thermal Protection: The IC is equipped with built-in thermal protection circuitry,
which helps prevent damage due to excessive temperature. If the temperature exceeds
the safe limit, the regulator automatically shuts down until it cools down.
6. Pin Configuration: The standard 7805 IC package has three pins. The input voltage
(Vin) is applied to pin 1, the common ground (GND) is connected to pin 2, and the
regulated output voltage (Vout) is obtained from pin 3.
7. Heat Dissipation: Since the 7805 is a linear voltage regulator, it dissipates excess power
as heat. To prevent overheating, it is recommended to use a heatsink for the IC if the
current draw is high or the input-output voltage difference is significant.
The 7805 voltage regulator is widely used in various electronic devices and circuits to provide
a stable 5-volt power supply. It is commonly found in power supplies for microcontrollers,
digital logic circuits, sensors, and other low-power electronic components that require a reliable
and regulated voltage source.

27
 CHAPTER 4

PURPOSED METHODOLOGY AND RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 PURPOSED FLOW CHART

Figure 8 main circuit diagram

28
 Figure 8 main circuit diagram

4.2 WORKING PROCESS

The project is transformer health monitoring system, there are some components inside it, the
first components are dht11 sensor, its job is to measure the temperature of the transformer and
after measuring, turn on a fan, if the temperature limit goes above one limit, then the other
components are connected. Ultrasonic sensor has happened, the work of ultrasonic sensor is to
check the level of coolant oil inside the transformer, if it becomes less then it will indicate us
through a market. The third component that is installed inside it is the voltage sensor. Measure
will do that as the load increases, then it has two LEDs in the output, what will be those two
LEDs in its output, one will keep on burning, if the load increases, then the load will be on, the
other ID has been detected.
After the load shift, all this data will go to a local server, which will generate an API and give
us that API, as soon as we put it on Google, our server data will be open, so that we can see
that the temperature What is going on and how much is the level and whether your load has
shifted or not or how much load is going on, all that data will be kept by you or the server.

4.3 RESULT ANALYSIS

Figure 9 Circuit result

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Figure 10 circuit with attach with fan.

30
Figure 11 circuit with attach with fan.

31
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

Proposed to send the central database via Wi-Fi module for further process. The real time
monitoring system consist of embedded system. Wi-Fi and sensors are installed at transformer
site which reads and measure the physical quantity from the distribution transformer and further
it converts into the analogy signal. As the parameters used it processed and records the data in
system. In case of emergency situation at distribution transformer the obtained parameters
sense the signal and it sends alert to the Android app regarding information about the parameter
signals at distribution transformer according to the data occurred by the microcontroller.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers the are equipped with
a set of digital and Analog input/output pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards
and other circuits.

32
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